TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
Periparturient egg rise
1. PERIPARTURIENT EGG RISE (PPER)
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
wormx.info | sheepandgoat.com
2. Temporary loss of acquired immunity
(to parasites) around the time of
lambing/kidding.
Associated with an increase in fecal egg (and
oocyst) count and adult worm burden.
Caused by hormonal suppression of
immunity and nutrition stress around
parturition.
Occurs late gestation through early lactation.
Affected by different factors, but usually
peaks 30 days after lambing/kidding.
What is it?
3. Ewes/does
Milk yield and persistence of lactation can
be decreased by 10 to 15 percent in
ewes/does infected with parasites.
Clinical mastitis is more prevalent in
parasitized ewes.
Offspring
Ewes/does deposit more worm eggs onto
the pasture, resulting in more contaminated
pastures which will be grazed by offspring.
Growing lambs/kids ingest more infective
worm larvae, resulting in reduced growth
rates and increased mortality.
Why is it
important?
4. High production
Multiple births
Age of ewe/doe
Poor nutrition
Low body condition
Poor management
Overstocking/grazing
Stress
Season (weather, climate)
Contributing factors
5. Strategies for coping
with the PPER
Deworming
Nutrition
Season
Zero grazing
Condensed tannins
BioWorma®
Genetics
6. Traditional (old) recommendation*
Deworm all ewes/does around the
time of lambing/kidding or before
turnout to spring pasture.
New recommendation
Selectively deworm ewes/does
around the time of lambing/kidding or
before turnout to spring pasture.
DEWORMING
*Selects for worms resistant to dewormers..
8. Ewes/does in poor body condition
(≤2) are more susceptible to
parasites around the time of
lambing/kidding.
Aim for a body condition score of 3
to 3.5 (out of 5) at the time of
lambing/kidding.
NUTRITION
BODY CONDITION
9. Nutrient requirements increase in late
gestation and lactation, especially for
females carrying and raising multiple births
(and especially triplets).
Feeding a higher plane of nutrition
beginning approximately 1 month before
lambing/kidding can reduce the magnitude
and duration of the periparturient egg rise.
Protein supplementation above NRC
requirements has been shown to reduce
fecal egg counts in periparturient ewes. By-
pass protein is especially beneficial.
NUTRITION
YOU NEED TO FEED
MORE
10. The “Spring Rise”
While the periparturient egg rise occurs in all
seasons, the magnitude is greater when
lambing/kidding coincides with hypobiotic
(arrested/inhibited) larvae resuming their life cycle --
called the spring rise.
Conception rates and prolificacy are less with fall
lambing/kidding.
Adequate facilities are required for winter and late fall
lambing/kidding (an added cost).
SEASON
Lamb/kid at a time of the year when
parasites are not prevalent on
pasture, usually (early) winter or fall.
11. Pasture is not contaminated, as
worm eggs are deposited in barn
or lot, where transmission is
usually negligible.
Requires good facilities (barn).
Dry lot is less expensive option.
Another option is to put lambs/kids
into confinement or dry lot after
weaning, especially early (<90 d)
weaned ones.
Doesn’t reduce coccidia.
ZERO GRAZING
Lamb/kid indoors or in dry lot
12. Sericea lespedeza (SL) is a perennial warm
season legume that grows under sub-optimal
conditions.
SL has been shown to have anti-parasitic
bioactivity against the barber pole worm and
coccidia.
Animals consuming SL have reduced egg/oocyst
counts and signs of parasitism.
Bioactivity has been demonstrated in fresh, dry
(hay, meal, or pellets), or ensiled forage.
Feed condensed
tannins
Feeding condensed tannin feeds
has been shown to prevent a
periparturient egg rise in ewes/does.
13. BioWorma® contains a fungus that kills
roundworm larvae in the manure, thus
preventing the (re-) infection of pastures
with infective worm larvae (L3).
It is a free-thru product that should be
fed daily during periods of peak worm
transmission, e.g. periparturient period.
Feed BioWorma®
Feed BioWorma® to periparturient ewes/does to reduce pasture contamination.
Based on Premier 1 Supplies prices, 4/16/2020
*Feed for 10 weeks of periparturient period
Product $/15-lb. $/oz
oz/day
100-lb
160-lb. ewe 110-lb. doe
1 day PPP* 1 day PPP*
Livamol® $ 89.50 $ 0.37 1.6 $ 0.95 $ 66.83 $ 0.66 $ 45.94
BioWorma® $ 495.00 $ 2.06 0.1 $ 0.33 $ 23.10 $ 0.23 $ 15.88
14. Raise breeds that are more
resistant to internal parasites.
Cross with breeds that are more
resistant to internal parasites.
Select replacements that are more
resistant to worms*.
Use sires with proven resistance to
internal parasites.
Cull ewes/does that are less
resistant to worms.*
GENETICS
*But don’t penalize higher-producing females or lambs/kids from larger litters.
15. 1. On-farm selection*
2. Central Performance (Ram/Buck)
Tests
University of Maryland
West Virginia University (bucks)
Langston University (bucks)
Eastern Oklahoma (bucks)
Virginia Tech (rams)
3. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) via
the National Sheep Improvement
Program (NSIP; nsip.org) and
Australia’s Lamb/KidPlan are the
most accurate method of selection.
Tools of selection
16. Fecal egg count (FEC) is the
most accurate way to select for
parasite resistance.
Though variable, parasite resistance
(FEC) in growing animals is a
moderately heritable trait.
Selecting lambs/kids (weanlings) for
parasite resistance is challenging
because they are very susceptible to
parasites, but infection levels need
to be high enough (>500 EPG)
to identify genetic differences.
On-farm selection for
parasite resistance
17. Collection of fecal egg count data on
less susceptible adults is a possible
alternative method of selection.
Periparturient fecal egg count is
repeatable (across years) and low to
moderately heritable (in sheep).
Culling females with high egg counts
will reduce contamination of pastures
and subsequent infection of young
stock.
On-farm selection for
parasite resistance
18. Everyone needs to
do something to
manage the PPER.
Deworming
Nutrition
Season
Zero grazing
Condensed tannins
BioWorma®
Genetics
19. SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
wormx.info | sheepandgoat.com
Thank you.
Questions?
Comments?
The next worm webinar will be April 28 noon
FECAL EGG COUNT PRIMER
Dr. Dahlia O’Brien, Virginia State University