KING VISHNU BHAGWANON KA BHAGWAN PARAMATMONKA PARATOMIC PARAMANU KASARVAMANVA...
MIWP-02 A Brief Technical History
1. Media in World Politics
2
A Brief History of Communications
Technology
2. OBJECTIVES
Understand role of technology in international
communications
Be aware of historical developments in
communication technologies
Understand how technologies have shaped our
expectations of mass media
3. OUTLINE
Telegraph: Speed
Newspapers: Mass Audience
Radio and TV: Broadcasting
Satellites: Globalisation
The Internet: A new model
Mobile Telephony
5. (Samuel) Morse Code
24 May 1844
Morse sends first telegraph
message from Washington
DC to Baltimore.
Fast operators may be able
to send 30 to 70 English
words per minute,
depending on the type of
equipment used.
8. The Telegraph
'Instant' global communication
BUT...
Huge capital investment required
One-to-one
Infrastructure unreliable and vulnerable
9. Crimean War / US Civil War
From middle of c19 telegraph
becomes important in
newspaper reporting.
1854-6 Crimean War reports of
William Russell of The Times
1861-5 US Civil War: cables
carried 6.5 million telegraph
messages.
10. ITU (Int'l Telegraph Union)
• Founded 17 May 1865, part of UN since 1947
• Regulates international communications tech.
12. Newspapers today
This press belongs to
the Statesman
newspaper in Austin,
Texas.
Built in Germany this
press is 20 metres tall
and cost $14 million
(¥1億).
The Statesman has four
presses in all and can
print about 1000 copies
per minute.
13. Wireless: early development
Guglielmo Marconi (Pontecchio, Italy)
13 May 1897: “Are you ready?”
1912: 122 amateur radio clubs in US
1919: Formation of RCA (Radio Corp. of
America)
14. Flat Holm to Lavernock Point
Post Office
engineers inspect
Marconi's
equipment on
Flat Holm Island
16. Wireless & 'Broadcasting'
First wireless
experiments
during early c20
First regular
services by
mid1920s in US
Poland: crystal set, 1920s
17. Birth of NHK
March 22 1925
JOAK Tokyo first
broadcast from Shibaura
studio (also JOBK
Osaka, JOCK Nagoya)
NHK formed 1926 when
three stations were
merged
18. First day of broadcasting
Midday: selection of shakuhachi
and koto music (30mins)
2pm: light opera selection(30mins)
7.30pm: 20 minute lecture
8pm: piano music selection
8.30pm: Nagauta/shamisen
and weather.
19. Experiments in television
Paul Nipkow (Berlin)
Boris Rosing (St Petersburg)
Vladimir Zworykin (StP. then RCA)
Philo Farsnworth (US)
John Logie Baird (UK)
JL Baird, 1942
21. TV in Japan
NHK: 1 Feb 1953 (Public service)
NTV: 28 Aug 1953 (Commercial)
Shoriki
Matsutaro
22. TV catches on
By 1960 a typical adult in Japan spent 3 hours
11 minutes watching TV each day.
By mid-1960s there were TV stations in over 90
countries.
http://www.tvhistory.tv/facts-stats.htm
24. Early satellites
SPUTNIK 1
launched 4 October 1957
Orbit speed: 29,000km/h
Time to orbit Earth: 96mins
Spent three months in orbit
and burned up on re-entry
into Earth atmosphere on
4 January 1958.
25. Early satellites
Telstar 1: launched 10 July
1962
23 July 1962 used for first
intercontinental TV broadcast
between US and Europe.
Relay 1: 13 Dec 1962 – used
for first Japan-US link, 22 Nov
1963.
Syncom 3: first geostationary
satellite, used to broadcast
1964 Tokyo Olympics to US.
31. Home Access to the internet
Proportion of households
around the world with
access to the internet, 2017
World avg: 53.6%
LDCs: 14.7
Developing: 42.9
Developed: 84.4
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2017.pdf
33. Mobile-Broadband access
Growth in mobile-broadband
subscriptions over period 2012-7
Mobile-broadband subscriptions
per 100 inhabitants, 2017
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2017.pdf
34. Growth in mobile phone ownership
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Developed
Developing
World
Mobile-Cell subscriptions per 100 people. Source: ITU
IND-REV
RAILWAYS – Massive boom 1836-1847 – 8000 miles of railways licensed at projected cost of 200millionGBP – roughly one year's GDP at the time.
Rapid transport between cities brought timetabling problems. Different times in different cities meant dangerous misunderstandings. Thus railway time.
Also need to communicate re rail transport.
Many early telegraph lines laid alongside railway tracks.
Britain was one of the European powers who led the way in developing international comms. This map gives you some idea why.
This the British Empire at the beginning of the 2oth century – it's covers a vast area – all of which needs to be controlled and exploited to the benefit of the imperial power, in this case Britain.
By the early years of the 20th century telegraph cables – overland and under the seas – linked much of the world in a network that enable for the first time allowed very rapid communications across international and intercontinental distances.
British companies - though by no means alone - had been at the forefront of investing in cableing the world. Laying undersea cables involved investment of very large amounts of capital, first to develop the actual technology, then to provide ships and crews with sufficient skills.
By 1905, it was possible to send a telegraph message from Canada to New Zealand – this allowed Imperial bureaucrats an unprecedented level of access to information at an unprecedented speed.