The document provides a detailed overview of Pakistan, including its:
- History from ancient civilizations to independence in 1947
- Geography, with diverse landscapes ranging from mountains to deserts
- Government system as a federal parliamentary republic
- Natural diversity that includes lakes, valleys, rivers, and mountains
- Climate zones from highlands to coastal areas
- Agriculture as a major part of the economy, with crops like wheat and cotton
- Natural resources such as coal, gas, and gold deposits
- Cultural aspects like national symbols, languages, and famous leaders
2. Content
Introduction
CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT HISTORICAL EVENTS
Geography Of Pakistan
Government of Pakistan
Natural Diversity
CLIMATE & WEATHER OF PAKISTAN
Agriculture of Pakistan
Natural Resources
5. Ancient Time
(3000-1600 BC) Indus Valley civilization of modern-day Pakistan,
flourished
(1700s BC) Aryans invade from Central Asia.
(1500s BC) Aryans came into the Punjab region, followed a strict caste
system
(600 BC) People became frustrated by caste system
(550 BC) Birth of Gautama Buddha, founding of Buddhism
(516 BC) Persians conquered sub-continent and made it part of
Achaemenid Empire of Persia
6. (327 - 325BC) Alexander the Great of Macedonia invaded, captured Taxila,
Pakistan
(323 BC) Alexander the Great died, his generals divided the empire among
themselves
(272 BC) Mauryan Emperor Ashoka promotes Buddhism.
(180 B.C) A.D.Saka dynasties in Indus Valley and northwest
(185 BC) Bactrian Greeks seized northwest Pakistan
(75 BC) Scythians from central Asia arrived
(20 AD) Parthians conquered northern (present day) Pakistan
7. (60 AD) Parthians overthrown by central-Asian Kushans
(78 AD) Kushan Empire; Gandharan art flourishes
(300 AD) Kushans declined, Gupta Empire, Sassanian Empire of
Persia prevailed; Classical Age in northern India
(400 AD) Kidar Kushans came into power
(445 AD) White Huns invaded Gandhara
(565 AD) Sassanians and Turks overthrew Huns
(600 – 700 AD) Turki Shahi controlled the west of Indus, included
Gandhara
8. Coming Of Islam
(711 AD) Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, Pakistan and southern Punjab in India
998-1030 Mahmud of Ghazni raids into the subcontinent from Afghanistan
(1058 AD) Soomra Dynasty ended Arab domination, established rule over Sindh
1192 Muhammad of Ghor defeats Rajputs
(1206 AD) Most of present-day Pakistan became part of the Delhi Sultanate
1398 Destruction of Delhi by Timur
9. Mughal Period
(1526 AD) Babar, a Muslim ruler from
Afghanistan, invaded India, established the
Mughal Empire
(1526 AD) Babur victorious in first Battle of
Paniput
(1530-1556 AD) Wars of succession
1556 Akbar victorious in second Battle of
Paniput
1556-1605 Reign of Akbar the Great
10. 1605-1627 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first
trading center
1628-1658 Reign of Shah Jahan
1658-1707 Reign of Aurangzeb
1761 Third Battle of Panipat; an Afghan victory over a Maratha army
1707-1858 Decline of the Mughal Empire
11. British India
1740 East India Company gained political control over most of India
1784 William Pitt's India Act
1799-1839 Sikh kingdom in the Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1830s Institution of British education and other reform measures
1838-1842 First Afghan war
1843 British annex Sindh, Hyderabad and Khairpur
1845-49 Sikh Wars; British annex the Punjab and sell Kashmir, Gilgit, and
Ladakh "Package," known as Kashmir
12. 1857-1858 Uprising, variously known as the first war
of independence, the Mutiny,and the Sepoy Rebellion
1858 British Raj begins
1878-1880 Second Afghan War
1885 Indian National Congress formed
1893 Durand Line established as boundary between
Afghanistan and British India
1905 Partition of Bengal
1906 All-India Muslim League founded
1911 Partition of Bengal annulled
1919 Montague-Chelmsford Reforms; Third Afghan
War
1935 Government of India Act of 1935
March 23, 1940 Muslim League adopts Pakistan
Resolution
13. Establishment of Pakistan
August 14, 1947 Partition and independence; Mohammad Ali Jinnah
becomes Governor General; Liaqauit Ali Khan becomes Prime
Minister
Pakistan was comprised of two wings when it came into existence on
August 14, 1947. East Pakistan and West Pakistan
East Pakistan separated in 1971.
15. Location
Post-1971 or present day Pakistan is located in the Northwestern part of South Asian
Sub-continent.
Pakistan is situated between 24.50 and 36.75 latitude north and 61 to 75.5 longitudes
east
796,096 sq km, Pakistan is the world’s 36th largest country
20. Judicial Branch
Legal arm of the government
Constitution provides for the “separation of judiciary from the
executive” and the “independence of judiciary”
Entrusts the superior courts with an obligation to “preserve,
protect and defend” the Constitution
Consists of
Supreme Court
High Courts
Federal Shariat Court
Subordinate Judiciary
21. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION
Four provinces (Punjab , Sindh , Balouchistan , Khyber
pakhtoonkhuwan)
One capital territory ( Islamabad)
Federally Administrated Tribal Areas
Federally Administrated Northern Areas (the Pakistani-
administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region
includes Azad Kashmir)
25. Deserts:
The Kharan Desert (Located in Kharan District)
The Thal (Located between Indus & Jehlum)
The Cholistan (Spans an area of 16000 square kilometer)
The Thar (It is the seventh largest desert of the world and third )
26. Rivers & Sea:
The Indus
The Sutlej
The Ravi
The Jehlum
The Chenab
The Kabul
Arabian Sea at extreme South
27. Mountains:
K-2 , the second-highest peak of the world.
The Himalaya Range
The Karakoram Range
The Hindu Kush
The Suleman Range
29. CLIMATE DEVISIONS OF PAKISTAN
HIGHLAND: Northern areas (cold winters, mild summers and rainfall in all seasons)
LOWLAND: Punjab (cool winters, hot summers, monsoon rainfall)
Coastal: Makran and Surrounding areas (mild winters and warm summers.
Arid: Desert areas(Mild winter, hot summers and extreme aridity)
31. About 57% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the
largest irrigation systems in the world.
The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, corn, pulses, oil seeds,
barley, fruits and vegetables.
50 percent of population is directly engaged in farming or agro-based activities.
In Punjab and Sindh plains are very large. There are irrigated farmlands.
Two major crops are yielded in a year
(a) RABI: Sown in October-November and produce is obtained in April-May. Important
produces are Wheat, Gram, Oil seeds.
(b) KHARIF: Sown in May-June and produce is obtained in October-November.
Important crops are Rice, Sugar Cane, Cotton etc.
33. Pakistan is rich in natural resources
Coal: Huge reserves of coal are found in Sindh & Balochistan.
Natutral Gas: There is a large number of Gas fields in Balochistan
esp. in SUI Balochistan
Salt mines: Khewra is the largest salt mine in the world. Other
two salt mines are warcha & Kalabagh.
Gold & precious metals: Gold deposits are found in Reko dik
Balochistan. Furthermore, copper manganese & iron is also found
there.
35. National Flag of Pakistan
Pakistan's National Flag comprises dark green colour with Crescent
and Star in it and a vertical white stripe. Green part shows the
majority of Muslims and white stripe represents minorities of
Pakistan. Syed Amir ud Din Kidwai designed this flag based on the
flag of All India Muslim League. It was approved by Constituent
Assembly on 11 August, 1947.
36. National Emblem/ Logo of Pakistan
Below is national emblem of Pakistan. It was adopted in 1954. Its colour is green.
Crescent and Star is at the top while Urdu version of Quaid's Motto Faith, Unity
and Discipline ( ایمان'اتحاد'تنظیم) are written at bottom. In the centre, four major
crops of that time (cotton, wheat, tea and jute) are shown in a form of shield and
signify the importance of agriculture. This shield is surrounded with beautiful
floral design.
37. National Anthem of Pakistan
Pak Sarzamee Shad Baad...." is the national anthem of Pakistan
in Persian.
Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla created the composition without
lyrics.
Later on., Abu Al Asar Hafeez Jullandhri wrote its lyrics.
National Anthem was first time broadcast on Radio Pakistan on
13 August, 1954 while formally announced by government on 16
August 1954 followed by a performance of 11 singers including
Ahmed Rushdi.
38. National Language of Pakistan
Urdu is national language of Pakistan while English is
official language of Pakistan. Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto,
Balochi, Seraiki and many other regional languages are
also spoken.
39. Great Leader / Father of the Pakistani Nation
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah is the founder of
Pakistan. He is regarded as father of the nation. Baba e
Qaum and Quaid-e-Azam are his titles. He was a lawyer
by profession. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served the All
India Muslim League from 1913 till 14 August 1947. He
was the first Governor General of Pakistan. He died 11
September 1948 at the age of 71 years.
40. Mother of the Pakistani Nation
Fatima Jinnah is regarded as the mother of Pakistani
nation and known as Madr-i-Millat. She was the
younger sister of Quaid-e-Azam. She was a dental
surgeon by profession. She actively participated in
independence movement with his brother. After
independence, she participated in politics of Pakistan.
She died on 9 July 1967 at the age of 73 years.
41. National Poet of Pakistan
Allama Muhammad Iqbal is the national poet of
Pakistan. He was a great poet, philosophy, scholar and
leader of Pakistan Movement. He was poet of Urdu and
Persian languages. He was born in Sialkot. He gave the
idea of Pakistan and Pakistanis also known him as
Musawar-e-Pakistan.
42. National Masjid of Pakistan
Faisal Masjid Islamabad is the national masjid of
Pakistan. It is the largest masjid in Pakistan. It was
designed by a Turkish Architect Vedat Dalokay in the
form of a desert tent. It is named after the late king of
Saudi Arabia, Shah Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. Faisal Masjid
was completed in 1986. It has 4 minarets of 90m height,
5000 sq. meters is covered area. It has capacity of
74,000 persons in main areas while another 200,000
persons in adjoining grounds.
43. National Monuments of Pakistan
Pakistan Monument Islamabad and Bab-e-Pakistan Lahore are
two national monuments of Pakistan.
National Monument Islamabad was completed in 2007. It
represents four provinces and three territories of Pakistan. It is
located on Shakar Parian Hills of Islamabad.
Bab-e-Pakistan (Gateway to Pakistan) is built on the site of a
major refugee camp at the time of dependence.
44. National Library of Pakistan
National Library of Pakistan is located at Constitution
Avenue, Islamabad. It was inaugurated in 1993. It also
serves as cultural centre of Islamabad and a working
place for Scholars and students.
45. National Mausoleum of Pakistan
Mazar-e-Quaid is regarded as national mausoleum of
Pakistan. Tomb of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
is at this place in Karachi.
46. National Dress of Pakistan
Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan. It has
some variation for men and women.
47. National Sports of Pakistan
Field Hockey (or simply Hockey) is the national
sport of Pakistan. However Cricket is most
popular sport in Pakistan. Squash, Badminton,
Boxing, Volley Ball and Kabadi are also played
in Pakistan.
48. National Animal of Pakistan
Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. It usually
found on mountains. Its height is about 26 to 45 inches
and weight is about 40 to 100 kg. Its colour is tan while
sometimes it has white and black shades too. These have
corkscrew shaped horns; up to 65 inches long in males
and up to 10 inches in females.
49. National Bird of Pakistan
Chukar is the national bird of Pakistan. It is a beautiful
bird with light brown back, grey chest and buff belly. Its
face is white with black border. Its sound is very nice to
listen.
50. National Flower of Pakistan
Jasmine or Gardenia is the national flower of Pakistan.
It belongs to the coffee family of plants and has about
250 species of flower plants.
51. National Tree of Pakistan
Deodar or Cedrus Deodara is the national tree of
Pakistan. Its height is about 40 to 60m long and its trunk
may be of up to 3m diameter.
52. National Fruit of Pakistan
Mango is the national fruit of Pakistan. Mango is
indigenous to sub-continent. There are different kinds
and varieties of mangoes.
53. National Drink of Pakistan
Sugarcane Juice is national drink of Pakistan. It is called
"Roh" in Pakistan. In summer season, you can easily
find a vendor selling fresh sugarcane juice in Pakistan.