according to RRS

1. PANCHA BHASMA SIDDHI LAKSHANAS FOR
DHATUS
(as per RRS)
By
Dr Saroja M Patil
Final yr. PG Scholar
TGAMC Ballari
Guide
Dr Ravi.R.Chavan
Asst. professor
TGAMC Ballari
PROFESSOR &HOD
Dr M.S.Doddamani
Dept. of RS & BK
TGAMC Ballari

2. Contents
Derivation
Introduction
General Method of preparation of bhasma
Changes during bhasma preparation
Bhasma pariksha
Pancha bhasma siddhi lakshana
Analytical tests to validate bhasma
Related Research works
Discussion
Conlusion

3. Derivation
BHASMA-
“Bhas”: shine/ lusture,
“Sma”: indicates Past tense.
‘bhasma’ means ‘Shining in the past’ or “one which has lost the
luster”.
pÉxqÉ-SakÉaÉÉåqÉrÉÉÌSÌuÉMüÉU| ( Amarkosha)
--calcined by fine ashes.
Marana – Root- ‘qÉÔlÉç’ – means-- Himsayam, to kill.
qÉÉrÉïiÉålÉzrÉiÉå pÉÎxqÉÌ¢ürÉiÉåCÌiÉ |
pÉxqÉSakÉMüɹÉÌSxÉÉU | (Shabdakalpadruma)
Marayate, Nasyate, and Bhasmikriyate. i.e. Killing, Ruining and converting
into ashes

4. Introduction
Bhasmas are unique preparation of Ayurveda. They are
commonly used in the treatment of diseases.
They have great therapeutic value because they get
absorbed easily in the body even in very small doses. This
is due to there micro fineness.
Preparation of bhasma, is an elaborate process involving
Shodhana & Marana.
Bhasma literally means anything inorganic or organic
matter which is burnt into an ash.

5. Our acharyas have given a set of siddhi laxanas to
access properly formed bhasmas. These tests
contribute much to the standardization of bhasma.
1st reference of bhasma pareeksha is found in
Rasendra Mangala, and first reference for niruttha
bhasma lakshana is in RRS
Bhasma pareekshas are carried out during or after
the marana procedure to confirm the completion of
a rasa dravya into a suitable consumable medicine.
It is the confirmatory of the completion of marana
procedure. It is the signal to stop the bhasmikarana
process.

6. General method of bhasma preparation
Raw material Shodhana(nirvapa) Shodhita vanga Jarana
Jarita vanga Bhavana with
kumari swarasa
Chakrika nirmana Subjecting to
puta
Igniting puta Final bhasma

7. Purpose behind preparation of
Bhasma
To make metals and other mineral substances useful
for mankind therapeutically.
To reduce or destroy their toxic effect if any.
To convert them into organo – metallic compounds
which are acceptable by the body.
The fineness of final product ensures easy absorption.
To plot or enhance required virtues in the substance, in
the specific action on human system
To make stabilized form of the material.

8. Changes during bhasma
preparation
During Shodhana, tension is increased in matter by application of
heat, causing linear expansion. After heating, immediate cooling in
liquid media leads to decrease in tension and increase in
compression force.
Repetition in heating and cooling causes disruption in compression
tension equilibrium leads to increased brittleness, reduction in
hardness and finally reduction in particle size.
Some metals and minerals during red hot state react with
atmospheric oxygen or steam and form chemical compound. Iron,
when heated to red hot, reacts with atmospheric oxygen or steam
to form ferrosol-ferric oxide (Fe 3 O4 ). Copper in moist air is
converted to basic copper sulphate, which on red hot state is
completely decomposed to cupric oxide.

9.  In Bhavana process, materials with liquid media are rubbed
between surface of pestle and mortar. This process involves
breaking down of material by rubbing action between two
surfaces, when stress in the form of attrition is applied;
particle surfaces chip and produce small particles. Wet
grinding eliminates hazards of dust. Finer size can be achieved
by wet grinding than by dry grinding.
Oxidation of metals occurs during heating at open air in
Jarana procedure. The melting point of metals also increases
due to oxidation. Inorganic part of plant material supplies
trace elements to materials.
 During incineration (Putapaka), generally compounds are
formed on metal surface. Repetition of this process leads to
reduction in particle size. After Marana, metals generally
convert to their compound forms, which are biologically
favourable to the body.

10. Bhasma Pariksha
The knowledge of various methods of examination
of these Bhasmas is absolutely necessary because
one single method may not be suitable to be applied
for examining different bhasmas on account of their
natural structural composition.
 It differs according to the type of metal/mineral
used.
The tests may be divided in to Physical tests and
Chemical tests.

12. Physical tests
Color (varna)
A specific colour is mentioned for each Bhasma. Alteration in specific colour
suggests that Bhasma is not prepared properly. Because a particular metallic
compound is formed during Bhasma preparation and every chemical
compound possesses specific colour.

14. Varitara
Jalaplava is the synonym of this test. It should be present in all the
prepared Bhasmas. The meaning of this term is float over the surface of
water. If the bhasma floats over the water it can be regarded as a
standard one.
Unnama Or Uttama
This is the reassessment test of the floating character of bhasma. A grain
is to be kept carefully on the film formed in the pervious test in water.
The bhasma should not sink in water. Then the bhasma can be considered
good. Through these two tests lightness of the bhasma may be proved.
Gatarasatva
The properly prepared bhasma attains tastelessness. The presence of taste
in Bhasma indicates the imperfectness of Bhasma. This may be due to less
heat and the presence of inorganic compounds.

15. Rekapurnata
This is another test which again indicates the fineness of a
bhasma. Here the bhasma is rubbed in between the thumb and
the index finger. The particles of bhasma such a state that the
bhasma could enter the furrows of the fingers. The test is
known as Rekhapurnata. If the bhasma does not attain this
stage some more putas are required to complete the Marana
process.
Anjana Sadrusha Sukshmatva
The Bhasma on application to eyes as Kajal, which does not
cause any irritation proves the maximum fineness and softness,
only the micro fine preparation can give such a results.

16. Nischandratva
This is not a common test applicable to all the bhasmas.It is
prescribed only for the bhasmas of certain drugs like Swarna,
Abhraka etc. A portion of bhasma should be rubbed in
between the fingers and thumb and the rubbed portion is
examined in sun’s rays. If any shining particle is seen over
the finger the bhasma cannot be Nischandra and should be
subjected to further putas to make it completely lusterless.
Mridutva And Slakshnatva
A Bhasma should be Mridu and Slakshna to touch. The
softness and smoothness of the bhasma is also due to its
fineness. If the bhasma does not acquire the required stage of
fineness it cannot be soft and smooth and so it needs more
putas.

17. AVAMI:
(This pareeksha is specifically performed for tamra, tuttha and
swarnamakshika bhasma.)
When the bhasma is consumed , a nauseating or vomitting
feeling should not occur. Ex: Metallic taste in the mouth, nausea,
repeated vomiting seen when apakwa tamra bhasma is consumed
which is similar to acute & chronic cu poisoning
SIGNIFICANCE;-
Indicates the acceptability of the bhasma into the system.

18. Chemical tests
Nirdhoomatva
This is also not a common test applicable for all bhasmas. This is for
Haratala and drugs containing Gandhaka. Some portion of bhasma is
put on the fire to see whether fumes are coming out. If there is presence
of fumes it indicates that the Marana process is incomplete and some
more putas are needed to complete the process
Ex: haratala marana
arsenic trisulphide arsenic oxide
if sulphur present in the bhasma it burns producing fumes when heated
Apunarbhava
This test is applicable to Metallic bhasmas only. If the bhasma is mixed
the Mitra panchaka drugs i.e. Guda, Gunja, Tankana, Madhu and
Gritha and put in to fire and if it is not converted into original metal, it
is known as Apunarbhava.

19. Nirutha
This test is also meant for detection of the regaining character of metallic
bhasma. Silver which melts at a lower temperature is mixed with the bhasma to
test its Niruthatva with a view to detect any unreduced or metallic portion
remaining in the bhasma is attracted towards the melted silver and will mix
with it. The weight of silver increases and proves the bhasma as Anirutha.
Amla pariksha/ dadhi pariksha
(Specific for tamra,swarna makshika, tuttha bhasma)
PROCEDURE:
Droping on nimbu swarasa or any other amla rasa, if
bhasma not properly incinerated it forms haridra varna
SIGNIFICANCE:
If metallic content is present it might react with acidic
nature and form some salts due to displacement reaction.The salt
formed has specific colour.
Ex :Cu + 4HCl + O2 = 2CuCl2 + 2H2O

20. Pancha bhasma siddhi lakshana
मृतं तरतत यत्तोये लोहं वाररतरं हह तत् ।
अंगुष्टतर्जनीस्पृष्टं यत्तद्रेखान्तरे ववशेत् ॥
मृतलोहं तदुद्हदष्टं रेखापूर्ाजभिधानतः ।
गुडगुंर्ासुखस्पशजमध्वाजययः सह योजर्तम ् ॥
नायातत प्रकृ ततं ध्मानादपुनिजवमुच्यते ।
तस्योपरर गुरु द्रव्यं धान्यं चोपनयेद्धॄवम ् ॥
हंसवत्तीयजते वाररण्युत्तमं पररकीततजतं ।
रौप्येर् सह संयुक्तं ध्मातं रौप्येर् नो लगेत् ॥
तदा तनरूत्थभमत्युक्तं लोहं तदपुनिजवम् ॥ (र र स 8/२६-३०)

21. The following are the 5 prime bhasma siddhi
lakshana’s mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samuchaya for
metals and minerals:
1. Varitara
2. Rekhapurnata
3. Apunarbhava
4. Unama/uttama
5. Niruttha

22. Varitara
मृतं तरतत यत्तोये लोहं वाररतरं हह तत् । (RRS)
 PROCEDURE:
Clear pure water is to be taken into a transparent glass beaker and
a little amount of Bhasma is to be sprinkled over the stagnant surface of water. The
floating character of bhasma indicates that the incineration process adopted was
proper. [RRS 8/26]
 SIGNIFICANCE;-
Rationale behind this test may be that smaller the particle size larger will be its
surface area. Particle with larger surface area will float on water.
This test ndicates the lightness of bhasma.
Floating of bhasma over the surface of water indicates micro fineness and lightness
of particles.
Bhasma becomes so fine that it cannot break the surface tension of water.
Here, Bulk density of bhasma can be standardized which is a factor for floating of
any object in a liquid.

23. Rekhapurnata
अंगुष्टतर्जनीस्पृष्टं यत्तद्रेखान्तरे ववशेत् ॥
मृतलोहं तदुद्हदष्टं रेखापूर्ाजभिधानतः । (RRS)
PROCEDURE:
A small amount of incinerated metal is to be rubbed in
between the index finger and the thumb. If the bhasma particle enters in to
the creases of these fingers, it indicates that the metal is incinerated
properly. [RRS 8/27]
SIGNIFICANCE
Indicates the minuteness and fineness of bhasma. Its bioavailability may be
influenced by this factor.
Particle size of 35 u is capable of lodging in furrows of finger.

24. Apunarbhava
गुडगुंर्ासुखस्पशजमध्वाजययः सह योजर्तम् ॥
नायातत प्रकृ ततं ध्मानादपुनिजवमुच्यते । (RRS 8)
PROCEDURE:
Dhatu bhasma + mitrapanchaka gana in musha.
Dhatu bhasma is mixed with guda,gunja, tankana, honey and ajya,
all in equal quantity & subjected it to heat in a musha, there
should not be reoccurrence of the metallic form of the bhasma.
Commentry: in rrs it is mentioned a s dhmaanat which means heat
is given in increased intensity which may prove the test negative,
acharya yadavaji trikamji amentiones word- putanat which means
heat given for apunarbhava should be equal to the puta given
during preparation of bhasma
Subjected to heat

25. SIGNIFICANCE
An unstable metallic compound can reduce to metallic state during
this test by carbon reduction process.
Test is designed to detect any loose bondage in the compound formed
after marana.
Absence of reduction denotes a good quality bhasma
When bhasma heated with Mitrapanchaka gana should not regain its
metallic state.
Here, similar grades of heat should be given at which particular
bhasma is formed.
Mitrapanchaka gana dravyas used may act as source of carbon on
that particular temperature.
An unstable metallic compound can reduce to metallic state during
this test by carbon reduction process.

26. In this test i.e. Apunarbhava if Bhasma is not
properly formed, then it will be in the form of
small particles of dhatus.
Mitrapanchaka gana Mixing with bhasma Chakrika nirmana
Apunarbhava positive

27. Rationality behind using mitrapanchaka
 Mitrapanchaka varga told in the classics include Gunja, Madhu, Guda,
Grutha, and Tankana. They help in displacing the metals from the source.
Guda and Gunja:
They have low melting point
Act as a source of Carbon at that temperature.
Tankana:
It helps in reducing the melting point of the mineral concentrate
permitting the easy liquification
Madhu and ghruta:
Madhu and ghruta also melts at very low temperature and turns to carbonized form.
That formed carbon will help to segregate dhatu from dhatu bhasma

28. Contd..
Flux:
During reduction, substance called flux is added to the ore. It combines with
impurities to form easily fusible product known as SLAG. This is not soluble in
the molten metal. Borax (tankana) is well known flux which acts either way i.e.
reducing the melting point of the metal and by helping in the formation of slag.
Reducing nature of Carbon:
Carbon is effectively used in different extractive metallurgy as reducing agents.
Carbon reacts with oxygen in two ways-
C + O2 → CO2 ------ (1) @ 9380K.
2C + O2→ 2CO ----------(2) @ >9830K.
With the laws of thermodynamics it can be concluded that below 9830K carbon
monoxide is energetically a better reducing agent than carbon. Above this
temperature, the reduction with carbon becomes more favourable-
The organic compounds like guda, certain organic acids of gunja are turned to
carbon in its purest form which further acts as a reducing agents as explained
above.

29. Auto reduction:
Some reduction reaction does not require the reducing agents. The cations
of the least electropositive metals may be reduced without the use of any
additional reducing agents. This is also called AIR REDUCTION e.g.
extraction of mercury, lead, Cu etc. in the manufacture of mercury the
sulphide ore (cinnabar) is heated in a current of air when following
reaction occur-
2HgS + 3 O2→2HgO + 2 SO2
2HgO→2Hg + O2
2HgO + HgS → 3Hg + SO2
Similarly, Copper where the sulphide and the oxide act together at an
elevated temperature to give the metal.
Cu2S + 2Cu2O→ SO2 + 6Cu
Catalyst:
The organic acids of a plant source like that of Gunja might act as
catalyst? As extracts of gunja are thermostable.

30. Uttama/unama
तस्योपरर गुरु द्रव्यं धान्यं चोपनयेद्धॄवम् ॥
हंसवत्तीयजते वाररण्युत्तमं पररकीततजतं ।
PROCEDURE:
A rice grain is to be placed gently over floating Bhasma. If the rice grain
floats over the layer of Bhasma, it indicates that the process of incineration
is proper. [RRS 8/29]
It can even load a grain of rice while floating on water indicating that its
particle size is very less and surface area very high able to stand on surface
of water without breaking its surface tension even when it is loaded.
SIGNIFICANCE
Indicates the lightness of bhasma.
Revalidates Varitara pariksha.

31. Niruttha
रौप्येर् सह संयुक्तं ध्मातं रौप्येर् नो लगेत ् ॥
तदा तनरूत्थभमत्युक्तं लोहं तदपुनिजवम् ॥
 PROCEDURE:
Incinerated metal is to be added with little quantity of silver and
this complex is to be heated in a crucible until the silver melts completely. After
self cooling, the silver is to be examined for changes in weight and colour. If the
metal is properly incinerated, there won’t be any change in the weight of silver.
[RRS 8/30]
If there is Increase in weight, it may be because of two reasons
1) free metal present in the Bhasma may get melted, get mixed(adhered) to the
silver or
2) silver may utilize the oxygen present in the Bhasma and get oxidized to form
silver oxide resulting in increase in weight.
No change in weight may mean prepared Bhasma does not contain free metal.

32. SIGNIFICANCE
Complete conversion of metal into bhasma form.
Can be considered as the chemical analytical test
Specially meant for dhatu & indicates stability of bhasma.
When any Dhatu bhasma is heated with Rajata, no physical and
chemical change should be noticed.
Silver which melts at lower temperature is mixed with bhasma to test
its Niruthatva with a view to detect any unreduced or metallic portion
remaining in bhasma is attracted towards the melted silver and will mix
with it. The weight of silver increases and proves the bhasma as
Anirutha.
Rationality behind using Rajata ?
It has affinity towards other metals
Among metals, pure silver has the highest thermal conductivity.
Silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of any metal on the
periodic table

33. Nirutha for RAJATA & NAGA Bhasma
LuÉÇ ÂmrÉÇxÉlÉÉaÉÇ cÉåSè kqÉÉiÉÇ iÉÉqÉëå sÉaÉ³É ÌWû|
iÉSÉ ÌlÉÂjÉÇ qÉliÉurÉÇ UleÉlÉÇ cÉ ÍpÉwÉauÉUæÈ || U.cÉÔ.4/34.
For Rajata & Naga bhasmas Nirutha pareeksha - Tamra
patra is used.
Vanga bhasma
Equal Qty. of Rajata Heating in musha Red hot musha

34. NIRUTTHA Test for LOHA Bhasma
Ref: R.Sa.Sang 1/358.
xÉuÉïqÉåuÉ qÉ×iÉÇ sÉÉåWÇû kqÉÉiÉurÉÇ ÍqɧÉmÉgcÉMæüÈ |
rɱåuÉÇxrÉÉͳÉÂijÉÇ cÉ xÉåurÉÇ ŲÉcÉiÉѹrÉqÉç || (U.xÉÉ.xÉÇ1/344)
• Prepared Loha bhasma should be tested for there Nirutthatava by
mixing the same with the Materials of Mitrapanchaka. (madhu,
ghrutha, gunja, tankana and guggulu) And apply heat with same
puta as was given while preparing bhasma.
• If bhasma is found Niruttha then the same may be used internally
in 4 ratti.
• Commentry: as said earlier when the metallic bhasma is heated
strongly along with this mitrapanchaka, it would act as catalyst
and if the bhasma contains un-oxidised part, mitrapanchaka
would help to gather the metallic portion.

35. aÉÉåbÉ×iÉÇ aÉlkÉMÇü sÉÉåWÇûiÉmiÉZÉsuÉå ÌuÉqÉSïrÉåiÉç |
ÌSlÉæMÇüMülrÉMüÉSìÉuÉå ÂSèkuÉÉ aÉeÉmÉÑOåû mÉcÉåiÉç ||
CirÉåuÉÇxÉuÉïsÉÉåWûÉlÉÉÇ Mü¨ÉïurÉÇxrÉÉͳÉÂÎijÉiÉqÉç |
(U.xÉÉ.xÉÇ 1/346)
If Loha bhasma not found Nirutha, than it should
be mixed with equal part of Goghirta, Gandhaka,
and apply bhavana with Ghrita Kumari and Grind
in Tapta khalwa for one day and apply Gajaputa.
In this way all Loha-bhasmas may be made
Niruttha.
This test can be considered for general
nurythhikarana test for all lohadi dhatus.

36. Specific bhasma siddhi lakshana

37. ANALYTICAL TESTS
Sl no Analysis Parameters
1 Physico Chemical Analysis Color, LOD, Total Ash, Acid Insoluble Ash,
Water soluble Ash, Solubility, Particle size,
NPST
2 EDX-SEM Chemical nature, size and morphology of
particles
3 TEM, Particle size, size distribution
4 XRD Phase Analysis
5 XRF Bulk Chemical Analysis, detecting metal as
element
6 ESCA Electronic nature & oxidation state of metal
7 Extraction &
chromatography
To extract out organic matter if any

38. Related articles
1) Ayurvedic Bhasma: the most ancient application of
nanomedicine - Prasanta Kumar Sarkar. Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi
Bhasmas are claimed to be biologically produced nanoparticles (NPs),
prescribed with several other medicines of Ayurveda.
This study reviews Ayurvedic Bhasma as most ancient application
of nanomedicine.
Preparation of Bhasma
Bhasmas are being prepared by Putapaka method and
Kupipakwa method.

39. Conclusions
Herbo-mineral formulations of Ayurveda constituting
Bhasma as an ingredients are as superior as it is even today.
Manufacturing methods of Bhasma are in tune of
nanotechnology of contemporary era and proved
advancement of Rasashastra, a branch of Ayurveda, which
may cover scientific validation of today. These medicines are
safe in therapeutics.

40.  2) CONCEPT OF BHASMIKARANA- Devanathan R*
Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM),
SASTRA University, Tamilnadu, India
 Effects Of Putas
PUTA is an important part of Marana process. Any Metal or Mineral subjected to
Marana process needs some kind of puta for its paka. The property of particular Metal or
Mineral increases in proportion to the number of putas given during Marana process. It
is mentioned in Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara that more number of putas makes the metal
highly effective.
According to Rasendra Chudamani4, a greater number of putas help in making the
bhasma more ruksha (rough), sukshma (fine), jalaplava (floatable on water) and in
producing vichitragunadeepti (wonderful properties) in the bhasma. Further according to
Rasendra Sara Sangraha5, putas numbering 10 – 100 enhances vyadhihara property in
bhasma, 100 – 500 putas produce Vajeekarana property and the putas numbering 100 –
1000 are claimed to have the Rasayana property.
 Puta Phala And Prayojana
The bhasmas of Lohadi dhatus becomes apunarbhava. They float on water
and become rekhapurna. The bhasma attains deepana guna and
sheegravyapti. Doshavinasha occurs due to puta and new gunas are added
to the bhasma prepared.

41.  ANUKTHA PUTA MANA
In the absence of any recommendation about the type of Puta to the
applied it should be decided by considering the nature of the
metal/mineral subjected to Puta paka. If it is Mrudu dravya then the
Puta having low capacity should be chosen but if it is a Madhyama or
Katina dravya then the Puta having moderate or high degree of
heating capacity should be used .
Rasa Tarangini also mentioned the same opinion about the Anukta
Puta that if there is no indication in the text about specific Puta, the
scholar should asses the type of Puta on the basis of the hardness or
softness of the minerals and metals decide accordingly.
Rasa Kamadhenu, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Rasa Ratna Samuchhaya
have also mentioned the same opinion about the Anukta Puta.

42.  ARTICLE DISCUSSION
Some vaidyas advise to use earthen pots instead of earthen lids (Sarava
Samputa) for closing the pillets. It is not desired as in case of pots fire contact
with metal or mineral would not be to the desired extent and thus hampering
the desired chemical reaction to set in properly. Hence the use of sarava
samputa is highly specific and appreciable in this context. In Sarava Samputa
also two layers of pillets may only be put and not more so as to allow the heat
reaction to effect the metal or mineral as per requirement.
For Abhraka, Loha, Mandura, Tamra and Makshika initially high
temperature may be given followed by gradual tampering. If same temperature
is given up to the end of the process the bhasma does not become smooth and
soft. And its colour change is also not up to the standard level.
In case of Swarna, Rajata and Naga initially low temperature is required
followed by gradual increase. On completion of the process the bhasma should
not contain specific taste and should be non - irritating to the tongue. And
then the bhasma thus obtained is ground well, sieved or filtered through a
silky cloth (at least 100 number mesh so that no bigger particles in the final
product may remain present.

43.  ARTICLE CONCLUSION
As for as possible Vanyopalas should be used as fuel and
if wooden charcoals are to be used as fuel then proper care
should be taken for the maintenance of heat.
Now – a –days electric furnaces are also used for
preparing almost all the bhasmas. But before using
electrical furnaces we should standardize the heating
schedule and temperature range of different putas. And
once that is done the heating through electric muffle
furnace may be used to attain better heating results and
superior quality finished products. As in this system
controlled heat may yield best results and heat loss may
also be avoided.

44. Discussion
Bhasma pareekshas are parameters to check the quality of
bhasma
Comparison of bhasma pareekshas with modern tests
Varna,gatarasatwa,mrudutwa = Organoleptic tests
Varitara,Unama,Rekhapurna= SEM,TEM (PARTICLE
SIZE)
Avami,Niruttha=XRF,FTIR(ELEMENTAL
ANALYSIS)
Apunarbhava=XRD,Gravimetry(form)
To establish a specific criteria for different bhasma to
indicate completeness of marana, specific tests are needed
For Eg. Magnetic test for Loha containing bhasma.

45. Conclusion
In Rasashastra, bhasmikarana is the process by which purified and detoxified
materials are transformed into Absorbable, Adaptable, and Assimable form.
Although the many procedures are mentioned in our classics to test bhasma,
modern analytical technique are needed to standardize and also to reveal their
action.
Apart from bhasma pareeksha contemporary methods are to be understood to
know the physico-chemical analysis of bhasma for global acceptance.
No single instrumental source is best for all applications hence specific method is
selected in accordance with the requirements of the desired analysis.
Vaaritara, rekhapoornata and unama these three tests can be performed in all
rasa bhasma.
Where as Apunarbhava & Niruttha are the chemical tests specially mentioned
for Dhatu Bhasma pareeksha.