BAD LEGISGLATION, 4th amendment, GHSA, Seat-Belt Checkpoints,

1. TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS
This title was enacted by Pub. L. 85–767, § 1, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 885
Chap. Sec. TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF
1. Federal Aid Highways 1 ..................... 101 FORMER TITLE 23—Continued
2. Other Highways ................................... 201
Title 23 Title 23
3. General Provisions ............................. 301 Former Sections New Sections
4. Highway Safety .................................... 401
5. Research, Technology, and Edu- 21a–2 .......................................
21b ..........................................
Elim.
Rep.
cation .................................................. 501 21c ........................................... 311
21d .......................................... Rep.
6. Infrastructure Finance ...................... 601 21e ........................................... 122
22 ............................................ 104(e)
AMENDMENTS 23 ............................................ 101(a), 202(b), 204(a)–(c),
205(a)–(c)
2005—Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1602(e)(2), title V, 23a .......................................... Rep.
5201(a)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1248, 1780, added items 23b .......................................... Rep.
23b–1 ....................................... Rep.
for chapters 5 and 6 and struck out item for former 23c ........................................... 205(c)
chapter 5 ‘‘Research and Technology’’. 24 ............................................ Rep.
1998—Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5101(1), June 9, 1998, 112 24a .......................................... 109(e)
25 ............................................ Rep.
Stat. 422, added item for chapter 5. 26 ............................................ Rep.
1966—Pub. L. 89–564, title I, § 102(b)(3), Sept. 9, 1966, 80 41 ............................................ 101(a), 105(e)
41a .......................................... 101(a), 103(b)
Stat. 735, added item for chapter 4. 41b .......................................... 101(a), 103(b)
42 ............................................ Rep.
TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF 43 ............................................ Rep.
FORMER TITLE 23 44 ............................................ Rep.
45 ............................................ Elim.
46 ............................................ See T. 18 § 1020
Title 23 Title 23 47–53 ........................................ Rep.
Former Sections New Sections 54 ............................................ Elim.
54a .......................................... Rep.
1 .............................................. Rep. 54b .......................................... Elim.
2 .............................................. 101 55 ............................................ 126
2a ............................................ 101(a) 55a .......................................... Rep.
2b ............................................ 101(a) 55b .......................................... 126(b)
3 .............................................. Rep. 56 ............................................ Rep.
3a ............................................ Rep. 57 ............................................ 314
3b ............................................ Rep. 58 ............................................ Elim.
4 .............................................. Rep. 59 ............................................ Elim.
5 .............................................. Rep. 59a .......................................... Rep.
6 .............................................. 103(b), (e), 105(c), 121(c) 60 ............................................ 103(d)
6–1 ........................................... 103(c) 61 ............................................ 307(c)
6a ............................................ 103(d) 62 ............................................ 318
6a–1 ......................................... 105(d) 63 ............................................ 109(d)
6a–2 ......................................... 310 64 ............................................ 320(a)
6b ............................................ Rep. 65 ............................................ 320(b)
6c ............................................ Rep. 66 ............................................ 320(c)
7 .............................................. 110(a) 67 ............................................ 320(d)
8 .............................................. 109(a) 68 ............................................ 320(e)
8a ............................................ 109(a), 112(a) 69 ............................................ 320(f)
9 .............................................. 301 70 ............................................ 313
9a ............................................ 129(a) 71 ............................................ 303(a)
9a–1 ......................................... Rep. 72 ............................................ 303 note
9b ............................................ 129(a) 73 ............................................ 303(a)
10 ............................................ 109(a) 101 ........................................... Rep.
10a .......................................... Rep. 101a ......................................... Rep.
10b .......................................... Rep. 102 ........................................... Rep.
10c ........................................... Rep. 103 ........................................... Rep.
11 ............................................ Rep. 104 ........................................... Rep.
12 ............................................ 105(a), 106(a), (c), 121(d) 105 ........................................... Rep.
12a .......................................... 121(c) 106 ........................................... 210(a), (b)
12b .......................................... Rep. 107 ........................................... Rep.
13 ............................................ 114(a) 108 ........................................... Rep.
13–1 ......................................... 112(b), (c) 109 ........................................... Rep.
13a .......................................... Rep. 110 ........................................... Rep.
13b .......................................... 103(d) 111 ........................................... Rep.
14 ............................................ 121(a), (b), (e) 112 ........................................... Rep.
14a .......................................... Elim. 113 ........................................... Rep.
15 ............................................ Rep. 114 ........................................... 210(e)
16 ............................................ Rep. 115 ........................................... 308(a)
17 ............................................ 316 116 ........................................... Rep.
18 ............................................ 317(a)–(c) 117 ........................................... 312
19 ............................................ 315 151(a) ....................................... 104 note
20 ............................................ Rep. 151(b), (c) ................................ 104(c), 117(a)–(c), 118(b)
20a .......................................... Rep. 152 ........................................... 204(f), 205(d)
21 ............................................ 104(a), (b)(1) 153 ........................................... 206(a), 207(a), 208(a), (b)
21–1 ......................................... 307(a), (b) 154 ........................................... 209(a)
21a .......................................... 104(b), 105(a), 106(a), 114(a), 155 ........................................... 203
118(a), (c) 156 ........................................... 101(b), 103(f), 104(b)(1), 116(d),
21a–1 ....................................... Rep. 119(a), (b), 120(h)
157 ........................................... 103(d)
158(a) ....................................... 101(b)
1 So in original. Does not conform to chapter heading. 158(b) ....................................... 101 note
Page 1

2. TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS Page 2
TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF ALL SECTIONS OF Sec.
FORMER TITLE 23—Continued 104. Apportionment.
105. Equity bonus program.
Title 23 Title 23 106. Project approval and oversight.
Former Sections New Sections 107. Acquisition of rights-of-way—Interstate Sys-
158(c) ....................................... 104(b)(4) tem.
158(d) ....................................... 104(b)(5) 108. Advance acquisition of real property.
158(d) ....................................... 104 note 109. Standards.
158(e) ....................................... 120(c)
158(f), (g) ................................. 118(c) 110. Revenue aligned budget authority.
158(h) ...................................... 115 111. Agreements relating to use of and access to
158(i) ....................................... 109(b) rights-of-way—Interstate System.
158(j) ....................................... 127 112. Letting of contracts.
158(k) ...................................... 307 note
159 ........................................... 107 113. Prevailing rate of wage.
160 ........................................... 108 114. Construction.
161 ........................................... 124 115. Advance construction.
162 ........................................... 123
163 ........................................... 111 116. Maintenance.
164 ........................................... 129(b)–(d) 117. High priority projects program.
165 ........................................... Elim. 118. Availability of funds.
166 ........................................... 113
167 ........................................... 101(b), 128(a), (b), 304 119. Interstate maintenance program.
168 ........................................... Elim. 120. Federal share payable.
169 (less last proviso) .............. Rep. 121. Payment to States for construction.
169 (last proviso) ..................... Elim. 122. Payments to States for bond and other debt
170 ........................................... 305
171 ........................................... 306 instrument financing.
172 ........................................... Rep. 123. Relocation of utility facilities.
173 ........................................... 120 note 124. Advances to States.
174 ........................................... 307 note
175 ........................................... Elim. 125. Emergency relief.
126. Uniform transferability of Federal-aid high-
CITATION way funds.
127. Vehicle weight limitations—Interstate Sys-
Section 1 of Pub. L 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 885, tem.
provided in part that this title may be cited as ‘‘Title 128. Public hearings.
23, United States Code, § —’’. 129. Toll roads, bridges, tunnels, and ferries.
130. Railway-highway crossings.
REPEALS 131. Control of outdoor advertising.
Section 2 of Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 919, 132. Payments on Federal-aid projects undertaken
repealed the sections or parts of sections of the Revised by a Federal agency.
Statutes or Statutes at Large covering provisions codi- 133. Surface transportation program.
fied in this title. 134. Metropolitan transportation planning.
135. Statewide transportation planning.
CONSTRUCTION 136. Control of junkyards.
Section 3 of Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 921, 137. Fringe and corridor parking facilities.
provided that: 138. Preservation of parklands.
‘‘(a) If any provision of title 23, as enacted by section 139. Efficient environmental reviews for project
1 of this Act or the application thereof to any person or decisionmaking.
140 Nondiscrimination.
circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the title
141. Enforcement of requirements.
and the application of the provision to other persons or
142. Public transportation.
circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
143. Highway use tax evasion projects.
‘‘(b) The provisions of this Act shall be subject to Re-
144. Highway bridge replacement and rehabilita-
organization Plan Numbered 5 of 1950 (64 Stat. 1263) [set
tion program.
out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organiza- 145. Federal-State relationship.
tion and Employees].’’ 146. Carpool and vanpool projects.
SAVINGS PROVISION 147. Construction of ferry boats and ferry ter-
minal facilities.
Section 4 of Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 921, 148. Highway safety improvement program.
provided that: ‘‘Any rights or liabilities now existing 149. Congestion mitigation and air quality im-
under prior Acts or portions thereof shall not be af- provement program.
fected by the repeal of such prior Acts or portions [150. Repealed.]
under section 2 of this Act.’’ 151. National bridge inspection program.
152. Hazard elimination program.
RECODIFICATION OF TITLE 23
153. Use of safety belts and motorcycle helmets.
Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 357(a), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 154. Open container requirements.
625, provided that: ‘‘The Secretary [of Transportation] 155. Access highways to public recreation areas on
shall, by March 31, 1997, prepare and submit to Congress certain lakes.
a draft legislative proposal of necessary technical and 156. Proceeds from the sale or lease of real prop-
conforming amendments to title 23, United States erty.
Code, and related laws.’’ 157. Safety incentive grants for use of seat belts.
Pub. L. 102–240, title I, § 1066, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 158. National minimum drinking age.
2006, provided that the Secretary of Transportation was 159. Revocation or suspension of drivers’ licenses
to have prepared, by Oct. 1, 1993, a proposed recodifica- of individuals convicted of drug offenses.
tion of title 23, United States Code, and related laws for 160. Reimbursement for segments of the Inter-
submission to Congress for consideration, prior to re- state System constructed without Federal
peal by Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 357(b), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 assistance.
Stat. 625. 161. Operation of motor vehicles by intoxicated
minors.
CHAPTER 1—FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS 162. National scenic byways program.
163. Safety incentives to prevent operation of
Sec. motor vehicles by intoxicated persons.
101 Definitions and declaration of policy. 164. Minimum penalties for repeat offenders for
102. Program efficiencies. driving while intoxicated or driving under
103. Federal-aid systems. the influence.

3. Page 3 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS
Sec. item 134, substituted ‘‘Statewide planning’’ for ‘‘Traffic
165. Puerto Rico highway program. operations improvement programs’’ in item 135, sub-
166. HOV facilities. stituted ‘‘Congestion mitigation and air quality im-
AMENDMENTS provement program’’ for ‘‘Truck lanes’’ in item 149, and
added items 153 and 160.
2005—Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1801(b), title VI, § 6002(c), Pub. L. 102–143, title III, § 333(b), (c), Oct. 28, 1991, 105
Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1456, 1865, which directed amend- Stat. 947, added item 159 and repealed Pub. L. 101–516,
ment of the analysis for ‘‘such subchapter’’ by adding § 333(b), which added former item 159. See 1990 Amend-
items 139 and 147 and by striking out former item 147 ment note below.
‘‘Priority primary routes’’, was executed by making 1990—Pub. L. 101–516, title III, § 333(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104
the amendment to the analysis for this chapter which Stat. 2186, which added item 159, was repealed by Pub.
did not contain subchapters to reflect the probable in- L. 102–143, title III, § 333(c), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 947.
tent of Congress and the amendment by Pub. L. 109–59, Section 333(d) of Pub. L. 102–143 provided that the
§ 1602(e)(1). See below. amendments made by section 333 of Pub. L. 101–516
Pub. L. 109–59, title I, § 1602(b)(6)(A), (e)(1), Aug. 10, shall be treated as having not been enacted into law.
2005, 119 Stat. 1247, before item 101, struck out item for 1987—Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 113(d)(2), 114(e)(5),
subchapter I ‘‘GENERAL PROVISIONS’’, and at end, 125(b)(1), 126(b), 133(b)(1), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 150, 153,
struck out item for subchapter II ‘‘INFRASTRUCTURE 167, 171, substituted ‘‘Advance construction’’ for ‘‘Con-
FINANCE’’, items 181 ‘‘Definitions’’, 182 ‘‘Determina- struction by States in advance of apportionment’’ in
tion of eligibility and project selection’’, 183 ‘‘Secured item 115, and ‘‘Availability of funds’’ for ‘‘Availability
loans’’, 184 ‘‘Lines of credit’’, 185 ‘‘Program administra- of sums apportioned’’ in item 118, struck out ‘‘and
tion’’, 186 ‘‘State and local permits’’, 187 ‘‘Regula- width’’ after ‘‘Vehicle weight’’ in item 127, substituted
tions’’, 188 ‘‘Funding’’, and 189 ‘‘Report to Congress’’, ‘‘Carpool and vanpool projects’’ for identical words in
and subchapter I heading ‘‘GENERAL PROVISIONS’’. item 146, ‘‘National bridge inspection program’’ for
Pub. L. 109–59, title I, §§ 1104(b), 1120(b), 1121(b)(2), ‘‘Pavement marking demonstration program’’ in item
1401(a)(2), 1601(i), title VI, § 6001(c), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 151, and ‘‘Income from airspace rights-of-way’’ for
Stat. 1165, 1192, 1196, 1225, 1243, 1857, added items 105, ‘‘Highways crossing Federal projects’’ in item 156.
134, 135, 148, 165, 166, and 185 and struck out former 1984—Pub. L. 98–363, § 6(b), July 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 437,
items 105 ‘‘Minimum guarantee’’, 134 ‘‘Metropolitan added item 158.
planning’’, 135 ‘‘Statewide planning’’, 148 ‘‘Development 1983—Pub. L. 97–424, title I, § 119(c), Jan. 6, 1983, 96
of a national scenic and recreational highway’’, and 185 Stat. 2111, substituted ‘‘Nondiscrimination’’ for ‘‘Equal
‘‘Project servicing’’. employment opportunity’’ in item 140.
1999—Pub. L. 106–159, title I, § 102(b), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Pub. L. 97–424, title I, § 150(b), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat.
Stat. 1753, struck out item 110 ‘‘Uniform transferability 2132, added item 157.
of Federal-aid highway funds’’, added item 126, and 1978—Pub. L. 95–599, §§ 116(c), 124(b), 168(c), Nov. 6,
made technical amendment to item 163. 1978, 92 Stat. 2699, 2705, 2723, substituted ‘‘Interstate
1998—Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §§ 1103(l)(5), 1226(d), System resurfacing’’ for ‘‘Repealed’’ in item 119, ‘‘High-
1405(b), 1406(b), as added by Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, way bridge replacement and rehabilitation program’’
§§ 9002(c)(1), 9003(a), 9005(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 834, for ‘‘Special bridge replacement program’’ in item 144,
837, 843, struck out item 126 ‘‘Diversion’’ and item 150 ‘‘Hazard elimination program’’ for ‘‘Projects for high-
‘‘Allocation of urban system funds’’, and added items hazard locations’’ in item 152, and ‘‘Repealed’’ for ‘‘Pro-
154 and 164. gram for the elimination of roadside obstacles’’ in item
Pub. L. 105–178, title I, §§ 1104(b), 1105(b), 1106(c)(2)(A), 153.
1114(b)(1), 1203(n), 1219(b), 1301(d)(2), 1303(b), 1305(d), 1976—Pub. L. 94–280, title I, §§ 123(b), 128(b), 132(b), 139,
1310(b), 1403(b), 1404(b), 1503(b), 1601(c), June 9, 1998, 112 May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 439–441, 443, substituted item 135
Stat. 129, 131, 136, 154, 179, 221, 226, 227, 229, 235, 240, 241, ‘‘Traffic operations improvement programs’’ for
250, 256, added item for subchapter I, substituted ‘‘Min- ‘‘Urban area traffic operations improvement pro-
imum guarantee’’ for ‘‘Programs’’ in item 105, ‘‘Project grams’’; substituted item 146 ‘‘Repealed’’ for ‘‘Special
approval and oversight’’ for ‘‘Plans, specifications, and urban high density traffic programs’’; added item 156
estimates’’ in item 106, ‘‘Advance acquisition of real ‘‘Highways crossing Federal projects’’; and substituted
property’’ for ‘‘Advance acquisition of rights-of-way’’ item lll ‘‘Agreements relating to use of and access to
in item 108, and ‘‘Revenue aligned budget authority’’ rights-of-way—Interstate System’’ for ‘‘Use of and ac-
for ‘‘Project agreements’’ in item 110, added item 110 cess to rights-of-way—Interstate System’’ and sub-
relating to uniform transferability of Federal-aid high- stituted items 119 and 133 ‘‘Repealed’’ for ‘‘Administra-
way funds, substituted ‘‘High priority projects pro- tion of Federal-aid for highways in Alaska’’ and ‘‘Relo-
gram’’ for ‘‘Certification acceptance’’ in item 117, made cation assistance’’, respectively.
technical amendment to item 134, struck out item 139 1975—Pub. L. 93–643, §§ 107(b), 114(b), 115(b), Jan. 4,
‘‘Additions to Interstate System’’, substituted ‘‘High- 1975, 88 Stat. 2284, 2286, 2287, substituted item 141 read-
way use tax evasion projects’’ for ‘‘Economic growth ing ‘‘Enforcement of requirements’’ for prior text read-
center development highways’’ in item 143, ‘‘Proceeds ing ‘‘Real property acquisition policies’’, and added
from the sale or lease of real property’’ for ‘‘Income items 154 and 155.
from airspace rights-of-way’’ in item 156, and ‘‘Safety 1973—Pub. L. 93–87, title I, §§ 116(b), 121(b), 123(b),
incentive grants for use of seat belts’’ for ‘‘Minimum 125(b), 126(b), 129(c), 142(b), 157(b), title II, §§ 205(b),
allocation’’ in item 157, added items 162 and 163, item 209(b), 210(b), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 258, 261, 263, 264, 266,
for subchapter II, and items 181 to 189, and added sub- 272, 278, 285, 287, 288, substituted ‘‘Certification accept-
chapter I heading before section 101. ance’’ for ‘‘Secondary road responsibilities’’ in item 117,
1995—Pub. L. 104–59, title II, § 205(d)(2), title III, ‘‘Public transportation’’ for ‘‘Urban highway public
§§ 311(c), 320(b), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 577, 584, 590, sub- transportation’’ in item 142, and added items 145 to 153.
stituted ‘‘Payments’’ for ‘‘Payment’’ and ‘‘and other 1970—Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §§ 111(b), 127(b), 134(b),
debt instrument financing’’ for ‘‘retirement’’ in item title II, § 204(b), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1720, 1731, 1734,
122, struck out item 154 ‘‘National maximum speed 1742, added items 142, 143, 144, and substituted ‘‘Fringe
limit’’, and added item 161. and corridor parking facilities’’ for ‘‘Limitation on au-
1991—Pub. L. 102–240, title I, §§ 1007(a)(2), 1008(c), thorization of appropriations for certain purposes’’ in
1009(e)(2), 1014(b), 1016(f)(3), 1024(c)(1), 1025(b), 1031(a)(2), item 137.
Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1930, 1933, 1934, 1942, 1946, 1962, 1968—Pub. L. 90–495, §§ 10(b), 12(b), 16(b), 22(b), 25(c),
1965, 1973, substituted ‘‘Program efficiencies’’ for ‘‘Au- 35(b), Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 820, 822, 823, 827, 829, 836,
thorizations’’ in item 102, substituted ‘‘maintenance added items 135, 139, 140, and 141 and substituted ‘‘Pre-
program’’ for ‘‘System resurfacing’’ in item 119, added vailing rate of wage’’ for ‘‘Prevailing rate of wage—
item 133, substituted ‘‘Metropolitan planning’’ for Interstate System’’ in item 113 and ‘‘Construction by
‘‘Transportation planning in certain urban areas’’ in States in advance of apportionment’’ for ‘‘Construction

4. § 101 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS Page 4
by States in advance of apportionment—Interstate Sys- (4) COUNTY.—The term ‘‘county’’ includes
tem’’ in item 115. corresponding units of government under any
1966—Pub. L. 89–574, §§ 8(c)(2), 15(b), Sept. 13, 1966, 80
Stat. 769, 771, added items 137 and 138.
other name in States that do not have county
Pub. L. 89–564, title I, § 102(b)(1), Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. organizations and, in those States in which
734, struck out item 135 relating to highway safety pro- the county government does not have jurisdic-
grams. tion over highways, any local government unit
1965—Pub. L. 89–285, title I, § 102, title II, § 202, Oct. 22, vested with jurisdiction over local highways.
1965, 79 Stat. 1030, 1032, substituted ‘‘Control of outdoor (5) FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY.—The term ‘‘Fed-
advertising’’ for ‘‘Areas adjacent to the Interstate Sys- eral-aid highway’’ means a highway eligible
tem’’ in item 131, and added item 136.
Pub. L. 89–139, § 4(b), Aug. 28, 1965, 79 Stat. 579, added for assistance under this chapter other than a
item 135. highway classified as a local road or rural
1962—Pub. L. 87–866, §§ 5(b), 9(b), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. minor collector.
1147, 1148, added items 133 and 134. (6) FEDERAL-AID SYSTEM.—The term ‘‘Fed-
1960—Pub. L. 86–657, §§ 4(b), 5(b), July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. eral-aid system’’ means any of the Federal-aid
523, included ferries in item 129 and added item 132. highway systems described in section 103.
§ 101. Definitions and declaration of policy (7) FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY.—The term
‘‘Federal lands highway’’ means a forest high-
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this title, the following way, public lands highway, park road, park-
definitions apply: way, refuge road, and Indian reservation road
(1) APPORTIONMENT.—The term ‘‘apportion- that is a public road.
ment’’ includes unexpended apportionments (8) FOREST DEVELOPMENT ROADS AND
made under prior authorization laws. TRAILS.—The term ‘‘forest development roads
(2) CARPOOL PROJECT.—The term ‘‘carpool and trails’’ means forest roads and trails under
project’’ means any project to encourage the the jurisdiction of the Forest Service.
use of carpools and vanpools, including provi- (9) FOREST HIGHWAY.—The term ‘‘forest high-
sion of carpooling opportunities to the elderly way’’ means a forest road under the jurisdic-
and individuals with disabilities, systems for tion of, and maintained by, a public authority
locating potential riders and informing them and open to public travel.
of carpool opportunities, acquiring vehicles for (10) FOREST ROAD OR TRAIL.—The term ‘‘for-
carpool use, designating existing highway est road or trail’’ means a road or trail wholly
lanes as preferential carpool highway lanes, or partly within, or adjacent to, and serving
providing related traffic control devices, and the National Forest System that is necessary
designating existing facilities for use for pref- for the protection, administration, and utiliza-
erential parking for carpools. tion of the National Forest System and the
(3) CONSTRUCTION.—The term ‘‘construction’’ use and development of its resources.
means the supervising, inspecting, actual (11) HIGHWAY.—The term ‘‘highway’’ in-
building, and incurrence of all costs incidental cludes—
to the construction or reconstruction of a (A) a road, street, and parkway;
highway, including bond costs and other costs (B) a right-of-way, bridge, railroad-high-
relating to the issuance in accordance with way crossing, tunnel, drainage structure,
section 122 of bonds or other debt financing in- sign, guardrail, and protective structure, in
struments and costs incurred by the State in connection with a highway; and
performing Federal-aid project related audits (C) a portion of any interstate or inter-
that directly benefit the Federal-aid highway national bridge or tunnel and the approaches
program. Such term includes— thereto, the cost of which is assumed by a
(A) locating, surveying, and mapping (in- State transportation department, including
cluding the establishment of temporary and such facilities as may be required by the
permanent geodetic markers in accordance United States Customs and Immigration
with specifications of the National Oceanic Services in connection with the operation of
and Atmospheric Administration of the De- an international bridge or tunnel.
partment of Commerce);
(B) resurfacing, restoration, and rehabili- (12) INDIAN RESERVATION ROAD.—The term
tation; ‘‘Indian reservation road’’ means a public road
(C) acquisition of rights-of-way; that is located within or provides access to an
(D) relocation assistance, acquisition of re- Indian reservation or Indian trust land or re-
placement housing sites, and acquisition and stricted Indian land that is not subject to fee
rehabilitation, relocation, and construction title alienation without the approval of the
of replacement housing; Federal Government, or Indian and Alaska Na-
(E) elimination of hazards of railway grade tive villages, groups, or communities in which
crossings; Indians and Alaskan Natives reside, whom the
(F) elimination of roadside obstacles; Secretary of the Interior has determined are
(G) improvements that directly facilitate eligible for services generally available to In-
and control traffic flow, such as grade sepa- dians under Federal laws specifically applica-
ration of intersections, widening of lanes, ble to Indians.
channelization of traffic, traffic control sys- (13) INTERSTATE SYSTEM.—The term ‘‘Inter-
tems, and passenger loading and unloading state System’’ means the Dwight D. Eisen-
areas; and hower National System of Interstate and De-
(H) capital improvements that directly fa- fense Highways described in section 103(c).
cilitate an effective vehicle weight enforce- (14) MAINTENANCE.—The term ‘‘mainte-
ment program, such as scales (fixed and nance’’ means the preservation of the entire
portable), scale pits, scale installation, and highway, including surface, shoulders, road-
scale houses. sides, structures, and such traffic-control de-

5. Page 5 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS § 101
vices as are necessary for safe and efficient roads and trails’’ means those roads and trails
utilization of the highway. that the Secretary of the Interior determines
(15) MAINTENANCE AREA.—The term ‘‘mainte- are of primary importance for the develop-
nance area’’ means an area that was des- ment, protection, administration, and utiliza-
ignated as a nonattainment area, but was tion of public lands and resources under the
later redesignated by the Administrator of the control of the Secretary of the Interior.
Environmental Protection Agency as an at- (25) PUBLIC LANDS HIGHWAY.—The term ‘‘pub-
tainment area, under section 107(d) of the lic lands highway’’ means a forest road under
Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7407(d)). the jurisdiction of and maintained by a public
(16) NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM.—The term authority and open to public travel or any
‘‘National Highway System’’ means the Fed- highway through unappropriated or unre-
eral-aid highway system described in section served public lands, nontaxable Indian lands,
103(b). or other Federal reservations under the juris-
(17) OPERATING COSTS FOR TRAFFIC MONI- diction of and maintained by a public author-
TORING, MANAGEMENT, AND CONTROL.—The term ity and open to public travel.
‘‘operating costs for traffic monitoring, man- (26) PUBLIC LANDS HIGHWAYS.—The term
agement, and control’’ includes labor costs, ‘‘public lands highways’’ means those main
administrative costs, costs of utilities and highways through unappropriated or unre-
rent, and other costs associated with the con- served public lands, nontaxable Indian lands,
tinuous operation of traffic control, such as or other Federal reservations, which are on
integrated traffic control systems, incident the Federal-aid systems.
management programs, and traffic control (27) PUBLIC ROAD.—The term ‘‘public road’’
centers. means any road or street under the jurisdic-
(18) OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENT.—The term tion of and maintained by a public authority
‘‘operational improvement’’— and open to public travel.
(A) means (i) a capital improvement for in- (28) REFUGE ROAD.—The term ‘‘refuge road’’
stallation of traffic surveillance and control means a public road that provides access to or
equipment, computerized signal systems, within a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge
motorist information systems, integrated System and for which title and maintenance
traffic control systems, incident manage- responsibility is vested in the United States
ment programs, and transportation demand Government.
management facilities, strategies, and pro- (29) RURAL AREAS.—The term ‘‘rural areas’’
grams, and (ii) such other capital improve- means all areas of a State not included in
ments to public roads as the Secretary may urban areas.
designate, by regulation; and (30) SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT.—The
(B) does not include resurfacing, restoring, term ‘‘safety improvement project’’ means a
or rehabilitating improvements, construc- project that corrects or improves high hazard
tion of additional lanes, interchanges, and locations, eliminates roadside obstacles, im-
grade separations, and construction of a new proves highway signing and pavement mark-
facility on a new location. ing, installs priority control systems for emer-
(19) PARK ROAD.—The term ‘‘park road’’ gency vehicles at signalized intersections, in-
means a public road, including a bridge built stalls or replaces emergency motorist aid call
primarily for pedestrian use, but with capac- boxes, or installs traffic control or warning de-
ity for use by emergency vehicles, that is lo- vices at locations with high accident poten-
cated within, or provides access to, an area in tial.
the National Park System with title and (31) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’
maintenance responsibilities vested in the means Secretary of Transportation.
United States. (32) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means any of
(20) PARKWAY.—The term ‘‘parkway’’, as the 50 States, the District of Columbia, or
used in chapter 2 of this title, means a park- Puerto Rico.
way authorized by Act of Congress on lands to (33) STATE FUNDS.—The term ‘‘State funds’’
which title is vested in the United States. includes funds raised under the authority of
(21) PROJECT.—The term ‘‘project’’ means an the State or any political or other subdivision
undertaking to construct a particular portion thereof, and made available for expenditure
of a highway, or if the context so implies, the under the direct control of the State transpor-
particular portion of a highway so constructed tation department.
or any other undertaking eligible for assist- (34) STATE TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT.—
ance under this title. The term ‘‘State transportation department’’
(22) PROJECT AGREEMENT.—The term ‘‘project means that department, commission, board, or
agreement’’ means the formal instrument to official of any State charged by its laws with
be executed by the State transportation de- the responsibility for highway construction.
partment and the Secretary as required by (35) TRANSPORTATION ENHANCEMENT ACTIV-
section 106. ITY.—The term ‘‘transportation enhancement
(23) PUBLIC AUTHORITY.—The term ‘‘public activity’’ means, with respect to any project
authority’’ means a Federal, State, county, or the area to be served by the project, any of
town, or township, Indian tribe, municipal or the following activities as the activities relate
other local government or instrumentality to surface transportation:
with authority to finance, build, operate, or (A) Provision of facilities for pedestrians
maintain toll or toll-free facilities. and bicycles.
(24) PUBLIC LANDS DEVELOPMENT ROADS AND (B) Provision of safety and educational ac-
TRAILS.—The term ‘‘public lands development tivities for pedestrians and bicyclists.

6. § 101 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS Page 6
(C) Acquisition of scenic easements and the needs of local and interstate commerce for
scenic or historic sites (including historic the national and civil defense.
battlefields). (2) COMPLETION OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM.—Con-
(D) Scenic or historic highway programs gress declares that the prompt and early com-
(including the provision of tourist and wel- pletion of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National
come center facilities). System of Interstate and Defense Highways
(E) Landscaping and other scenic beautifi- (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Interstate
cation. System’’), so named because of its primary im-
(F) Historic preservation. portance to the national defense, is essential
(G) Rehabilitation and operation of his- to the national interest. It is the intent of
toric transportation buildings, structures, or Congress that the Interstate System be com-
facilities (including historic railroad facili- pleted as nearly as practicable over the period
ties and canals). of availability of the forty years’ appropria-
(H) Preservation of abandoned railway cor- tions authorized for the purpose of expediting
ridors (including the conversion and use of its construction, reconstruction, or improve-
the corridors for pedestrian or bicycle ment, inclusive of necessary tunnels and
trails). bridges, through the fiscal year ending Sep-
(I) Inventory, control, and removal of out- tember 30, 1996, under section 108(b) of the Fed-
door advertising. eral-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (70 Stat. 374), and
(J) Archaeological planning and research. that the entire system in all States be brought
(K) Environmental mitigation— to simultaneous completion. Insofar as pos-
(i) to address water pollution due to sible in consonance with this objective, exist-
highway runoff; or ing highways located on an interstate route
(ii) 1 reduce vehicle-caused wildlife mor- shall be used to the extent that such use is
tality while maintaining habitat practicable, suitable, and feasible, it being the
connectivity. intent that local needs, to the extent prac-
(L) Establishment of transportation muse- ticable, suitable, and feasible, shall be given
ums. equal consideration with the needs of inter-
state commerce.
(36) URBAN AREA.—The term ‘‘urban area’’ (3) TRANSPORTATION NEEDS OF 21ST CEN-
means an urbanized area or, in the case of an TURY.—Congress declares that—
urbanized area encompassing more than one (A) it is in the national interest to pre-
State, that part of the urbanized area in each serve and enhance the surface transpor-
such State, or urban place as designated by tation system to meet the needs of the
the Bureau of the Census having a population United States for the 21st Century;
of 5,000 or more and not within any urbanized (B) the current urban and long distance
area, within boundaries to be fixed by respon- personal travel and freight movement de-
sible State and local officials in cooperation mands have surpassed the original forecasts
with each other, subject to approval by the and travel demand patterns are expected to
Secretary. Such boundaries shall encompass, continue to change;
at a minimum, the entire urban place des- (C) continued planning for and investment
ignated by the Bureau of the Census, except in in surface transportation is critical to en-
the case of cities in the State of Maine and in sure the surface transportation system ade-
the State of New Hampshire. quately meets the changing travel demands
(37) URBANIZED AREA.—The term ‘‘urbanized of the future;
area’’ means an area with a population of (D) among the foremost needs that the sur-
50,000 or more designated by the Bureau of the face transportation system must meet to
Census, within boundaries to be fixed by re- provide for a strong and vigorous national
sponsible State and local officials in coopera- economy are safe, efficient, and reliable—
tion with each other, subject to approval by (i) national and interregional personal
the Secretary. Such boundaries shall encom- mobility (including personal mobility in
pass, at a minimum, the entire urbanized area rural and urban areas) and reduced conges-
within a State as designated by the Bureau of tion;
(ii) flow of interstate and international
the Census.
commerce and freight transportation; and
(38) ADVANCED TRUCK STOP ELECTRIFICATION
(iii) travel movements essential for na-
SYSTEM.—The term ‘‘advanced truck stop elec-
tional security;
trification system’’ means a system that de-
livers heat, air conditioning, electricity, or (E) special emphasis should be devoted to
communications to a heavy duty vehicle. providing safe and efficient access for the
type and size of commercial and military ve-
(b) DECLARATION OF POLICY.— hicles that access designated National High-
(1) ACCELERATION OF CONSTRUCTION OF FED- way System intermodal freight terminals;
ERAL-AID HIGHWAY SYSTEMS.—Congress de- (F) the connection between land use and
clares that it is in the national interest to ac- infrastructure is significant;
celerate the construction of Federal-aid high- (G) transportation should play a signifi-
way systems, including the Dwight D. Eisen- cant role in promoting economic growth, im-
hower National System of Interstate and De- proving the environment, and sustaining the
fense,2 because many of the highways (or por- quality of life; and
tions of the highways) are inadequate to meet (H) the Secretary should take appropriate
actions to preserve and enhance the Inter-
1 So in original. The word ‘‘to’’ probably should appear. state System to meet the needs of the 21st
2 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘Defense Highways,’’. Century.

7. Page 7 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS § 101
(c) It is the sense of Congress that under exist- REFERENCES IN TEXT
ing law no part of any sums authorized to be ap- Section 108(b) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956
propriated for expenditure upon any Federal-aid (70 Stat. 374), referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section
system which has been apportioned pursuant to 108(b) of act June 29, 1956, ch. 462, 70 Stat. 378, which is
the provisions of this title shall be impounded or set out below.
withheld from obligation, for purposes and AMENDMENTS
projects as provided in this title, by any officer
2005—Subsec. (a)(35). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1122(a), amended
or employee in the executive branch of the Fed- heading and text of par. (35) generally, substituting in-
eral Government, except such specific sums as troductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (L) defining
may be determined by the Secretary of the ‘‘Transportation enhancement activity’’ for substan-
Treasury, after consultation with the Secretary tially identical undesignated provisions defining
of Transportation, are necessary to be withheld ‘‘Transportation enhancement activities’’.
from obligation for specific periods of time to Subsec. (a)(38). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1122(b), added par. (38).
assure that sufficient amounts will be available Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59, § 1909(a), inserted subsec.
heading, substituted heading and text of par. (1) for
in the Highway Trust Fund to defray the ex-
first undesignated par. relating to declaration that it
penditures which will be required to be made was in the national interest to accelerate the construc-
from such fund. tion of the Federal-aid highway systems, designated
(d) No funds authorized to be appropriated second undesignated par. as par. (2), inserted heading,
from the Highway Trust Fund shall be expended and substituted ‘‘Congress declares that the prompt
and early completion of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Na-
by or on behalf of any Federal department,
tional System of Interstate and Defense Highways (re-
agency, or instrumentality other than the Fed- ferred to in this section as the ‘Interstate System’), so
eral Highway Administration unless funds for named because of its primary importance to the na-
such expenditure are identified and included as tional defense, is essential to the national interest’’ for
a line item in an appropriation Act and are to ‘‘It is hereby declared that the prompt and early com-
meet obligations of the United States heretofore pletion of The Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Inter-
or hereafter incurred under this title attrib- state and Defense Highways, so named because of its
utable to the construction of Federal-aid high- primary importance to the national defense and here-
after referred to as the ‘Interstate System’, is essential
ways or highway planning, research, or develop-
to the national interest and is one of the most impor-
ment, or as otherwise specifically authorized to tant objectives of this Act’’, and substituted heading
be appropriated from the Highway Trust Fund and text of par. (3) for third undesignated par. relating
by Federal-aid highway legislation. to the national policy that increased emphasis be
(e) It is the national policy that to the max- placed on the construction and reconstruction of the
other Federal-aid systems.
imum extent possible the procedures to be uti- 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–178 inserted heading and
lized by the Secretary and all other affected amended text of subsec. (a) generally, alphabetizing,
heads of Federal departments, agencies, and in- numbering, and inserting headings for terms defined,
strumentalities for carrying out this title and inserting definitions of ‘‘maintenance area’’ and ‘‘ref-
any other provision of law relating to the Fed- uge road’’, and substituting definition of ‘‘State trans-
eral highway programs shall encourage the sub- portation department’’ for definition of ‘‘State highway
stantial minimization of paperwork and inter- department’’.
agency decision procedures and the best use of 1995—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–59, § 311(b), in first sen-
tence of definition of ‘‘construction’’, inserted ‘‘bond
available manpower and funds so as to prevent costs and other costs relating to the issuance in accord-
needless duplication and unnecessary delays at ance with section 122 of bonds or other debt financing
all levels of government. instruments,’’ after ‘‘highway, including’’.
Pub. L. 104–59, § 301(b)(1), in definition of ‘‘project’’,
(Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 885; Pub. L. inserted before period at end ‘‘or any other undertaking
86–70, § 21(e)(1), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 146; Pub. L. eligible for assistance under this title’’.
86–624, § 17(a), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 415; Pub. L. Pub. L. 104–59, § 301(b)(2), added provision defining
87–866, § 6(a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1147; Pub. L. ‘‘operating costs for traffic monitoring, management,
88–423, § 3, Aug. 13, 1964, 78 Stat. 397; Pub. L. and control’’ and struck out former provision defining
‘‘startup costs for traffic management and control’’
89–574, § 4(a), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 767; Pub. L.
which read as follows: ‘‘The term ‘startup costs for
90–495, §§ 4(a), 8, 15, Aug. 23, 1968, 82 Stat. 816, 819, traffic management and control’ means initial costs
822; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §§ 104(a), 106(a), 107, (including labor costs, administration costs, cost of
117(d), 130, 141, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1714, 1716, utilities, and rent) for integrated traffic control sys-
1718, 1724, 1732, 1737; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, §§ 105, tems, incident management programs, and traffic con-
106(a), 107, 108, 152(1), Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. trol centers.’’
253–255, 276; Pub. L. 93–643, § 102(b), Jan. 4, 1975, 88 1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1006(g)(1), added
Stat. 2281; Pub. L. 94–280, title I, §§ 107(a), 108, provision defining ‘‘Federal-aid highways’’ and struck
out former provision which read as follows: ‘‘The term
May 5, 1976, 90 Stat. 430, 431; Pub. L. 95–599, title
‘Federal-aid highways’ means highways located on one
I, § 106, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2693; Pub. L. 97–424, of the Federal-aid systems described in section 103 of
title I, §§ 126(c), 159, Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2115, this title.’’
2135; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 102(b)(3), 108, 109, Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(a), in definition of ‘‘highway
133(b)(2), (3), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 135, 146, 171; safety improvement project’’, inserted ‘‘installs pri-
Pub. L. 101–427, Oct. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 927; Pub. ority control systems for emergency vehicles at signal-
L. 102–240, title I, §§ 1001(g), 1005, 1006(g)(1), ized intersections’’ after ‘‘marking,’’.
1007(c), Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 1916, 1922, 1927, Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(3), in definition of ‘‘Indian
reservation roads’’, struck out ‘‘, including roads on
1931; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, §§ 301(b), 311(b), Nov.
the Federal-aid systems,’’ after ‘‘public roads’’.
28, 1995, 109 Stat. 578, 583; Pub. L. 105–178, title I, Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(4), in definition of ‘‘park
§ 1201, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 164; Pub. L. 109–59, road’’, inserted ‘‘, including a bridge built primarily for
title I, §§ 1122, 1909(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1196, pedestrian use, but with capacity for use by emergency
1470.) vehicles’’ before ‘‘that is located’’.

8. § 101 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS Page 8
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(b), inserted provision defining Pub. L. 97–424, § 159, in definition of ‘‘construction’’,
‘‘urbanized area’’ and struck out former provision inserted provision that it also includes costs incurred
which read as follows: ‘‘The term ‘urbanized area’ by the State in performing Federal-aid project related
means an area so designated by the Bureau of the Cen- audits which directly benefit the Federal-aid highway
sus, within boundaries to be fixed by responsible State program.
and local officials in cooperation with each other, sub- 1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(a), in definition
ject to approval by the Secretary. Such boundaries of ‘‘construction’’ inserted provision relating to capital
shall, as a minimum, encompass the entire urbanized improvements.
area within a State as designated by the Bureau of the Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(1), in definition of ‘‘forest road
Census.’’ or trail’’, inserted provisions requiring contingency or
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(c), inserted provision defining service to the National Forest System and necessity for
‘‘National Highway System’’ and struck out former the protection, administration, and utilization thereof.
provision defining ‘‘Federal-aid primary system’’ which Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(2), defined ‘‘forest development
read as follows: ‘‘The term ‘Federal-aid primary sys- roads or trails’’ in terms of a forest road or trail under
tem’ means the Federal-aid highway system described the jurisdiction of the Forest Service rather than in
in subsection (b) of section 103 of this title.’’ terms of a forest road or trail of primary importance
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(d)(1), (2), struck out provisions for the protection, administration, and utilization of
defining ‘‘Federal-aid secondary system’’ and ‘‘Federal- the national forest or other areas under the jurisdic-
aid urban system’’ which read as follows: tion of the Forest Service.
‘‘The term ‘Federal-aid secondary system’ means the Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(3), defined ‘‘forest highway’’ in
Federal-aid highway system described in subsection (c) terms of a forest road under the jurisdiction of, and
of section 103 of this title. maintained by, a public authority and open to public
‘‘The term ‘Federal-aid urban system’ means the Fed- travel rather than in terms of a forest road which is of
eral-aid highway system described in subsection (d) of primary importance to the States, counties, or commu-
section 103 of this title.’’ nities contingent to national forests and which is a
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(e), in definition of ‘‘Interstate Federal-aid system.
System’’, inserted ‘‘Dwight D. Eisenhower’’ before ‘‘Na- Pub. L. 95–599, § 106(b)(4), inserted definition of ‘‘high-
tional’’. way safety improvement project’’.
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(g), inserted provisions defining 1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–280, § 108, defined ‘‘con-
‘‘start-up costs for traffic management and control’’, struction’’ to include resurfacing, restoration, and re-
‘‘carpool project’’, ‘‘public authority’’ and ‘‘public habilitation and ‘‘urban area’’ to exclude cities in the
lands highway’’. States of Maine and New Hampshire and inserted defi-
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1005(f), inserted provision defining nition of ‘‘public road’’.
‘‘operational improvement’’. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–280, § 107(a), substituted provi-
Pub. L. 102–240, § 1007(c), inserted provision defining sion for completion of the Interstate System over a
‘‘transportation enhancement activities’’. thirty-four year period, through the fiscal year ending
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–240, § 1001(g), substituted September 30, 1990, for a prior provision for such com-
‘‘forty’’ for ‘‘thirty-seven’’ and ‘‘1996’’ for ‘‘1993’’ in sec- pletion over a twenty-three period, through the fiscal
ond par. year ending June 30, 1979.
1990—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–427 substituted ‘‘The 1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–643 defined ‘‘Indian res-
Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and De- ervation roads and bridges’’ to include roads and
fense Highways’’ for ‘‘the National System of Inter- bridges on the Federal-aid systems.
state and Defense Highways’’ in first two pars. 1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(1), in definition
1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–17, § 108, in definition of of ‘‘construction’’, substituted ‘‘National Oceanic and
‘‘construction’’, inserted ‘‘elimination of roadside ob- Atmospheric Administration’’ for ‘‘Coast and Geodetic
stacles,’’ after ‘‘grade crossings,’’. Survey’’ and extended definition to include improve-
Pub. L. 100–17, § 133(b)(2), substituted definition of ments which directly facilitate and control traffic flow,
‘‘forest road or trail’’ for ‘‘forest or trail’’. such as grade separation of intersections, widening of
Pub. L. 100–17, § 109, in definition of ‘‘highway safety lanes, channelization of traffic, traffic control systems,
improvement project’’, inserted ‘‘installs or replaces and passenger loading and unloading areas.
emergency motorist-aid call boxes,’’ after ‘‘pavement Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(3), in definition of ‘‘Indian reserva-
marking,’’. tion roads and bridges’’, substituted ‘‘approval of the
Pub. L. 100–17, § 133(b)(3), amended definition of ‘‘park Federal Government, or Indian and Alaska Native vil-
road’’ generally. Prior to amendment, definition read lages, groups, or communities in which Indians and
as follows: ‘‘The term ‘park road’ means a public road Alaskan Natives reside, whom the Secretary of the In-
that is located within or provides access to an area in terior has determined are eligible for services generally
the national park system.’’ available to Indians under Federal laws specifically ap-
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–17, § 102(b)(3), substituted plicable to Indians’’ for ‘‘approval of the Federal Gov-
‘‘thirty-seven years’ ’’ for ‘‘thirty-four years’ ’’ and ernment on which Indians reside whom the Secretary
‘‘1993’’ for ‘‘1990’’ in second par. of the Interior has determined to be eligible for serv-
1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(1), sub- ices generally available to Indians under Federal laws
stituted provision that ‘‘park road’’ means a public specifically applicable to Indians’’.
road that is located within or provides access to an Pub. L. 93–87, § 152(1), in definition of ‘‘Secretary’’,
area in the national park system, for provision that substituted ‘‘Secretary of Transportation’’ for ‘‘Sec-
‘‘park roads and trails’’ means those roads or trails, in- retary of Commerce’’.
cluding the necessary bridges, located in national parks Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(4), in definition of ‘‘urbanized
or monuments, now or hereafter established, or in area’’, provided for boundaries of the ‘‘urbanized area’’
other areas administered by the National Park Service to be fixed by responsible State and local officials in
of the Department of the Interior (excluding parkways cooperation with each other, subject to approval by the
authorized by Acts of Congress) and also including ap- Secretary, and required such boundaries, as a min-
proach roads to national parks or monuments author- imum, to encompass the entire urbanized area within a
ized by the Act of January 31, 1931 (46 Stat. 1053), as State as designated by the Bureau of the Census.
amended. Pub. L. 93–87, § 105(2), in definition of ‘‘urban area’’,
Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(2), substituted ‘‘The term ‘In- substituted ‘‘an urbanized area or, in the case of an ur-
dian reservation roads’ means public roads, including banized area encompassing more than one State, that
roads’’ for ‘‘The term ‘Indian reservation roads and part of the urbanized area in each such State, or an
bridges’ means roads and bridges, including roads and urban place as designated by the Bureau of the Census
bridges’’ before ‘‘on the Federal-aid systems’’. having a population of five thousand or more and not
Pub. L. 97–424, § 126(c)(3), inserted provision defining within any urbanized area, within boundaries to be
‘‘Federal lands highways’’. fixed by responsible State and local officials in co-

9. Page 9 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS § 101
operation with each other, subject to approval by the 1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–574 substituted a ref-
Secretary’’ for ‘‘an area including and adjacent to a erence to ‘‘sixteen years’ appropriation’’ for reference
municipality or other urban place having a population to ‘‘fifteen years’ appropriation’’ and substituted ‘‘June
of five thousand or more, as determined by the latest 30, 1972’’ for ‘‘June 30, 1971’’.
available Federal census, within boundaries to be fixed 1964—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–423 substituted ‘‘fifteen
by a State highway department subject to the approval years’’ for ‘‘thirteen years’’ and ‘‘June 30, 1971’’ for
of the Secretary’’, and required such boundaries, as a ‘‘June 30, 1969’’.
minimum, to encompass the entire urban place des- 1962—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–866 inserted definition of
ignated by the Bureau of the Census. ‘‘public lands development roads and trails’’.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–87, §§ 106(a), 107, extended time 1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–624 substituted ‘‘fifty
for completion of the National System of Interstate States, the District of Columbia, or Puerto Rico’’ for
and Defense Highways, substituting in second par. ‘‘forty-nine States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, or
‘‘twenty-three years’’ and ‘‘June 30, 1979’’ for ‘‘twenty Puerto Rico’’ in definition of ‘‘State’’.
years’’ and ‘‘June 30, 1976’’, and inserted third par. de- 1959—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–70 substituted ‘‘forty-
claratory of national policy, since the Interstate Sys- nine States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii’’ for
tem is now in the final phase of completion, that in- ‘‘forty-eight States, the District of Columbia, Hawaii,
creased emphasis be placed on the construction and re- Alaska’’ in definition of ‘‘State’’.
construction of the other Federal-aid systems in ac-
cordance with the first par. of subsec. (b), in order to EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT
bring all of the Federal-aid systems up to standards Pub. L. 105–206, title IX, § 9016, July 22, 1998, 112 Stat.
and to increase the safety of these systems to the max- 868, provided that: ‘‘This title [see Tables for classifica-
imum extent.
tion] and the amendments made by this title shall take
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 93–87, § 108, added subsec. (e).
1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–605, §§ 106(a), 117(d), 130, effect simultaneously with the enactment of the Trans-
141, inserted definitions of ‘‘urbanized area’’ and ‘‘Fed- portation Equity Act for the 21st Century [Pub. L.
eral-aid urban system’’, substituted ‘‘subsection (e)’’ 105–178]. For purposes of all Federal laws, the amend-
for ‘‘subsection (d)’’ in definition of ‘‘Interstate Sys- ments made by this title shall be treated as being in-
tem’’, included within the costs of construction, under cluded in the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st
the definition of ‘‘construction’’, relocation assistance, Century at the time of the enactment of such Act [June
acquisition of replacement housing sites, acquisition, 9, 1998], and the provisions of such Act (including the
and rehabilitation, relocation, and construction of re- amendments made by such Act) (as in effect on the day
placement housing, and substituted ‘‘acquisition’’ for before the date of enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998])
‘‘costs’’ of rights-of-way, broadened definition of ‘‘In- that are amended by this title shall be treated as not
dian reservation roads and bridges’’ to include roads being enacted.’’
and bridges on State controlled Indian reservations, EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT
trust lands, and restricted Indian lands, a well as roads
and bridges on such lands under Federal control, and Amendment by Pub. L. 102–240 effective Dec. 18, 1991,
inserted in definitions of ‘‘forest highway’’ and ‘‘public and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated
lands highways’’ provisions to ensure that these high- or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain
ways be on the Federal-aid systems. exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–605, § 104(a), substituted ‘‘twen- made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section
ty years’’ for ‘‘eighteen years’’ and ‘‘June 30, 1976’’ for 1100 of Pub. L. 102–240, set out as a note under section
‘‘June 30, 1974’’. 104 of this title.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–605, § 107, substituted ‘‘any offi-
cer or employee in the executive branch of the Federal EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT
Government’’ for ‘‘any officer or employee of any de- Section 147 of Pub. L. 91–605 provided that: ‘‘The
partment, agency, or instrumentality of the executive amendments made by section 117 [enacting section 510
branch of the Federal Government’’ and ‘‘Highway of this title, amending this section, and renumbering
Trust Fund’’ for ‘‘highway trust fund’’. sections 511 and 512 of this title], 120 [amending provi-
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 91–605, § 107, substituted provi- sions set out as a note under section 502 of this title],
sions prohibiting expenditure of funds from the High- and 137 of this Act [amending section 506 of this title]
way Trust Fund by any department other than the Fed-
shall not take effect if before the effective date of this
eral Highway Administration unless these funds are
Act [Dec. 31, 1970] the Uniform Relocation Assistance
identified and included as a line item in an appropria-
and Land Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 has been en-
tion Act and are to meet obligations incurred under
acted into law.’’ The Uniform Relocation Assistance
this title attributable to the construction of Federal
and Land Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, enacted as
aid highways or for planning, research, or development,
Pub. L. 91–646, 84 Stat. 1894, was approved Jan. 2, 1971,
or as otherwise specifically authorized to be appro-
whereas this Act (Title I of Pub. L. 91–605) was approved
priated from the Highway Trust Fund by Federal-aid
Dec. 31, 1970, therefore the amendments made by sec-
highway legislation for provisions expressing essen-
tions 117, 120, and 137 of Title I of Pub. L. 91–605 took
tially the same prohibitions but permitting expendi-
tures to meet obligations incurred under this title at- effect.
tributable to Federal-aid highways, and contracted for EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1968 AMENDMENT
in accordance with the Act of March 4, 1915, as amended
[section 686 of Title 31, Money and Finance], relating to Section 37 of Pub. L. 90–495, as amended by Pub. L.
work or services not usually performed by the Federal 91–605, title I, § 120, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1725, provided
Highway Administration, or relating to the furnishing that:
of materials, supplies or equipment, and expenditures ‘‘(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of
specifically identified in the budget and included in an this section, this Act and the amendments made by
appropriation Act. this Act [enacting sections 135, 139, 140, 141, and 501 to
1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–495, § 8, inserted ‘‘and 511 of this title, amending this section, sections 103, 104,
other areas administered by the Forest Service’’ after 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 125, 128, 129, 131, 135, 136, 138,
‘‘national forests’’ and ‘‘national forest’’ in definitions 205, 319, and 402 of this title, section 636 of Title 15,
of ‘‘forest road or trail’’ and ‘‘forest development roads Commerce and Trade, and section 1653 of former Title
and trails’’. 49, Transportation, repealing section 133 of this title,
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–495, § 4(a), substituted a ref- enacting provisions set out as notes under this section
erence to ‘‘eighteen years’ appropriation’’ for reference and sections 104, 108, 125, 134, 501, 502, and 510 of this
to ‘‘sixteen years’ appropriation’’ and substituted title] shall take effect on the date of its enactment
‘‘June 30, 1974’’ for ‘‘June 30, 1972’’. [Aug. 23, 1968], except that until July 1, 1970, sections
Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 90–495, § 15, added subsecs. (c) 502, 505, 506, 507, and 508 of title 23, United States Code,
and (d). as added by this Act, shall be applicable to a State only

10. § 101 TITLE 23—HIGHWAYS Page 10
to the extent that such State is able under its laws to enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503
comply with such sections. Except as otherwise pro- of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes
vided in subsection (b) of this section, after July 1, 1970, under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this
such sections shall be completely applicable to all title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49]
States. Section 133 of title 23, United States Code, shall may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension
not apply to any State if sections 502, 505, 506, 507, and Act of 2005, Part II’.’’
508 of title 23, United States Code, are applicable in Pub. L. 109–14, § 1, May 31, 2005, 119 Stat. 324, provided
that State, and effective July 1, 1970, such section 133 that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188
is repealed. of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec-
‘‘(b) In the case of any State (1) which is required to tions 4481 to 4483, 9503, and 9504 of Title 26, Internal
amend its constitution to comply with sections 502, 505, Revenue Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and
506, 507, and 508 of title 23, United States Code, and (2) sections 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49,
which cannot submit the required constitutional Transportation, enacting provisions set out as notes
amendment for ratification prior to July 1, 1970, the under this section and section 4481 of Title 26, and
date of July 1, 1970, contained in subsection (a) of this amending provisions set out as notes under this sec-
section shall be extended to July 1, 1972.’’ tion, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this title, and sections
5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49] may be cited as the
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1959 AMENDMENT ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2005’.’’
Section 21(e) of Pub. L. 86–70 provided that the SHORT TITLE OF 2004 AMENDMENTS
amendments made by that section (amending this sec-
tion and sections 104, 116, and 120 of this title) are effec- Pub. L. 108–310, § 1, Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1144, pro-
tive July 1, 1959. vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163,
188, and 410 of this title, sections 900 and 901 of Title 2,
SHORT TITLE OF 2005 AMENDMENTS The Congress, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation,
sections 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue
Pub. L. 109–59, § 1(a), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1144, pro- Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections
vided that: ‘‘This Act [see Tables for classification] 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transpor-
may be cited as the ‘Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Effi- tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under this
cient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users’ section, section 104 of this title, section 9503 of Title 26,
or ‘SAFETEA–LU’.’’ and section 5337 of Title 49, amending provisions set out
Pub. L. 109–42, § 1, July 30, 2005, 119 Stat. 435, provided as notes under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of
that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 9503 and 9504 of Title this title, section 901 of Title 2, and sections 5307, 5309,
26, Internal Revenue Code, and section 5338 of Title 49, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49, and repealing provisions set
Transportation, enacting provisions set out as a note out as a note under section 9503 of Title 26] may be
under section 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of
set out as a note under section 104 of this title] may be 2004, Part V’.’’
cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Act of Pub. L. 108–280, § 1, July 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 876, pro-
2005, Part VI’.’’ vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163,
Pub. L. 109–40, § 1, July 28, 2005, 119 Stat. 410, provided and 188 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conserva-
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188 tion, sections 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue
of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec- Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections
tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transpor-
section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307, tation, enacting provisions set out as notes under sec-
5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation, tion 9503 of Title 26, amending provisions set out as
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503 notes under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of
of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes this title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title
under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this 49, and repealing provisions set out as a note under sec-
title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49] tion 5337 of Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface
may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Transportation Extension Act of 2004, Part IV’.’’
Act of 2005, Part V’.’’ Pub. L. 108–263, § 1, June 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 698, pro-
Pub. L. 109–37, § 1, July 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 394, provided vided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163,
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188 and 188 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conserva-
of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec- tion, sections 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue
tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections
section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307, 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transpor-
5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation, tation, enacting provisions set out as a note under sec-
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503 tion 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as
of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes notes under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of
under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this this title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, 5337, and 5338 of
title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49] Title 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation
may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension Extension Act of 2004, Part III’.’’
Act of 2005, Part IV’.’’ Pub. L. 108–224, § 1, Apr. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 627, provided
Pub. L. 109–35, § 1, July 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 379, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec-
of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec- tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code,
tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307,
section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation,
5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503
enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503 of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes
of Title 26, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this
under this section, sections 104, 322, and 402 of this title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, 5337, and 5338 of Title
title, and sections 5307, 5309, 5310, and 5338 of Title 49] 49] may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Exten-
may be cited as the ‘Surface Transportation Extension sion Act of 2004, Part II’.’’
Act of 2005, Part III’.’’ Pub. L. 108–202, § 1, Feb. 29, 2004, 118 Stat. 478, provided
Pub. L. 109–20, § 1, July 1, 2005, 119 Stat. 346, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 144, 157, 163, and 188 of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec-
of this title, section 777c of Title 16, Conservation, sec- tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code,
tions 9503 and 9504 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307,
section 13106 of Title 46, Shipping, and sections 5307, 5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation,
5309, 5338, 31104, and 31107 of Title 49, Transportation, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 9503