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免疫組織化学染色法における画像の色標準化
2021/08/20-22 日本デジタルパソロジー研究会
大西千絵*
Steven A. Bogen**、山口雅浩*、八木由香子***
* 東京工業大学工学院情報通信系
** Boston Cell Standards
*** Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
研究背景・目的(1/2)
■ 免疫組織化学染色 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
乳がんにおけるHER2評価
• 標識抗体を用いて病理組織内のタンパク質を視覚化
• 2色で染色されることが多い
ー H染色 (青色):細胞核を標識、対比染色として利用
― DAB染色(褐色):細胞膜を標識、染色の割合および濃さによって腫瘍細胞をスコア化
[1]Tenri Medical Bulletin 2015;18(2):91-94
• 主に目視によりスコアを半定量的に評価
• Whole Slide Imaging(WSI)用の自動解析ソフトも販売
IHC法による染色性 [1]
2
研究背景・目的(2/2)
① 目視によるスコア診断のばらつき
研究目的:IHC法における画像の色標準化
 プロトコルを固定することなくスコアの自動評価を可能とする
 診断結果の標準化を実現する
② 臨床用自動解析ソフトの利用の難しさ
• 解析ソフトで利用できる抗体、染色機、スキャナの組み合わせが固定されているため導入が難しい
• 固定されたプロトコルを利用しても染色強度のばらつきが問題になることがある
スコア評価
組織スライドの作成 免疫染色
IHC法における評価の流れ
 IHC法による評価の課題
• 視覚的評価のため医師によって判定が異なることがある
スキャン
3
全体イメージ(1/2)
 研究方針
• 染色強度評価(QC)用に作られたキャリブレータを色標準化に利用
レベル1 レベル10
• 抗原でコーティングされたマイクロビーズ
• DAB染色によってレベル1~10の10段階の濃さで染色されるように設計
キャリブレータ画像
スコア評価
組織スライドの作成 免疫染色 スキャン キャリブレータによる
IHC画像の色標準化
キャリブレータの免疫染色
追加ステップ
4
[2] Standardizing Immunohistochemistry:A New Reference Control for Detecting Staining Problems. Seshi R.S. et al., J Histochem Cytochem 2015,63(9) 681–690
[3] Development and Validation of Measurement Traceability for In Situ Immunoassays. Emina E. Torlakovic et al., Clinical Chemistry 2021,67(5) 763–771
IHCキャリブレータ
スライド
スコアの自動評価、
画像の色標準化に利用
各ラボの画像
全体イメージ(2/2)
各ラボの作業
キャリブレータスライド
組織スライド
レベル
DABの濃さ
レベル
DABの濃さ
キャリブレータ
組織
自動解析ソフト
補正後スコア取得
キャリブレータ
スキャナ
補正
スキャン
免疫染色
標準キャリブレータ画像
DABの濃さの
補正関数の取得
各ラボの濃さ
理想の濃さ
キャリブレータの比較
組織画像の
補正(色標準化)
■本日の内容
① DABの濃さの補正:キャリブレータの利用
② スキャナ補正 :カラーチャートの利用
5
標準キャリブレータスライド
スライドまたは画像配布
キャリブレータを用いたスコア評価 6
 評価1 : キャリブレータの染色強度によるスコアの評価
 評価2 : 組織画像の色標準化シミュレーション
• ラボごとに異なる染色強度を標準的な値でスコア評価可能か検証
• スコア評価の基準となる染色強度および自動評価の検証
データ:
• 乳がん組織
- 病理医の診断によるHER2スコア既知の組織
- スコア:1+~2+,3+(FISH陽性) 各1枚
• HER2評価用キャリブレータ 1枚
撮影機器 : NanoZoomer S60(Hamamatsu)
撮影倍率 : 40倍
利用データ
キャリブレータ
P.8-9
P.10-12
組織
標準画像
色標準化
補正関数
補正後
画像
各ラボの
画像
評価1:ラボ単体で評価する場合を想定
評価2:標準に合わせて評価する場合を想定
DAB色素の濃さの推定手法
• DAB,散乱の2成分
• DABの色素成分はNMF[5]により推定
7
[4] A method for normalizing histology slides for quantitative analysis, Macenko M et al., Proc of IEEE Int Conf S Biomed Imaging; 2009 Jun 28-1
[5] Non-Negative Matrix Factorization D.D. Lee et al., Nature, 1999; 401:788-791
𝑶𝑫 = −log10
𝑰
𝑰𝟎
= 𝑽𝑨 I :各画素値
I0 :背景画素値
• RGB空間から光学濃度(OD)空間へ変換して解析
OD(R)
OD(G)
OD(B)
組織画像の散布図例
 キャリブレータにおける推定モデル
V :色素成分
A :色素量
 色素の濃さの推定
𝑨 = 𝑽−1
𝑶𝑫
 組織画像における推定モデル
• H,DAB,散乱の3成分
𝑶𝑫 = 𝑎H𝑽H+ 𝑎DAB𝑽DAB + 𝑎sc𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑽𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑶𝑫 = 𝑎DAB𝑽DAB + 𝑎sc𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑽𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
評価1:キャリブレータの染色強度によるスコアの評価(1/2) 8
 目的:スコア評価の基準となる染色強度および自動評価の検証
WSI 解析画像
1. WSIからレベルごとに計10枚の画像を切り出し
2. ハフ変換によりビーズを抽出
3. ビーズ中央半径6 pixelの領域を解析
 キャリブレータのDABの濃さの推定
• レベルごとのDABの濃さ、平均RGB値の色味を確認
ー レベル1-5はほぼ染色がなく、
レベル6から段階的に染色強度が強くなっている
→ キャリブレータの染色強度をスコアの自動評価に
利用できるか検証
キャリブレータのDABの濃さ
レベル
平均RGB値
評価1:キャリブレータの染色強度によるスコアの評価(2/2) 9
 スコアの自動評価ソフトへの適用
• デジタル病理画像解析用のオープンソースソフトウェアQuPathを利用[6][7]
― 染色強度分類(1+、2+、3+)の閾値に
キャリブレータのレベルごとの濃さの平均値を利用
― 病理医がスコア診断に用いた領域を評価(20倍表示5視野)
[6] QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Peter Bankhead et al., Sci. Rep. 2017; 7: 16878
[7] The role of infiltrating lymphocytes in the neo-adjuvant treatment of women with HER2-positive breast cancer. A. J. Eustace et al., Breast Canc.2021;187:635
 結果
None
:0
Strong
:3+
Weak
:1+
Staining
intensity
Moderate
:2+
1 10
1+ ratio=(1+と分類されたセル数)/(抽出された全セル数)%
H-score=(1+ratio*1) + (2+ratio*2) + (3+ratio*3)
IHC FISH 1+ ratio [%] 2+ ratio [%] 3+ ratio [%] H-score
case1 1+~2+ positive 40.0 18.8 4.5 91.2
case2 3+ positive 16.9 10.4 33.2 137.4
QuPath
pathologist
• 病理医の判定と一致した評価結果が得られることを確認
QuPathのスコア評価の流れ
1.領域を設定しセルを抽出
2.各セルの強度を閾値に基づき分類
各ラボの画像
評価2:組織画像の色標準化シミュレーション (1/3)
レベル
DABの濃さ
レベル
DABの濃さ
組織
スキャン
標準キャリブレータ画像
10
 組織画像の色標準化イメージ
 目的:ラボごとに異なる染色強度を標準的な値でスコア評価可能か検証
𝑨 = 𝑽−𝟏𝑶𝑫
DAB色素量
H色素量
キャリブレータ
キャリブレータ
色素分離
補正
(色標準化)
再構築
色標準化後組織画像
DABの濃さの
補正関数の取得
各ラボの濃さ
理想の濃さ
キャリブレータ
評価2:組織画像の色標準化シミュレーション (2/3) 11
 色標準化シミュレーション
1. キャリブレータ、組織画像のDABの濃さを同様に変化させたシミュレーションデータを準備
2. オリジナルデータを基準としてDABの濃さを補正する補正関数を取得
3. シミュレーション画像のDABの濃さを補正し、スコアを評価
オリジナルデータ:ラボAを想定
シミュレーションデータ:ラボBを想定
キャリブレータのDABの濃さ
キャリブレータのDABの濃さ
1.データ準備 γ=0.6
𝑨DAB
′
= 𝑨DAB
1
γ
2.DABの濃さの
補正関数の取得
3.組織画像補正
(色標準化)
オリジナルデータ
シミュレーションデータ
• 各レベルの平均値を利用
オリジナル、シミュレーション(補正前後)の
各画像のスコアを同一の基準で評価
評価2:組織画像の色標準化シミュレーション (3/3) 12
 結果
オリジナル画像 シミュレーション画像(補正前) シミュレーション画像(補正後)
• 評価1と同様の分類閾値を利用して染色強度を評価
• 色標準化によってオリジナルデータに近い評価結果が得られることを確認
• 今後は異なる環境で染色したデータを準備し、実データによる色標準化の検証が必要
オリジナル画像
(DABの濃さの基準)
色標準化
補正関数
シミュレーション画像
(補正後)
シミュレーション画像
(補正前)
1+ ratio 2+ ratio 3+ ratio H-score
40.6 19.3 4.0 91.2
補正前 26.3 4.7 1.8 41.1
補正後 40.2 14.5 3.9 81
シミュレーション
オリジナル
まとめ 13
• データセットを増やし、実際のデータを用いて色標準化の効果を検証する
• スキャナに依存しない評価の実現に向けて異なるスキャナで撮影した画像の解析、標準化を行う
• 臨床評価に向けてWSIビューワへの実装を目指す
 まとめ
 今後の課題
• 乳がんにおけるIHC画像でのHER2評価の自動化、標準化に向け、
染色強度評価用のキャリブレータを用いた検証を行った
• キャリブレータの染色強度を推定し、
スコアの自動評価に適用できる可能性を確認した
• キャリブレータから染色強度を補正する関数を求めることで、
画像の色標準化が行えることをシミュレーションにより確認した
評価2:組織画像の色標準化シミュレーション 追加検証 14
None strong
weak
Staining
intensity moderate
1 10
 評価1と同様にラボ単体でスコア評価する場合を想定して検証
評価2
None strong
weak
Staining
intensity moderate
1 10
今回
• オリジナルの染色強度で評価
→シミュレーション画像より強度が強いためスコアが下がる
• シミュレーションで変化させた染色強度で評価
→組織画像と一致した強度をもつ
IHC FISH 1+ ratio [%] 2+ ratio [%] 3+ ratio [%] H-score
1+~2+ positive 65.5 23.1 5.2 127.2
pathologist QuPath
• オリジナル画像同様、病理医の判定と一致した評価結果が得られることを確認
• 自動評価に用いる閾値を変えてシミュレーション画像のスコアを評価
シミュレーション画像(補正前)
 結果

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