1. Future Challenges:
Archipelagos of Circulation
Stephen Graham
Newcastle University

2. • “National borders have ceased being continuous lines on
the earth’s surface and [have] become non-related sets
of lines and points situated within each country” Paul
Andreu
• “A merging, a de-differentiation of the realm of the
internal and the realm of the external. The difference
between the liberal and the illiberal, the norm and the
exception, is not longer fixed by state borders. The limits
between the internal and the external are moving.” Didier
Bigo
• Urbanisation of security marked by passage-point
urbanism: Proliferation of hard, militarised, urban,
national and supranational borders, camps and enclaves,
staffed by public and private security personnel, and
linked by transnational infrastructures overlaid with
systems of pre-emptive surveillance systems

3. • Blurring of policing, military and intelligence
through ideas of ‘assymetric’ or ‘irregular
war’
• Deploy both inside and outside of nation and
mobilise permanently and preemptively against
civilians within ‘securocratic war’.
• Try to identify malign bodies, circulations and
mobilities hidden within legitimate ones, within
the spaces of cities and circulations, in
advance of these reaching strategic spaces
and ‘targets’
• Topological spaces and times -- ‘the virtual
border’: “whether it faces outward or inward
to foreignness, is no longer a barrier structure
but a shifting net, a flexible spatial
pathogenesis that shifts round the globe and
can move from the exteriority of the
transnational frontier into the core of the
securocratic state.” Allen Feldman
Virtual Borders
Within
‘Securocratic War’

5. Anchored by System of ‘Global Cities’

7. 1. Globalising ‘Homelands’? Extra-Territorial
Borderings
• ‘Homeland security’ is now “an away game. We don’t want [threats] to get in our
airspace, on our land or close to our shoreline in the maritime domain. So we are working
very hard with the other regional combatant commanders so as to roll up the bad guys,
capture or kill them and interrupt their attacks.” US Navy Admiral Tim King
E.g. Global Airport
System: US Visit,
Visa Waiver and
Anticipatory Data
Mining and Profiling

9. Container Security Initiative

10. NSA’s Internet Surveillance

11. Anticipatory ‘Counter-Terror’ Financial Tracking

12. ‘Garrison Tourism’

13. Extra-Territorial Secession of ‘Kinetic Elites’?

14. Extra-Territorial Migrant and Refugee Camps
for ‘Kinetic Underclasses’ e.g. Nauru
“The globe shrinks for those who own it ; for the displaced or the
dispossessed, the migrant or refugee, no distance is more awesome than the
few feet across borders or frontiers” Homi Bhabha

16. Urban ‘Camps’
on Colonial
Frontiers:
‘Gated
Communities’
in Post-’Surge’
Baghdad

17. Global Rendition Archipelago

18. Transnational Urban
Growth Regions

19. 2. Intra-territorial Enclaves of Exception
‘Pop-up armies’ at Political summits

20. Branded and Securitised Sports Events

21. ‘Splintering urbanism’: Security
zones and gated communities

22. Road Closures in PostApartheid Johannesburg

23. Export Processing/ ‘Free Trade’ Zones

24. ‘Smart’ Highways

25. Computerised CCTV:
Algorithmic Anticipation

26. Data ‘Mining’ and Data ‘Fusion’

28. Marked by Complex Foucauldian ‘Boomerang’
Effects
• . “It should never be forgotten that while colonization, with its
techniques and its political and juridical weapons, obviously
transported European models to other continents, it also had
a considerable boomerang effect on the mechanisms of
power in the West, and on the apparatuses, institutions, and
techniques of power. A whole series of colonial models was
brought back to the West, and the result was that the West
could practice something resembling colonization, or an
internal colonialism, on itself”
Michel Foucault, Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the
Collège de France, 1975-6, 2003.

29. e.g. Security Zones/Green Zones; traveller and war-zone biometrics;

30. Historic
Boomerangs

31. A ‘Medieval Modernity’?
The modalities of “modern
nationalism, medieval
enclaves and imperial
brutality” all “co exist in nonlinear fashion.”
Alsayyad and Roy