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1. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
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Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
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Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment paperPathophysiology of Chronic Kidney
DiseaseWeek 5 Discussion Board- V3 AssignmentPathophysiology of Chronic Kidney
Disease: According to Banasik (2018), end-stage renal disease is the final outcome of
chronic kidney disease. It is the deterioration of the kidneys and renal function. The decline
in renal function is irreversible. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2014), some
of the biggest risk factors for kidney disease include; family history of kidney disease, age
60 or older, diabetes, and hypertension. There are several steps to prevent kidney disease.
Some of the most common preventative tips would be to stop smoking, lose weight if
overweight, limit alcohol intake, lower sodium intake, and exercise (National Kidney
Foundation, 2014). Obesity is a common problem in our society. Being overweight or obese
may lead to developing hypertension, diabetes, stroke, arthritis, and kidney disease
(National Kidney Foundation, 2014). Hypertension and diabetes are two important risk
factors for developing kidney disease. This is important to teach patients because they may
not necessarily understand how being overweight can contribute to decreased kidney
function. Educating patients to go to their annual physicals and monitor their blood
pressure will help promote a healthy lifestyle. For patients who are diagnosed with chronic
kidney disease, there are several tips that promote kidney health. These include; monitor
blood pressure often, manage blood sugars, reduce salt intake, avoid NSAIDs, moderate
protein consumption, and getting an annual flu shot (National Kidney Foundation,
2014). Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
paper.Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease ReferencesBanasik, J. L.
(2018). Pathophysiology, 6th Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved from
https://vsaccess.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780323354813Prevention. (2014, November
3). In National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved from
https://www.kidney.org/prevention. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing
Essay Assignment paper.Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney DiseasePer Banasik, ESRD is a
common outcome of chronic glomerulonephritis necessitating dialysis or kidney
transplantation. Three major risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, a family

2. history of kidney failure and age sixty or older.In the website, some of the most common
preventative tips include; quit smoking, alcohol and your kidneys, lose weight if your
overweight or obese, lower salt in your diet, understanding food labels and
Exercise. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
paper.Reading the nutrition facts label is the most missed preventative tips. Food labels
have percent daily values listed for a set of a group of nutrients. The reading label will help
the patient to look at the list of ingredients to avoid. Pt can ask for help at their dietician to
look labels to meet their needs best and ask for the recommendation to better help them in
taking care of their body. Not only it will help us preventing kidney failure, and it will also
teach us to be mindful of the food with eating. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease
Nursing Essay Assignment paper.Banasik, J. L. (2018). Pathophysiology,
6th Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved from
https://vsaccess.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780323354813Nutrition Facts Label. (2014,
November 3). In the National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved from
https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/foodlabelPathophysiology of Chronic Kidney
DiseasePost-infectious acute glomerulonephritis usually follows skin and throat
infections. “The infectious organism stimulates the production of antibodies that bind to
microbial antigens, initiating formation of antibody–antigen complexes. Antibody
deposition leading to inflammation is the key pathologic event. Proliferation of mesangial
cells is initiated after immune complex deposition, resulting in characteristic proliferative
lesions. Complement is activated within the glomerulus, resulting in release of chemotaxic
factors and attracting macrophages, neutrophils, and T-helper cells. Lysosomal enzymes are
released and attack glomerular walls. The changes in the structure of the glomerular
membranes result in a decrease in the surface area available for filtration and allow
substances that were previously restricted to enter the glomerular space.” (Banasik, 2018,
p588). Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
paper.Nephrosis occurs when the injured kidney releases excess protein in the urine due to
glomerulonephritis. This inflammation leads to a change in the normal cells of the
glomerulus to that of mesangial cells. This change in the wall of the glomerulus allows for
proteins to be excreted injuring the kidney leading to nephrosis.JH’s potassium level is
elevated at 5.4 bicarbonate, hematocrit, sodium and arterial carbon dioxide are decreased.
BUN, creatinine, and albumin levels are also elevated, protein is positive in the urine which
points to the patient progressing to renal failure.JH’s decreased urine output, increased
lethargy, and hyperventilation are physical findings that point to renal impairment. The
degree of renal impairment can be determined through creatinine clearance, GFR, CBC and
CMP, and Urinalysis. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
paper.Should JH’s condition progress from nephrosis to uremia, his therapy would likely
include dietary restrictions such as low-protein diet, reduced fluid intake to reduce fluid
overload, and sodium and potassium restrictions.Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney
DiseaseBanasik, J. (2018). Pathophysiology, 6th Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved from
https://vsaccess.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780323354813/Pathophysiology of Chronic
Kidney DiseaseAcute glomerulonephritis encompasses a constellation of inflammatory
glomerulopathies that are characterized by the abrupt onset of varying degrees of

3. hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, azotemia, edema, and hypertension (Banasik,
2018). Pneumococcal infection leads to glomerulonephritis through the inflammation
process that occurs, resulting in pneumococcal infection injuring the glomerular capillary
and basement membrane. Mesangial cells take the place of normal glomerulus cells that
become similar in structure to proliferative lesions. JH appears to be progressing into renal
failure based on his abnormal lab findings. Lab values suggests association with renal
failure: a compensated metabolic acidosis, elevated BUN and creatinine, abnormally high
potassium level, and a low hematocrit level. Low sodium and low albumin levels are
indicative of nephrosis. To aid in determining JH’s degree of renal impairment, I would look
at the estimated glomerular filtration rate via creatinine clearance, urinalysis for protein,
and serum calcium levels. JH’s physical findings would include edema as a resultant of fluid
retention from decreased urine output and pruritus. Due to low percentage of hematocrit
levels, I would also suspect lethargy. Low bicarb levels suggest metabolic acidosis, this
would result in the body trying to compensate by hyperventilating. If JH’s condition was to
progress from nephrosis to uremia, JH’s therapy would change from a no fluid restriction to
a fluid restricted diet. High urine output usually exists in nephrosis and patients are
encouraged a high protein intake. A low protein diet would be recommended if JH’s
condition turns into uremia. JH’s intake would also benefit from a low salt and a low
potassium diet. Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Nursing Essay Assignment
paper.Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney DiseaseBanasik, J. (2018). Pathophysiology, 6th
Edition. [VitalSource]. Retrieved
from https://vsaccess.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780323354813/