Ratio analysis in bhel

A STUDY ON RATIO ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Finance is viewed as the most important factor in every enterprise and it is
provision of money at the time when it is required. Every enterprise whether big,
medium or small needs finance to carry on its operations and to achieve its targets.
Finance is so indispensable today that it is rightly said that it is the lifeblood of an
enterprise. Without adequate finances, no enterprise can possibly accomplish its
objectives.
Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories
i.e., fixed capital and working capital. Fixed capital stands for the amount of capital
which is required for long term to create production facilities through purchase of
fixed assets such as plant, machinery, land and buildings etc, working capital refers to
that part of the firms capital which is needed for financing short terms or current
assets such as marketable securities, debtors and inventories etc, working capital in
brief, is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating the enterprise.
Just as circulation of blood is essential in the human body for maintaining life of a
person, working capital is very essential to maintain the smooth running of a business.
The modern thinking in financial management gives greater importance to
management decision making and policy. Today, the financial manager is not in a
passive role of score keeper of the accounting information and arranging funds.
Whenever directed to do so. Rather, he occupies a key role in solving the complex
management problems. He is not responsible for shaping the fortunes of the enterprise
and is involved in the most vital management decision of allocation of resource
G.K.C.E, SULLURPET 1

INDUSTRY PROFILE
ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
Electronics is a branch of technology dealing with the motion and behavior
of electrons. Although the term derives vacuum tube technology, it now encompasses
the sold state circuits and devices used in computing and communications.
HISTORY IN INDIA
The Electronics Industry in India was nucleated in the late forties with the
setting up of production base for radio receivers by a few private firms using foreign
collaborations. In the initial stages, the production activities were mainly in the fields
of consumer electronics and certain type of components. Two public sector units,
namely BHEL and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) both at Bangalore, were also
manufacturing professional electronic items to meet the requirements of P&T.
Introduction of transistor radio I early 60’s led to phase which witnessed steady
growth in production of import substitutions, diversification of product range and
entry into export market.
Production of electronic equipment and components has come a long way
since the days of radio receivers in the 1950’s. the electronics industry in India has
grown with domestic demand, as a result of import substitution effort.
During the 1970’s electronics industry in the country derived its strength as
a labor-intensive industry. Production techniques had large manual labor content.
Dispersal of industry was given an important place in the promotional policy
framework and industry capacities were approved based on the estimated demand
over the next five years. In the growth and development of this industry, emphasis
was placed on indigenization of applications of electrons.
While on the one hand, this had enabled development of largely decision
consumer electronics industry (except from 1982 onwards when policy decision was
taken to introduce color TV and resulted in import of CTV tubes and semiconductors

required for assembly), it is has generated enough demand of components to enable
mass production using some degree of automation.
PRODUCTION AND DEFENSE UNDERTAKING
A substantial part of the defense stores needed by the services is now being
developed and produced in the country. The responsibility for this has been entrusted
to the Department of Defense Production and supplies, which organizes, directs and
coordinates production of material and equipment required by the Armed Forces. It
carries our its responsibility through the Directorate of standardization, Defense
Research and Development (DRDO) and eight public sector undertakings.
There are 36 ordinances, factories whose main thrust is aimed at meeting the
twin objectives of modernization of the factories and increasing productivity. The
need for self-reliance under lines the existence of ordinance factories. The factories
widely dispersed over the length and breadth of the country on strategic consideration,
necessarily function interdependently. The spectrum of technology leading to self
reliance. The range of products in these factories include armored vehicles,
sophisticated anti tank guns, anti-aircraft guns, field guns, self propelled guns,
mounted guns, motors, small arms and their related ammunitions. In addition software
items combat clothing, high attitude clothing, parachutes, and mountaineering
equipment are also being manufacturing.
There are Eight Public Sector enterprises under the department of defense
production and supplies. These are
1. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
2. Bharat Electronic Limited(BHEL)
3. Bharat Earth Movers Limited(BEML)
4. Mozagan Dock Limited(MDL)
5. Garden Reach Ship Builders & Engineers Limited(GRS&E)
6. Goa Ship Yard Limited (GSL)
7. Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
8. Misra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)

The BHEL was established in 1954 with a single unit at Jalahalli,
Bangalore to develop the indigenous electronic industry. Since then, it has gone into
leader in professional electronics with its eight more units.

COMPANY PROFILE
BHEL is one of the pioneers in engineering industries in the world. The vital
role played by BHEL today in the country is the mark of its continuous efforts to
improve the service in the nation by consultancy, manufacturing and offering services
in power sector.
The success story of BHEL however goes back in 1956 when its first plant
was setup in Bhopal. The three major plants in HARIDWAR, HYDERABAD AND
THRICHIRAPALLI followed this. These plants have been the core of BHEL’S
efforts to grow, diversify, and become one of the most integrated power and industrial
equipment manufacturers in the world. The company now has 14 manufacturing units,
8 service centers and 4 power sectors regional centers, besides project sites spread all
over India and abroad.
BHEL manufactures over 180 products under 30 major product groups and
caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation & Transmission,
Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy, oil business etc.
Its products have been established an enviable reputation for high quality and
reliability. This is due to the emphasis placed all along on design, engineering and
manufacturing to international standards by acquiring and adopting some of the best
technologies developed in its own R&D centers. BHEL has acquired ISO 9000
certification for quality management and ISO 14001 certification for environment
management. BHEL caters to the needs of different sectors by designing and
manufacturing according to the needs of its clientele in power sector.
ABOUT B.H.E.L RAMACHANDRAPURAM UNIT
As a member of the prestigious “BHEL” family”, BHEL – Hyderabad has
earned a reputation as one of its most important manufacturing units, contributing its
lion’s share in BHEL Corporation’s overall business operation.
The Hyderabad unit was setup in 1963 and started its operations with manufacture
of turbo-generator sets and auxiliaries for 60 and 110 MW thermal utility sets.

Over the years it has increased its capacity range and diversified its operations to
many other areas. Today, a wide range of products are manufactured in this unit,
catering to the needs of variety of industries like fertilizers & chemicals,
petrochemicals & refineries, paper, sugar, steel, etc.,
BHEL – Hyderabad unit has collaborations with world renowned MNCs like
M/S General Electric, USA, M/S Nuovo pignone, etc.
COMPANY’S VISION, MISSION AND VALUES
VISION
A world class, innovative, competitive and profitable engineering enterprise providing
total business solutions.
MISSION
To be the leading engineering enterprise providing quality
Products systems and services in the field of energy, transportation industry,
infrastructure and other potential areas.
VALUES
 Meeting commitment made to external & internal customers.
 Fosters learning, creativity & speed of response.
 Respect for dignity & potential of individuals.
 Loyalty and pride in the company.
 Team playing.
 Zeal to excel.
 Integrity and fairness in all matters.
History of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd - Comp. was set up at Bhopal in the name of M/s Heavy
electrical Indias limited in collaboration with AEI, UK. Subsequently, three more

plants were set up at Hyderabad, Hardwar & Trichy. The Bhopal Unit was controlled
by company, the other three were under the control of Bharat Hevey Electricals Ltd.
- The Company object is to manufacture of heavy electrical equipments. ---1972
- In July the Operations of all the four plants were integrated. ----1974
- In January Heavy electrical [Indias] Ltd was merged with BHEL.
- For the manufacture of wide variety of products, the Comp. has developed
technological infrastructure, skills & quality to meet the stringent requirements of
power plants, transportation, petro chemicals, oil etc.
- BHEL has entered into collaboration which are technical in nature. Under these
agreements, the collaborators have transferred, furnished the information,
documentation, including know-how relating to design, engineering, manufacturing
assembly etc.
captive power plant at a steel plant in West Bengal.
-Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd [BHELs]has informed that a Joint Venture agreement
between the Comp. & NTPC Ltd has been singed on December 17, 2007 for
Establishment & Operation of Joint Venture Comp. for taking up EPC business.
2008 - 2010
- Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited [BHELs], Trichy, has secured orders worth Rs
15,000 crore, its all-time high. BHEL, said the recent MoU with the TNEB for setting
up two 800 Mw thermal power stations near Chennai had resulted in the power plant
major bagging orders.
-Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd [BHELs] has informed that pursuant to order dated
March 04, 2008 issued by Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises,
Department of Heavy Industry, Shri. K Ravi Kumar Director [Powers]/BHEL has
been entrusted with additional charge of post of Chairman & Managing
Director/BHEL w.e.f. March 01, 2008.
- BHEL ties up with AP Genco for Vizag unit.

SWOT ANALYSIS
The strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats which are experienced by
BHEL as a growing concern, have been summed up in the following lines.
Strengths
 Vast pool of trained manpower.
 Excellent state of all factors.
 Good working condition.
 Rapport between management and union.
 Products manufactured to international standards.
 Low labor cost and low manufacturing cost.
Weakness
 Excess manpower.
 System implementation inadequate.
 No financial parlage.
 Inadequate compensation payable to employees.
Opportunities
 Growing power sector machinery.
 Liberalizations has opened up the market.
 Navaratna company status.
 Dominate players in domestic market.
 Export potential growing.
Threats
• Liberalizations – Entry of MNC’s / private sector – More compensation.

• MNC wearing away good employees with
good attractive salaries.
• Govt. Taxation policy – against
manufacturing sectors.
• Dumping of goods.
• Attractive credit policy by FFI and MNC.
PRODUCT PROFILE
BHEL manufactures a wide range of Power plant equipments and also caters
to the industry sector.
THE PRODUCTS PROFILE INCLUDES
• Gas Turbines
• Turbo generators
• Pumps
• Solar Water Heating Systems
• Electrics for Urban Transportation System
Figure-1

GAS TURBINES
BHEL - the largest Gas Turbine manufacturer in India, with the state-of-art
facilities in all areas of Gas Turbine manufacture provide complete engineering in-
house for meeting specific customer requirement.
With over 100 machines and cumulative fired hours of over four million hours,
BHEL has supplied gas turbines for variety of applications in India and abroad.
BHEL also has the world’s largest experience of firing highly volatile naphtha fuel on
heavy duty gas turbines.
TURBO GENERATORS
Figure-2

BHEL presently has manufactured Turbo-Generators of ratings upto 560 MW
and is in the process of going up to 660 MW. It has also the capability to take up the
manufacture of ratings up to 1000 MW suitable for thermal power generation, gas
based and combined cycle power generation as-well-as for diverse industrial
applications like Paper, Sugar, Cement, Petrochemical, Fertilizers, Rayon Industries,
etc. Based on proven designs and know-how backed by over three decades of
experience and accreditation of ISO 9001, the Turbo-generator is a product of high-
class workmanship and quality. Adherence to stringent quality-checks at each stage
has helped BHEL to secure prestigious global orders in the recent past from Malaysia,
Malta, Cyprus, Oman, Iraq, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia. The successful
completion of the various export projects in a record time is a testimony of BHEL's
performance.
PUMPS
Figure-4
BHEL started manufacture of Pumps during the mid-sixties under technical
collaboration with M/s Sigma Latin, Czechoslovakia, to meet the requirements of 60
MW, 110 MW and 210 MW thermal power stations, the scope of which was widened
to meet the requirements of power plants up to 500 MW, with the help of another
collaboration with M/s Weir Pumps, U.K. BHEL has also made some in-house
Figure

product development to gain spin off benefits from the above collaboration as well as
to develop new pumps to meet the requirements of Combined Cycle Power plants.
BHEL has undertaken a design up-gradation and retrofit of the existing 200 KHI
Boiler Feed pumps Inside Stators with energy efficient hydraulics and cartridge
design internals under technical tie-up with M/s Sulzer Pumps, Germany; and
recommended the upgraded 200 KHI-S Boiler Feed pump to all customers of 110
MW & 210 MW Power Stations operating with the earlier Czech design for increase
of pump availability and reliability and also considerable reduction in operational
costs.
SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
Figure-5
BHEL a pioneer in the field of design manufacturing and installation of solar
water heating systems (SWHS) in the country till date have installed systems covering
more than 74,000 m2
of absorber area of capacity over 37 Lakh liters per day. The
largest over SWHS of 40000 LPD for space heating is in use at Dr. Willmar Schwab
India Pvt. Ltd. Noida.
Solar water heating systems are environmental friendly, pollution free equipments,
harnessing the abundantly available Sun's energy. They find application at homes,
hostels, hotels, and hospitals (swimming pool, bathing, washing, cleaning and
cooking); in industrial process heating (Textile, Food processing, Pharmaceutical,

Dyeing, Breweries, Metal Plating industries); Milk dairies and chilling plants; space
heating in central air conditioning systems; pre-heating of boiler feed water.
In the BHEL make Solar Collector, stabilized efficiency values up to 65% is assured
under normal circumstances over a long period without degradation.
ELECTRICS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Figure-6
• 25 KV AC, 50 HZ, single phase, broad gauge/meter gauge, Electrical Multiple
Units with DC Drives.
• 1500V DC, broad gauge/meter gauge, Electric Multiple Units with DC Drives.
• 25 KV AC/1500 VDC broad gauge Electrical Multiple Units with 3 phase
drive.
• Diesel Electric at Multiple Units
• Metro Railway.
• Tram Cars

Some of the other products manufactured by BHEL are:
THERMAL POWER PLANT
Steam turbines, boilers and generators of up to 500 MW capacities to manufacture
boilers and steam turbines with super critical steam cycle parameters and matching
generators up 660 MW unit facilities available for 1000MW size.
HYDRO POWER PLANT
Mini/Micro hydro sets
Spherical, butterfly, rotary values auxiliaries for hydro station.
BOILERS
Heat recovery steam generators, pressure vessels chemical recovery boilers for paper
industry ranging from capacity of 100 to 100t/day of dry solids.
POWER DEVICES
High power capacity silicon diodes, Thyristor devices and solar Photovoltaic cells.
SYSTEM AND SERVICES
Power generation system
Transmission system
Transportation system
Industrial system
PIPING SYSTEM

Constant load hangers clamp and hanger components, variable, spring hanger for
power station up to 850 MW capacities combined cycle plants, industrial boilers and
process industries.
TRANSFORMERS
Power transformers for voltage up to 400 KV
HVDC transformers and reactors of up to + or – 500 KV
CAPACITORS
Power capacitors for industrial and power systems of up to 250 KVA rating for
application up to 400 KV
Coupling/CVVT capacitors for voltages up to 400 KV
STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE
• To find out the cash fluctuations of liquidity,profitability position in the BHEL
• To find out the different types of ratios in the BHEL company
• To find out the financial performance & financial distributions of the BHEL
• To examine the feasibility of present system of managing Working Capital
turnover ratios in the Company
• To find out the working capital turnover ratios to analyze from 2007 – 08 to
2011-12.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
The study is confirmed to the management of RATIO ANALYSIS in
BHEL. Hyderabad. The main aim of the study is to asses the necessary of
managing Current Assets and Current liabilities.
NEED FOR STUDY

The most important functions of the business firm are production, marketing
finance. It is very difficult to separate finance functions from production, marketing
and other functions. The functions of raising funds, investing them in assets and
distributing returns earned from assets to share holders are respectively known as
financing, investing and dividend decisions. In doing so, a firm attempts to balance
cash inflow and outflows. Finance function call for skillful planning control and
execution of firm’s activities.
Hence, the study is taken to analyze the firm’s activities through “RATIO
ANALYSIS”
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology to be followed here is –
 Preparation of numeric data tables with data of accounting year wise
factors of ratios with calculated ratios.
 Graphical presentation of the ratios indicating changes.
 Interpretation with the help of numeric and graphical presentation.
 Opinion based on result on result of the analysis with conclusion.
DATA COLLECTION
Primary Data:
Personal Interview was held with key personnel of finance
department.
Secondary Data:
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data are those data, which were already prepared by some others. I
have collected some more data from the following data
i. From the Balance sheets and P&L accounts.
ii. Published and unpublished manuals, records and files.
Other information is gathered from the books mentioned in bibliography
LIMITATIONS
 As the time span of the study is only eight weeks gathering total information is
not possible.
 There is very less scope of gathering the confidential data as we are only
vocational trainees.
 During the project period as some executives were busy with their work they
could not afford to give full information.
 The analysis and interpretation of collected data is restricted to necessary
information.
 Working Capital standards pertains to relevant industry is also a limiting
factor for comparative analysis.
 The members of financial department are very busy with the audit work; hence
they are not being able to spend more time for me.

THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
RATIO ANALYSIS
Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firm's performance and financial
situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firm's
financials to those of other firms. Ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of
ratios which are derived from the information in a company's financial statements.
Financial ratios are usually expressed as a percent or as times per period. Ratio
analysis is a widely used tool of financial analysis. It is defined as the systematic use
of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strength and weaknesses of a
firm as well as its historical performance and current financial condition can be
determined. The term ratio refers to the numerical or quantitative relationship between
two variables. With the help of ratio analysis conclusion can be drawn regarding
several aspects such as financial health, profitability and operational efficiency of the
undertaking. Ratio points out the operating efficiency of the firm i.e. whether the
management has utilized the firm’s assets correctly, to increase the investor’s wealth.
It ensures a fair return to its owners and secures optimum utilization of firm’s assets.
Ratio analysis helps in inter-firm comparison by providing necessary data. An inter
firm comparison indicates relative position. It provides the relevant data for the
comparison of the performance of different departments. If comparison shows a
variance, the possible reasons of variations may be identified and if results are
negative, the action may be initiated immediately to bring them in line. Yet another
dimension of usefulness or ratio analysis, relevant from the View point of

management is that it throws light on the degree efficiency in the various activity
ratios measures this kind of operational efficiency.
Significance or Importance of Ratio Analysis
 It helps in evaluating the firms performance
With the help of ratio analysis conclusion can be drawn regarding several
aspects such as financial health, profitability and operational efficiency of the
undertaking. Ratio points out the operating efficiency of the firm i.e. whether the
management has utilized the firm’s assets correctly, to increase the investor’s wealth.
It ensures a fair return to its owners and secures optimum utilization of firms assets.
 It helps in inter-firm comparison
Ratio analysis helps in inter-firm comparison by providing necessary data. An
inter firm comparison indicates relative position. It provides the relevant data for the
comparison of the performance of different departments. If comparison shows a
variance, the possible reasons of variations may be identified and if results are
negative, the action may be initiated immediately to bring them in line.
 It simplifies financial statement
The information given in the basic financial statements serves no useful
Purpose unless it s interrupted and analyzed in some comparable terms. The ratio
analysis is one of the tools in the hands of those who want to know something more
from the financial statements in the simplified manner.
 It helps in determining the financial position of the concern
Ratio analysis facilitates the management to know whether the firms financial
position is improving or deteriorating or is constant over the years by setting a trend
with the help of ratios The analysis with the help of ratio analysis can know the
direction of the trend of strategic ratio may help the management in the task of
planning, forecasting and controlling.
 It is helpful in budgeting and forecasting

Accounting ratios provide a reliable data, which can be compared, studied and
analyzed. These ratios provide sound footing for future prospectus. The ratios can also
serve as a basis for preparing budgeting future line of action.
 Liquidity position
With help of ratio analysis conclusions can be drawn regarding the Liquidity
position of a firm. The liquidity position of a firm would be satisfactory if it is able to
meet its current obligation when they become due. The ability to met short term
liabilities is reflected in the liquidity ratio of a firm.
 Long term solvency:
Ratio analysis is equally for assessing the long term financial ability of the
Firm. The long term solvency is measured by the leverage or capital structure and
profitability ratio which shows the earning power and operating efficiency, Solvency
ratio shows relationship between total liability and total assets.
 Operating efficiency:
Yet another dimension of usefulness or ratio analysis, relevant from the View
point of management is that it throws light on the degree efficiency in the various
activity ratios measures this kind of operational efficiency.
Ratio analysis is a widely used tool of financial analysis. It is defined as the
systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strength and
weaknesses of a firm as well as its historical performance and current financial
condition can be determined. The term ratio refers to the numerical or quantitative
relationship between two variables.
There are four important categories of ratios related to the RATIO
ANALYSIS of the firms. They are
1. Liquidity ratios
2. Leverage ratios
3. Profitability ratios
4. Activity ratios

1. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
It is extremely essential for a firm to be able to meet its obligations as they
become due. Liquidity ratios measure the ability of the firm to meet its current
obligations.
The most common ratios, which indicate the extent of liquidity, are
1.A. Current ratio
1.B.Quick ratio
1.A.CURRENT RATIO
The current ratio is calculated as per the following formula
Current ratio = Current assets
Current liabilities
Current assets include cash and those assets, which can be converted into cash
within a year. All obligations maturing within a year are included in current
liabilities.
As a conventional rule, a current ratio of 2:1 or more is considered
satisfactory. The higher the current ratio, the greater the margin of safety.
1.B.QUICK RATIO
An asset is quick or liquid if it can be converted into cash immediately without
a loss of value. Cash is the most liquid asset. Other assets which are considered to be
relatively liquid and included in quick assets are debtors and bills receivables and
marketable securities.
The ratio can be calculated by using the following formula
Quick ratio = Quick assets
Current liabilities

Generally a quick ratio of 1:1 is considered to represent a satisfactory current
financial position.
2.LEVERAGE RATIOS
The short term creditors like bankers and suppliers of raw material are more
concerned with the firm’s current debt paying ability. On the other hand, long term
creditors, like debenture holders, financial institutions etc., are more concerned with
the firm’s long term financial strength.
To judge the long term financial position of the firm, financial leverage or
capital structure ratios are calculated.
Leverage ratios may be calculated form the balance sheet items to determine
the proportion of debt in total financing.
The leverage ratios are calculated in two methods. Such as
2.A. Total debt ratio
2.B.Debt equity ratio
2.A. TOTAL DEBT RATIO
Debt ratio is used to analyze the long term solvency of a firm. The firm may
be interested in knowing the proportion of the interest bearing debt in the capital
structure. It may, therefore, compute the debt ratio by using following formula
Debt Ratio = Total debt
Total debt+Net worth
2.B. DEBT EQUITY RATIO
From the total debt ratio which clears the percentage of lenders contribution to
owner’s contribution or the relationship describing the lender’s contribution for each
rupee of the owner’s contribution is called debt equity ratio. It can be calculated by
using the following formula

Debt equity ratio = Total debt
Net worth
3.PROFITABILITY RATIOS
The profitability ratios are calculated to measure the operating efficiency of
the company.
A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time.
Profit is the difference between revenues and expenses over a period of time. We
should continuously evaluate the efficiency of its company in terms of profit.
Generally, two major types of profitability ratios are calculated
1. Profitability in relation to sales
2. Profitability in relation to investment
3.A. GROSS PROFIT MARGIN
The first profitability ratio in relation to sales is the gross profit margin. It can
be calculated as
Gross profit margin = Sales – Cost of goods sold
Sales
This ratio indicates the average spread between the cost of goods sold and
sales revenue.
A high gross profit margin ratio is a sign of goods management. It is relative
to the industry average implies the firm able to produce at relatively lower cost. A
low gross profit margin may reflect higher cost of goods sold due to the firm’s
inability to purchase raw materials at favorable terms, inefficient utilization of plant
and machinery or over investment in fixed assets resulting higher cost of production.

3.B. NET PROFIT MARGIN
Net profit is obtained when operating expenses, interest and taxes are
subtracted form the gross profit. The ratio is measured by using the following formula
Net profit margin = Profit after tax (PAT)
Sales
This ratio is establishes a relationship between net profit and sales and
indicates management’s efficiency in manufacturing, administering and selling the
products. This ratio is the overall measure of the firm’s ability to turn each rupee
sales into net profit.
3.C. RETURN ON INVESTMENT
The term investment may refer to total assets or net assets. The conventional
approach of calculating return on investment is to divide profit after tax by
investment.
ROI = EBIT (I-T)
Net assets
4.ACTIVITY RATIOS
Activity ratios are employed to evaluate the efficiency with which the firm
manages and utilizes its assets. These ratios are also called turnover ratios because
they indicate the speed with which assets are being converted or turnover into sales.
Following are the different activity ratios
4.A. Inventory turnover ratio
4.B. Debtors turnover ratio
4.C. Assets turnover ratio
4.D. Fixed assets turnover ratio
4.A. INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO

This ratio indicates the efficiency of the firm in producing and selling its product. It
is calculates as
Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold
Average work-in-progress
4.B DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO
Debtors are expected to be converted into cash over a short period and
therefore are included in current assets. The liquidity position of the firm depends on
the quality of debtors to a great extent. Debtors turnover ratio is calculated by using
the following formula
Debtors turnover ratio = Credit Sales
Average debtors
4.C. ASSETS TURNOVER RATIOS
Net assets turnover ratio = Sales
Net assets
Net assets include net fixed assets and net current assets minus current
liabilities.
A firm’s ability to produce a large volume of sales for a given amount of net
assets is the most important aspect of its operating performance.
Total assets turnover ratio = Sales
Total assets
4.D) FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO:
The numerator of this ratio is the sales for the period and the denominator is
the balance in the net fixed assets account at the end of the year. This ratio is

supposed to measure the efficiency with which fixed assets are employed. A high
ratio indicates a high degree of efficiency in assets utilization and a low ratio reflects
inefficient use of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales with fixed assets. It is used
to highlight the extent of utilization of the company’s plant equipment.
Fixed assets turnover ratio = Sales
Fixed assets
DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
Current ratio:-
The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities.
Current
assets include cash and those assets, which can be converted into cash
within a year, such as marketable securities, debtors and inventories.
Current liabilities include creditors, bills payable, accrued expenses, short
term bank loans etc.
CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Table 1:-
YEAR CURRENT ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES RATIO
2007-08 174043233.6 80007395.82 2.17
2008-09 119472334.5 89258186.27 1.338

2009-10 85350227.24 81488065.33 1.047
2010-11 145292000 117086000 1.24
2011-12 158329780 78980214.39 2.01
Graph no.1:-
Interpretation:-
The normal standard of current ratio is 2:1. The company’s current ratio is
more than the standard ratio in 2007-08, i.e. 1.24, 2008-09(2.01). in the remaining
years 2007-08 (2.17), 2008-09(1.33) ,2009-10(1.04) the current ratio is lower than
the standard ratio.

2. Quick ratio:-
This ratio establishes a relationship between quick or liquid assets and
current liabilities. An asset is liquid if it can be converted into cash immediately or
reasonably soon without a loss of value cash is the most liquid assets, other assets
are bills receivables, debtors and marketable securities. Inventories are considered
to be less liquid.
The ratio shows the assets which are immediately converted into cash to
meet the short term obligations of the firm.
QUICK RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS-(STOCK+PREPAID EXPENCES)
CURRENT LIABILITIEs
Table no. 2:-
YEAR QUICK ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES RATIO
2007-08 101406887.1 80007395.82 1.267
2008-09 112520280.53 89258186.27 1.261

2009-10 65172524.29 81488065.33 0.799
2010-11 134132000 117086000 1.145
2011-12 93876746.86 78980214.39 1.188
Graph no.2:-
Interpretation:-
The normal standard of Quick Ratio is 1:1. In only one year the ratio
decreased than the standard ratio, i.e. 0.799 in 2009-10. In remaining years 2008-
09(1.26),2008-09(1.21),2010-11(1.14),2011-12(1.18) the quick ratio maintains the
ratio higher than the standard ratio. So the quick ratio is in a satisfied manner.

3. Inventory turnover ratio:-
The inventory turnover ratio measures how quickly the stock is
converted into sales. It is the test of efficient inventory management. To
measure the efficient, the ratio should be compared on the basis of trend
analysis or with the level of other firms. The higher the ratio, the better is the
performance of the company. A low ratio may indicate a slow moving
inventory.
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO = COST OF GOODS SOLD
AVERAGE INVENTOR
Table no.3:-
YEAR
COST OF GOOD SOLD AVERAGE INVENTORY RATIO
2007-08 227335354 45831224.04 4.96
2008-09 277429458 24784534.25 11.19

2009-10 296868782.6 12932762.7 22.95
2010-11 478057802.39 15046401.2 31.77
2011-12 70274871.73 37806516.57 1.85
Graph no.3:-
Interpretation:-
The above graph indicates the increasing trend of inventory turnover
ratio from the years 2007-08(4.96),2008-09(11.19),2009-010(22.5),2010-

11(31.77). It indicates the inventory is effectively converted into sales. But in
the last year the inventory turnover ratio is decreased to 1.85
4. Fixed assets turnover ratio:-
This ratio is supposed to measure the efficiency with which fixed assets are
employed. A high ratio indicates a high degree of efficiency in assets utilization and a
low ratio reflects inefficient use of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales with fixed
assets. It is used to highlight the extent of utilization of the company’s plant
equipment.
FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO = SALES
FIXED ASSETS
Table no.4:-
YEAR SALES FIXED ASSETS RATIO
2007-08 281649206 177111306.4 1.59
2008-09 256485255 179168799.9 1.43
2009-10 307770938.7 181315968 2.22
2010-11 567778000 190266000 2.98
2011-12 378800000 196150122.87 1.93

Graph no.4:-
Interpretation:-
The fixed assets turnover ratio is higher in 2008-09, i.e. 2.3. And in the
remaining years, the ratios are 1.377, 1.277, 1.432 and 1.616 for the years 2007-08,
2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 respectively.

5. Total assets turnover ratio: -
Assets are used to generate sales. A firm should manage its assets efficiently
to maximize sales. The relationship between sales and assets is called assets
turnover ratio. Assets turnover ratio is computed by dividing sales with total assets.
TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO = SALES
TOTAL ASSETS
Table no.5:-
YEAR SALES TOTAL ASSETS RATIO
2007-08 281649206 582554034.19 0.48
2008-09 256485255 602597207.23 0.42
2009-10 307770938.7 636378314.37 0.62
2010-11 567778000 644256581.33 0.88
2011-12 378800000 656875754.81 0.57

Graph no.5:-
Interpretation:-
The total assets turnover ratio is high in the year 2007-08, i.e. 1.036. In the
remaining years it is 0.655 in 2008-09, 0.592 in 2010-11, 0.633 in 2011-12 and 0.729
in 2010-11. It is better to improve the ratio by converting the total assets into sales.

6. Working capital turnover ratio:-
This ratio indicates whether or not working capital has been
effectively utilized in making sales. In case a company can achieve higher volume of
sales with relative small amount of working capital, it is an indication of the
operating efficiency of the company.
WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO:- SALES
NET WORKING CAPITAL
Table no.6:-
YEAR SALES NET WORKING CAPITAL RATIO
2007-08 281649206.8 94035837.79 2.95
2008-09 256485255.3 30214148.3 11.798
2009-10 402770938.7 3862161.91 104.286
2010-11 567778000 28206000 25.21
2011-12 378800000 79349565.61 6.034

Graph no.6:-
Interpretation:-
The working capital turnover ratio is very peak in the year 2007-08, i.e.
104.28. and in the remaining years 2008-09(2.95),2009-10(11.7),2010-
11(25.2),2011-12(6.0) the working capital ratio is in the normal position. High
turnover indicates the sign of over trading and puts the firm into financial
difficulties.

7. Interest coverage ratio:-
This ratio is very important for the lenders point of view. It indicates whether
the business would earn sufficient profits to pay periodically the interest charges.
The higher the number, the more secure the lender is in respect of his periodical
interest income. It is calculated as follows:
REST COVERAGE RATIO = EBIT
INTEREST CHARGE
Table no.7:-
YEAR EBIT INTEREST RATIO
2007-08 -16602435 2195337.51 -0.8
2008-09 4175100 3007655 0.2
2009-10 -11935835.3
10552222.9
8
-0.2
2010-11 55738197 8001000 0.6
2011-12 259934715
10552222.9
2
0.8

Graph no.7:-
Interpretation:-
Interest coverage ratio should not decrease more than 1.5 times. If it
decreases more than this it may cause the financial risk, and the ideal one is
six to seven times. The interest coverage ratio of Sai global yarntex, ltd is
negative in 2007-08 and 2008-09. It is 0.2in 2009-10 and 0.2 in 2011-12, 0.8
in 2009-10. The company should maintain the ratio in a standard manner to
avoid the problem of financial risk.

8. Gross profit ratio:-
It is calculated by dividing the gross profit with sales. This ratio shows the
profits relative to sales after the direct production costs are deducted. This ratio
establishes the relationship between operating profit and sales to measure the
relative operating efficiency of the company.
GROSS PROFIT RATIO= GROSS PROFIT*100
NET SALES
(Gross Profit = Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold)
Table no.8:-
YEAR GROSS PROFIT OR LOSS SALES RATIO
2007-08 646651 281649206.8 0.016
2008-09 -24709650.88 256485255.3 -6.93
2009-10 100875904.7 402770938.7 0.20
2010-11 61725000 567778000 9.24
2011-12 65438368.28 378800000 13.66

Graph no.8:-
Interpretation:-
The firm incurred gross loss in 2007-08 i.e.-6.93. And it got profits in 2008-
09(0.016), 2009-10(0.217), 2010-11(9.24) and 2011-12(13.66). The gross profit ratio
of the firm is not satisfactory due to the fluctuations in the gross profit ratio.

9. Net profit ratio:-
This ratio is measured by dividing profit after tax by sales. It indicates
management’s efficiency in manufacturing, administering and selling the products.
The ratio is the overall measure of the firm’s ability.
NET PROFIT RATIO= NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX*100
NET SALES
Table no.9:-
YEAR NET PROFIT/LOSS SALES RATIO
2007-08 -24132675.02 281649206.8 -6.323
2008-09 1107655.17 256485255.3 0.310
2009-10 72425688.91 402770938.7 0.144
2010-11 19742000 567778000 2.95
2011-12 25814892.16 378800000 5.391

Graph no.9:-
Interpretation:-
The company incurred net losses in 2007-08(-6.323) and 2008-09(5.637) and
got profits in 2009-10(0.31), 2010-11(2.95) and 2009-10(5.391). Hence it is
satisfactorily in the year 2011-12 only.
FINDINGS

• The efficiency of management at financial position of BHEL is good in 2007-2008 and
2008-09.
• In 2007-08 there is increase in net working capital (75,136) compare with the
previous year. It mean increasing the debt long-term source investing in current
assets which leads to increase the expenditure i.e. interest, financial charges.
• The overall liquidity position of BHEL is satisfactory.
• BHEL securing the long-term debts through the issue of non convertible vidyut
bonds.
• The percentage of current assets, loans and advances to current liabilities increase
from 115% in 2009-10 to 124% in 2010-11 and further increased to 170% in 2011-12.
SUGGESTIONS

 Company should make efforts to utilize its fixed assets in an optimum manner.
 The company should adopt effective operation research techniques to reduce cost
of production.
 The company should maintain enough reserves to expand the business.
 The company must try for maintenances of proper current assets to possess the
short time solvency.
 The company has already taken action to reduce expenditure. Yet some more
necessary steps need to be taken to reduce expenditure by the company head.
 The company cash position is low. It is better to increase cash levels.
CONCLUSION

Though the finance play the vital role in versatile field. Once should have
enough conscious on each operation.
 Different operating year shows the different growth in different areas. Hence each
in flow and out flow of the company shows the efficiency of the management and
maximum utilization of limited resources in an economical way.
 It was a great experience in this company. According to my experience, it is a well
established organization with entire production is undertaken with highest quality
machinery’s.
 It is a well build organization with great opportunity, good facilities, very well
organized environmental control and most important safely measures for safety of
employees.
 However the success can be achieved through proper utilization of financial
resources, more inventory turnover, and high liquidity, less cost of production and
last but not least making a high volume of sales.

Ratio analysis in bhel

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