This PowerPoint presentation is the second in a series of six that are part of a webinar series on Ewe and Doe Management from late gestation through weaning.

1. SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd.edu – www.sheepandgoat.com 2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series Small Ruminant Program

2. 2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series Jan 13 I. Late Gestation Jan 20 II. Vaccinations Feb 3 III. Parturition Feb 10 IV. Neonatal Care Feb 17 V. Lactation Feb 24 VI. Weaning

3. Vaccinations

4. A biological substance given to stimulate the body’s production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease. Usually prepared from the agent that causes the disease or a synthetic substitute. What is a vaccine?

5. Antigen Proteins that white blood cells recognize and produce antibodies against. Stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies to the antigens. Characteristics of antigens are stored in memory cells which rapidly produce antibodies if that type of antigen is recognized. Vaccine = antigen(s) + adjuvant Adjuvant

6. Blood flow (with white blood cells) to injection site How do vaccines work? ANTIBODY PRODUCTION Tissue reaction at injection site

7. From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF

8. PROPHYLACTIC To prevent disease Examples: clostridial diseases, (certain) abortions, rabies, bacteria pneumonia To treat or control diseaseExamples: antitoxins, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, footrot Two reasons to use vaccines THERAPEUTIC

9. Prepared from dead microorganisms.Examples: clostridial diseases, abortion, footrot, caseous lymphadenitis, rabies Uses live bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity.Example: soremouth Uses weakened bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity Example: bacterial pneumonia Produced from disease-causing organisms isolated from sick animals.Examples: caseous lymphadenitis, soremouth, mastitis Vaccine types 3) MODIFIED LIVE 1) KILLED 2) LIVE 4) AUTOGENOUS

10. 1) TOXOID Delayed immunity Long-term immunity Multiple shots 2 shots during initial course, at least 10 days apart Annual or semi-annual boosters Prophylactic (prevent) Examples: clostridial disease, CL, abortion, rabies, bacterial pneumonia, footrot Immediate immunity Short-term immunity One shot Therapeutic or prophylactic Example: clostridial diseases Two kinds of vaccines 2) ANTITOXIN

11. What can you vaccinate sheep and goats for? Clostridial diseases Soremouth Abortion Caseous lymphadenitis Footrot Bacterial pneumonia Rabies Autogenous Other Future

12. Clostridial diseasesClostridia are anaerobic bacteria that occur widely in nature Enterotoxemias Type A (bloody gut) Type B (dysentery) Type C (hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody scours) Type D (pulpy kidney disease, “classic” overeating) Type E (enteritis) Cl. Tetani (tetanus) Cl. Septicum(malignant edema) Cl. Novyi(black disease) Cl. Haemolyticum(red water) Cl. chauvoei(blackleg Cl. Botolinum(botulism)

13. Overeating disease Type C affects lambs and kids under one month of age Type D (classic overeating) affects lambs and kids over one month of age Affects sheep and goats at any age. Higher risk at time of docking, castrating, and disbudding, especially if rubber rings are used. Overeating disease and tetanus (CD-T) The only universally recommended vaccine for sheep and goats Tetanus Image source: National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS) - UK

14. Recommended CD-T vaccination protocol for ewes and does Vaccinate ewes and does with CT-D toxoid 4 to 6 weeks prior to lambing and kidding. Why? Provide active immunity to ewes and does. Elevate immunity in colostrum Transfer immunity to offspring via colostrum. But… Females that have never been vaccinated will require two doses of vaccine (4 weeks apart) prior to parturition, e.g. 4 and 8 weeks prior to parturition. Do not vaccinate within 14 days of parturition. Immunity may not last as long in goats.

15. Don’t forget to vaccinate bucks, rams, and wethers.

16. Recommended vaccination protocol for lambs and kids Vaccinate lambs and kids with the CD-T toxoid when they are approximately 6-8 and 10-12 weeks of age. Why? Passive immunity from colostrum begins to decline after 4 weeks and is completely gone by the time the lambs and kids are 12 to 16 weeks of age. Earlier vaccinations (< 4 weeks) may not be as effective. Immature immune systems of lambs and kids. Interference of maternal antibodies.

17. From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF

18. What if the dam wasn’t vaccinated(or the lamb or kid didn’t consume any (or enough) colostrum)? A pre-lambing/kidding vaccination is the only way to provide protection from type C overeating. Give tetanus anti-toxin at the time of docking, castrating, and/or disbudding. Vaccinate lambs and kids from unvaccinated dams when they are approximately 4 and 8 weeks of age. Antitoxins can be given in the event of a disease outbreak.

19. What about the 7 or 8-way clostridial vaccines? (e.g. Covexin-8) Use if your flock or herd is at high risk for clostridial diseases contained in the multi-strain vaccines. Probably not necessary on most farms. Same protocol as CD-T 5 ml injection

20. What else can you vaccinate sheep and goats for? Soremouth Abortion Chlamydia spp. (Enzootic) Campylobacter spp. (Vibrio) Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) Footrot Bacterial pneumonia Rabies Other Future

21. Soremouth (contagious ecthyma, orf) Vaccinate only if the disease (virus) is already present on your farm or your animals are at high risk. You show, exhibit, or consign You buy and sell You loan and borrow Topical application. Administer to scarified, hairless, protected area. Safe for pregnant females Don’t vaccinate near flank Some colostral immunity conferred Vaccinate kid or lamb crop Vaccinate at least 6 weeks before show LIVE VACCINE! Be careful. Wear disposable gloves. Is contagious to people.

22. Footrot Vaccinate only if there is a history of footrot on the farm. Vaccines do not cover all strains of footrot. Won’t completely eliminate footrot Reduces the incidence and severity of footrot. Vaccinate prior to exposure periods (wet periods) Abscesses are common at injection sites.

24. Must develop autogenous vaccine.Caseous lymphadenitis (CL)

25. When to vaccinate After abortion outbreak or diagnosis of causative agent. If risk of abortion is high Purchased ewes Open flock Maiden ewes Given before breeding; repeat vaccination. No vaccine (in U.S.) for toxoplasmosis; no approved vaccine for salmonella. AbortionChlamydia spp. and Campylobacter spp.

26. Bacterial pneumonia Consider vaccination ifflock or herd experiences high losses due to pneumonia and the cause of pneumonia is bacterial (not environmental). Pasteurella (pneumonia) Nasalgen®Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) Questionable efficacy

27. If required or risk is high Public access to animals Fairs, shows, and festivals Agro-tourism Petting farm Public grazing Risk management Livestock have contact with wildlife People have a lot of contact with livestock High value animals or pets Rabies

28. Other vaccines Epididymitis Not recommended Not effective Interferes with testing Bluetongue Not all serotypes Not commonly given Anthrax Not commonly given Foot-and-mouth disease Not given in FMD-free countries U.S. has vaccine bank Johne’s disease Not available in U.S. Autogenous Examples: CL, soremouth, mastitis

29. Roundworms Developed in UK Trials currently underway in Australia Largest grant every to be award for animal health in the EU Meningeal worm At one point, was being investigated (for camelids) Future vaccines

30. DO’S Always follow directions on label. Most vaccines are subcutaneous injections. Use clean needles and syringes Clean needle for each animal Change every 15 to 20 animals when using an automatic vaccination tool. Use ½ or ¾ inch 18 to 20 gauge needles. Use a different needle for drawing vaccine out of bottle. Vaccination do’s and don’t’s

31. Store vaccines properly. Heat and freezing can make vaccines ineffective. Do not allow vaccines to reach room temperature. Observe proper withdrawal times (21 days for CD-T). Keep epinephrine on hand in case of adverse reactions to vaccines. Discard unused vaccine. Record vaccine use. Vaccination do’s and don’t’s DO’S

32. DON’T’S Don’t vaccinate wet or dirty animals. Don’t vaccinate unfit, unhealthy animals. Don’t vaccinate pregnant females within 14 days of parturition. Don’t vaccinate very young animals. Don’t give vaccinations in the leg or loin areas. Never mix vaccines. Vaccination Do’s and Don’t’s Over ribs Neck Axilla

33. Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective. Gave wrong vaccine Incorrect dose Incorrect route of administration Inappropriate timing Vaccinating at the wrong age.

34. Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective. Failure to complete vaccination program before field challenge occurs. Improper storage of vaccine Using leftover vaccine. Contamination of syringes and multi-dose guns. Vaccinating unfit, unhealthy animals.

36. Thank you for your attention. Questions? Susan Schoenianwww.sheepandgoat.com sschoen@umd.edu Small Ruminant Program