1. Welcome
Presented by :Seema prajapat

2. SOILS OF INDIA

3. THE SOIL

4. SOIL
• The unconsolidated mineral material on the surface of
the earth in which plants grow. It has formed as a result
of various soil forming factors and processes.
• It differs from the parent material in many
physical,chemical,biological and morphological
properties.

5. MAJOR SOILS OF INDIA
• Alluvial soil 75 Mha
• Black soils 72 Mha
• Red soils 70 Mha
• Laterite soil 25 Mha
• Saline and alkali soils 7.5 Mha
• Desert soils 29 Mha

7. ALLUVIAL SOILS
• Alluvial soils are most fertile and important group
of soils for agricultural production.
• The most recent,young alluvial
(khadar),,,,,subrecent,old alluvial (bhangar).
• Soils are deficient in N,P and humus.

8. Black soil

9. Black(cotton) soils
• Very dark in colour,turn extremely hard in drying and sticky
and plastic on wetting, and hence are very difficult to
cultivate and manage.
• Black soil developed on basaltic material, Clay ranging from
30-80%.
• Develop typical cracks that are 1cm wide and reach a depth
of 50cm. Or more ,known as heavy,cracking clay soils.

10. Soil
• As per the genetic system,are classified in the
orders of intrazonal , REGUR( black soil).
• black soil group is self-mulching and crusty .
Azonal , REGOSOLS,alluvial soils.

12. Desert (Arid) Soils
• Soil show a salic, gypsic, calcic, petrocalcic or a duripan.
• sink-holes and sand dunes related to desert soils.
• the name desert/arid is given to the soils that support
almost negligible vegetation,except xerophytic plants unless
irrigated.
• These are the soils of dry places that represent aridic/torrid
moisture regime.

14. Red soils
• Hues of 7.6YR of red soils.
• These are red to yellowish colour which is the
result of coating of Cedric oxides on soil-ped
surfaces,rather than to a very high proportion of
iron.

15. Laterite and lateritic soils

16. Laterite and lateritic soils
• The term laterite coined and used by Buchanan.
• the laterites are typically formed in tropical and
subtropical climate.
• These soils are dominant in kaolinite clay mineral,that is
formed due to neosynthesis.gibbsite is common
observed in laterites.

17. Salt affected soils

18. Salt affected soils
• In the arid and semi-arid regions,due to high
evaporative demand,the dissolved soluble
salts(sodium,potassium,calcium,magnesium as
chloride,Sulphates and bicarbonates).
• Sodic/alkali Soil reclaimed by using gypsum ,other
amendement I.e. , calcium chloride,sulphur,iron
sulphate ,iron pyrite etc.

19. CLASSIFICATION OF SALT AFFECTED
SOILS
• Class EC dSm-1 pH (s) ESP Genetic sys.
¤saline >4 <8.5 <15 solonchaks
¤saline- >4 >8.5 >15
sodic
¤Sodic <4 >8.5 >15 Solonetz.

20. Forest soil

21. Podzol soils

22. Podzolic soils
• The soils,formed under cool temperate to temprate,
conifers vegetation,in the presence of acid humus and
low base status.
• Group of zonal soils designated as E-horizon.
• The process of podzol soil development is called
podzolization.

23. BROWN FOREST soils

24. BROWN FOREST SOILS
• The soils developed on sedimentry and
metamorphic rocks and alluvium,under submit to
humid climatic environment and deciduous or
mixed vegetation,are non- calcic Brown and brown
forest soils.

25. Peaty soils

26. Marshy soils

27. Peaty and marshy soils
• The name peaty and marshy is given to the soils
that have developed into he low-lying coastal
marshy land or to soils confined to depressions
caused by dried lakes in the alluvial and coastal
plain areas,formerly occupied by mangrove
swamps.

28. CAT CLAY soils

29. CAT-CLAY OR ACID SULPHATE SOILS
• In India such saline peat soils are termed as kari in
the kerela state.
• These soils are highly problematic and very poor
for plant growth.it is because of the presence of
pyrite ,which on oxidation,produce sulphuric acid.

30. THANK you