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Diabetes
Mealitus
& PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Diabetes mellitus
metabolism
hyperglycemia)
Type2

Type1

oType1 Diabetes
mellitus/IDDM

insulin dependent diabetes

oType2 Diabetes
mellitus /NIDDM

non-insulin-dependent diabetes

,

,

,
Diabetes mellitus
Type1 Diabetes
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM)
juvenile diabetes
autoimmune
Insulin deficiency)







,

,
Diabetes mellitus
Type2 Diabetes
(NIDDM)

Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Insulin

resistance)





abdominal obesity)


,

,
Diabetes mellitus

,

,
Risk Factors
o
o
o
o
o

Pre-Diabetes

http://www.oknation.net/blog/22313/2
Risk Factors
o

Insulin

HDL

Pre-Diabetes)

o
o

Metabolic Syndrome (

kg

o
o

http://www.oknation.net/blog/22313/2
http://www.typefreediabetes.com/
Signs and Symptoms
Polyuria)

o

Polydipsia)

o

o

Polyphagia)

o

Pruritus)

o

Weakness)

o

Fatigue)

,

,

,
Complications
•

retinopathy)

microvascular
Diabetic
Diabetic nephropathy)
macrovascular

•
2.
•

Coronary vascular disease)
•
Cerebrovascular disease)
•
Peripheral
vascular disease)
,

,
Complications
3.
•

Diabetic

neuropathy)

Diabetic ulcer)

•
•

Cataract)

,

,
Epidemiology
• Severe periodontitis : Diabetic > non-diabetics.
study.Taylor et al, J Perio 96)

(Pima

• Destructive periodontitis occurred much earlier in
life in the diabetics (27% of diabetics 15-19 years
old). (Pima study.Taylor et al, J Perio 96)
• Higher-aged diabetic had greater periodontal
attachment and bone loss than younger. (R.G. Nelson, M.
Shlossman, L.M. Budding et al.Periodontal disease and NIDDM in Pima Indians.
Diabetes Care 1990)

•Diabetic complications increased susceptibility to
periodontal disease with increased attachment loss
(B.L. Mealey. Diabetes and periodontal disease: two sides of a coin.Compend
Epidemiology
•Uncontrolled Diabetes
•
•
•

acute fulminating periodontitis
attachment loss bone loss
acute abscess

•Control of diabetes
•
Oral manifestation in Diabetic
Patient
oXerostomia
fibrosis
fat infiltration
: Burning sensation, Caries Incidence

oCheilosis
oMild gingivitis to severe periodontitis
oMultiple periodontal abscesses
Oral manifestation in Diabetic
Patient
oCandidiasis
Candida
thrush

salivary bacteria

oGingival enlargement
channel blocker

oLichen planus

calcium
Gingivitis in a 19-year-old women
with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Robert P. Langlais, Craig Miller.THE COLOUR ATLAS OF COMMON ORAL
Inflamed, papulonodular hyperplasia of
the gingiva in a diabetic patient

Robert P. Langlais, Craig Miller.THE COLOUR ATLAS OF COMMON ORAL
DIABETES MELLITUS PERIODONTAL ABSCESS

Robert P. Langlais, Craig Miller.THE COLOUR ATLAS OF COMMON ORAL
Lichen planus

Lynch DP. Oral examination. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1080850-
Pseudomembranous candidiasis (thrush)
Impairment of the immune system, chemotherapy, Sjögren
syndrome, and diabetes mellitus can also contribute to the
proliferation of C albicans.
Lynch DP. Oral examination. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1080850-
Relation
TO PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Relation of diabetes and periodontal
disease
•Host resistance
•Vascular changes 
membrane
•

basement

collagen metabolism
◦
collagenase activity
◦ microorganism
diabetic gingival crevice
◦
◦

endotoxin
protease
collagenase production

gingiva
Relation of diabetes and periodontal
disease
Hyperglycemia (Ren, Fu, Deng, Qi, & Jin, 2009)

•
•

(AGEs)
• factor

advanced glycation end products

Periodontitis

biologic mechanism
diabetes
gingivitisperiodontitis

•
Relation of diabetes and
periodontitis
clinical patterns

epidemiologic

sulcular
oxygen
crevicular fluid
selective effect
periodontal pocket
microflora

o
glucose

hyperglycemia
ketoacidosis
uncontrolled diabetes
activity
subgingival gram negative
anaerobes
host defense

o

o

tissue
microorganism
collagen metabolism
periodontal
DM and Periodontitis - The 2 Way
Relationship
DM and Periodontitis - The 2 Way
Relationship
Modification
OF THE HOST/BACTERIA IN DIABETES
Effect of DM on
 Microorganism
 Host response
Salivary flux
reduction

High glucose
concentration
in salivary and
GCF

Development of
periodontogenic
flora
Generally in periodontal patients is noticed
the presence of
◦ Porphyromonas gingivalis
◦ Tannerella forsythia
◦ Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Sometime, other bacteria, such as
◦ Treponema denticola
◦ Treponema socranskii
L. MARIGO, R. CERRETO, M. GIULIANI, F. SOMMA, C. LAJOLO, M. CORDARO,
DM patients

◦ Candida albicans

In type 1 DM patients

◦ Capnocytophaga spp :most frequent

bacteria
◦ Porphyromonas gingivalis
◦ Prevotella intermedia

L. MARIGO, R. CERRETO, M. GIULIANI, F. SOMMA, C. LAJOLO, M. CORDARO,
In type 2 DM patients

◦ Capnocytophaga spp. : most frequent

bacteria
◦ Prevotella intermedia
◦ Campylobacter rectus
◦ Porphyromonas gingivalis
◦ Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

L. MARIGO, R. CERRETO, M. GIULIANI, F. SOMMA, C. LAJOLO, M. CORDARO,
Effect of DM on
 Microorganism
 Host response
(Andersen et al. 2007).
neutrophil

Hyperglycemia

Macrophage/Monocyte

Fibroblast

(Andersen et al. 2007).
Cell Function
◦ Neutrophils : adherence

chemotaxis

:
◦ Monocyte and Macrophage
:

bacteria
antigen

proinflammatory cytonkine
:
GCF
AGE-RAGE

monocyte
Proinflammatory

American Academy of
Periodontology,2006 : NF-kB
Cell Function
Fibroblast
◦
Collagen
◦ Collagen

GAGs

Enzyme

◦ Collagenase

American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Vascular alteration

Hyperglycemia

AGE

Vascular alteration
Vascular alteration
AGE-Collagen :

enzyme degradation

◦ Thickening of blood vessel
decreased
Lumen
◦ Basement membrane
Endothelium
◦
LDL
◦ VEGF

atherosclerosis

American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Vascular alteration
AGE-RAGE
Endothelium
◦ Permeability
◦ thrombosis

American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Cytokines

Hyperglycemia

Cell

AGE
Attachment and Bone Loss
AGE-Bone :
Bone metabolism
Bone turnover
: cellular , structural , functional
characteristic

American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Attachment and Bone Loss
Attachment and Bone loss
◦
tissue metabolism
◦ Bone healing
Bone Turnover rate
◦
proliferation of Osteoblast
◦
collagen
◦
apoptosis
fibroblast
Osteoblast
attachment and bone loss
American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Impaired Wound Healing

Fibroblast
Hyperglycemia

Impaired Wound Healing

Glucose in GCF
: www.docstoc.com
Impaired Wound Healing
Plasma Glucose
◦ Glucose
GCF
Gingival
sulcus
Periodontal Pocket
◦ Pocket
Bacteria
wound
healing
◦ Glucose
Healing
◦
attachment
fibroblast
◦
fibroblast
American Academy of
Periodontology,2006
Glycation
Oxidative stress
Glycation
Hyperglycemia

Non-enzymatic glucose
metabolism
Advance glycation end
products
(AGEs)
: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycation
Glycation

AGEs

WBC
RAGE
Phagocyt
e

IL-6 ,
TNF
alpha

MMPs
Osteocla
st

: http://www.dentalcouncil.or.th/content/prnews/detail.php?id=411&type=2
Oxidative stress
DNA,Protein,Lipid,etc.

Advance Lipoxition
End Products

RBC

RBC disfunction

: http://www.gpo.or.th/rdi/html/oxidative_stress.html
http://www.rsu.ac.th/medtech/files/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E
Treatment
Diabetes Mealitus
1.
2.
Agents Enhancing the Effectiveness of
Insulin
• Metformin
• Troglitazone
Agents Augmentating the supply of Insulin
• Sulfonylurea
3. Insulin
: http://www.pharmacy.mahidol.ac.th/thai/knowledgeinfo.php?id=27
Insulin
o
o

o
o
o

o
o
o

: http://www.siamhealth.net/public_html/Disease/endocrine/DM/insulin.htm#.URcVFKXG9
Periodontitis
DM

Non insulin
dependent
patient

Insulincontrolled
patient

Uncontrolled

: http://www.dentalcouncil.or.th/content/prnews/detail.php?id=411&type=2
Periodontitis
(mechanical debridement)


Tetracycline

Doxycycline

◦

Poorly uncontrolled

: http://www.dentalcouncil.or.th/content/prnews/detail.php?id=411&type=2
Dental
management
Uncontrolled patient and
Poorly control patient
Only emergency care
antibiotic therapy
oral infection

Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
Well-controlled patient
complete periodontal therapy
surgical procedures
the presence of medical complications
associated with diabetes mellitus should be
carefully evaluated and considered in any
periodontal therapeutic decision

Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
Periodontal therapy
o
o
o

o

conscious sedation)
atraumatic)

o
o
epinephrine
insulin

epinephrine

insulin
preoperative

: http://www.dentalcouncil.or.th/content/prnews/detail.php?id=411&type=2
Management of
diabetic emergencies
o Hyperglycemic

o Hypoglycemic
Hyperglycemic
•breathing may become rapid and deep
(Kussmaul’s respiration)
•hot and dry skin

•‘‘acetone’’ breath may be evident.
•Severe hypotension
•coma may follow. Coma is usually associated with
plasma glucose levels of between 300 and 600
mg/dl.
Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
conscious
hyperglycemic

hospital emergency room

basic life support procedures

unconscious

open airway
administration of 100% oxygen
non-glucose-containing intravenous
fluids should be administered to prevent
vascular collapse.

Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
Hypoglycemic shock
plasma glucose levels drop below 40
mg/dl.

◦ exercise
◦ diabetes mellitus drug overdose,
◦ stress or failure by the patient to properly
control his or her dietary Intake.
Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
Hypoglycemic shock
oTachycardia
oHypotension
oHypothermia

oloss of consciousness
oseizures and even death

Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
orange juice
administration of
oral carbohydrates

candy

Early treatment
soft drinks
Treatment

patient remains
unresponsive

hospital emergency room

Terry D. Rees. Periodontal management of the patient with diabetes mellitus.
5410810004
5410810014
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Diabetes mealitus &periodontal disease

Notas del editor

  1. Pre-Diabetes คือ ระดับน้ำตาลที่อยู่ระหว่างระดับปกติ กับ ระดับของผู้เป็นเบาหวาน
  2. Pre-Diabetes คือ ระดับน้ำตาลที่อยู่ระหว่างระดับปกติ กับ ระดับของผู้เป็นเบาหวาน
  3. Figure 1. Mechanisms of diabetes-mediated periodontal tissue destruction. The hyperglycemic status can directly provide favorable environment for the growth of Gram-negative periodontal pathogens, impair cellular function and host defense, and induce overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and secretion of collagenolytic enzymes (black lines). By facilitating the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), diabetes can also indirectly alter the crosslink of the extracellular matrix (gray lines) as well as the cellular activities to amplify inflammatory reactions and decrease cell viability, leading to further wound healing impairment and potential vascular change (dash black lines) in periodontal tissue (gray box).
  4. There is evidence that exposing serum from periodontitis patients to LPS of periodontal pathogens leads to increased triglycerides and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL),132 and 133 which suggests that local infection, such as periodontitis, can alter systemic lipid metabolism. The mechanism is possibly due to activation of the ‘cytokine cascade’ in response to LPS. The elevation of serum lipids may also influence immune cell function by upregulatingproinflammatory cytokines and superoxide production by PMNs and altering surface marker antigens of monocytes.134 In the meanwhile, periodontitis can potentially induce insulin resistance by the overproduction of systemic proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines will further ameliorate insulin insensitivity by destroying pancreatic β-cells, antagonizing insulin action, or altering intracellular insulin signaling through the NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) axes.13, 40, 135 and 136
  5. http://www.dermalogica.co.th/th/your_skin/page.php?doc=your_skin_library_article&category=6&id=71Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) คือปฏิกิริยาของเอ็นไซม์ที่เกิดการเผชิญรังสี UV หรือการอักเสบของผิวอันเนื่องจากปฏิกิริยา ROS ส่งผลให้คอลลาเจนที่มีอยู่เกิดการเปราะหัก อีกทั้งยังขัดขวางการสร้างคอลลาเจนใหม่ ระยะยาวปฏิกิริยาของ MMPs ส่งผลให้กระบวนการสร้างเซลล์ผิวใหม่เป็นไปได้ลำบากทราบหรือไม่ว่าน้ำตาลกลูโคสชนิดเดียวกับที่ให้พลังงานแก่เซลล์ผิวของเรา สามารถทำปฏิกิริยา กับโปรตีนคอลลาเจนในชั้นผิวได้ ซึ่งปฏิกิริยานี้ล้วนส่งผลร้ายต่อความยืดหยุ่นของผิว โดยส่งให้โปรตีนคอลลาเจนขาดการเกี่ยวพันกัน เป็นสาเหตุของการเกิดริ้วรอย อีกทั้งยังเพิ่มความเสี่ยงในการเกิดการอักเสบของผิว ชะลอการเกิดเซลล์ผิวใหม่และเร่งให้เกิดริ้วรอยลึกได้เร็วขึ้น
  6. การเกิด glycationของโปรตีนทำให้เกิดการสะสมของ advanced glycation end products (AGEs) ซึ่งเป็นแหล่งที่ทำให้เกิดอนุมูลอิสระ และเชื่อมโยงกับภาวะแทรกซ้อนของโรค ดังแสดงในรูปที่ 3 โดย AGEs นี้สามารถปลดปล่อยอนุมูล superoxide และ H2O2 และสามารถกระตุ้นการทำงานของ phagocytes นอกจากนี้ยังไปลดปริมาณของ glutathione ซึ่งเป็นสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระตัวหนึ่งในร่างกายภาวะที่มีอนุมูลอิสระมากเกิน แต่ปริมาณสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระไม่เพียงพอ และส่งผลให้เกิดการทำลายดีเอ็นเอ โปรตีน ไขมัน และโมเลกุลอื่น ๆจัดเป็นการทำลายแบบออกซิเดชัน (oxidative damage) โมเลกุลเป้าหมายที่เกิด oxidative damage ได้แก่ ดีเอ็นเอ โปรตีน และไขมัน ผลเสียหายต่อโมเลกุลเป้าหมายและเซลล์จะขึ้นกับลักษณะของโครงสร้างโมเลกุล ชนิดเซลล์ ชนิดอวัยวะhttp://www.rsu.ac.th/medtech/files/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99oxidative%20stress.pdf