1. SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)
Sheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education Center
sschoen@umd.edu - www.sheepandgoat.com
Nutrient -“a substance that provides nourishment”
2. 1) Water Livestock do not require specific feedstuffs; they
require nutrients in certain quantities and ratios.
2) Protein
3) Energy
4) Fat
5) Vitamins
6) Minerals
3. Many (most) feedstuffs
contain more than one of
the essential six nutrients.
Feedstuffs vary
considerably in their
content of the six essential
nutrients.
No single feedstuff can
supply all six essential
nutrients that an animal
needs to survive and thrive.
4. There are “linkages” or
relationships between
essential nutrients.
You have to “balance” the
ratio of different feed
ingredients to meet the
individual animal’s needs.
The nutrient needs of an
animal varies depending
upon species, age, stage
and level of production,
and other factors.
5. The most critical
nutrient.
Has many important
functions in the body.
Needs vary by species,
stage and level of
production, and
climate. Quantity + Quality
6. Feedstuff % DM
Lettuce 5 percent
Pumpkins 10 percent
Orchardgrass pasture 24 percent
Corn silage 34 percent
Wet distiller’s grains 25 percent
Molasses, cane 76 percent
Grass hay 88 percent
Whole corn 88 percent
Ground limestone 98 percent
Urea 99 percent Pineapple
Feedstuffs contain water. The amount of moisture in the feed must be considered
when balancing rations. Rations are balanced on a dry matter (DM) basis.
7. Nutrient needed in the
greatest quantity.
Building blocks for other
nutrients.
Dietary excess is stored
as fat.
Expressed as
1. TDN - total digestible nutrients
2. ME - metabolizable energy
3. NE - net energy
[maintenance, gain, and lactation]
9. Cheapest energy source.
2.25x as much energy as
carbohydrates.
Used to raise energy level
of feed, improve flavor,
texture, and palatability.
Source of heat, insulation
and body protection.
Essential fatty acids.
Can manipulate to change
nutritional profile of meat.
11. Most expensive ingredient in
feed ration.
Need decreases as animal
matures.
Source of essential amino
acids.
Excess dietary protein is
converted to energy, fat.
Expressed as
CP - crude protein
▪ DIP – degradable intake protein
▪ UIP – undegradable intake protein
MP - metabolizable protein
[microbial protein + UIP]
13. 1) Macro
Needed in gram amounts
Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S
2) Micro
Needed in milligram amounts
Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
Multiple functions in body
15. 1) Water soluble
B&C
2) Fat soluble
A, D, E , & K
Multiple functions in body.
Requirements increase
with age.
No dietary requirement for
vitamin K or B complex.
16. Vitamin Feedstuff
β-caroteen Green, pasture forage; dehydrated hay;
(vitamin A) cured hay, vitamin supplements
D Ultraviolet irradiation, sun-cured hays, vitamin supplements
E High quality legume hay, dehydrated alfalfa,
wheat germ, vitamin supplements
K Green, leafy feedstuffs (K1). K2 synthesized in rumen
B Not required in diets of ruminants
17. 1) Ca - Vitamin D
2) P - Vitamin D
3) Co - Vitamin B12
4) Se - vitamin E
5) Cu - Mo - S
19. Next webinar – Thursday, 1/26, 7:30 p.m. EST
Topic: Feedstuffs w/Jeff Semler
Thank you for your
attention.
Any questions?
Susan Schoenian
sschoen@umd.edu
www.sheepandgoat.com