Introduction to Livestock Industries
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Overview of livestock industries, including cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, and horses. Part 1 of 2.
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Introduction to Livestock Industries
- 1. The Livestock & Poultry Industries-I Lecture 4 Fall 2006 Elaine Bailey ELB, ANSC 101 1
- 2. What are domestic “livestock” species? Cattle (beef & dairy) Poultry Swine Sheep Horses Others? ELB, ANSC 101 2
- 3. Terminology Food animals Recreational agriculture Vertically integrated business Horizontally integrated business Dual purpose animals ELB, ANSC 101 3
- 4. Cattle Beef Dairy http://www.glengorm.co.uk/images/cowstoned.jpg Dual purpose PURPOSE different Two species exist Bos taurus Bos indicus http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/heredity/shorthorn.jpg ELB, ANSC 101 4
- 5. Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus http://iserramar.globo.com/webcountry/criadores/bovinos.htm http://iserramar.globo.com/webcountry/criadores/bovinos.htm ELB, ANSC 101 5
- 6. What traits do we want to emphasize? Beef Dairy Growth rate Milk production Feed efficiency Fertility (feed:gain) Temperament Milking ability of cows? Milk composition Fertility Polledness? Temperament Color pattern? Polledness? Color pattern? ELB, ANSC 101 6
- 7. Phases of Beef Production Cow-Calf Forage abundant (TX, MO, OK) Commercial producers Seedstock (Purebred) producers http://www.breedingcattlepage.com/Iashorthorns/fieldday.htm ELB, ANSC 101 7
- 8. Phase II Beef Production Stocker-Yearling Intermediary step Emphasis on frame growth Replacement heifers Utilize crop residue* Photo Courtesy, Purdue University ELB, ANSC 101 8
- 9. Phase III Beef Production Feedlot (Finishing) Grain (concentrate) ration Rapid growth Harvest at 1000-1300 pounds+ What is “finished?” USDA Economic Research Service Photo ELB, ANSC 101 9
- 10. Cattle tidbits Age at puberty: 12-15 months* Age at weaning 5-7 months Gestation length: 283 days Goal: breed heifers at 15 months of age ELB, ANSC 101 10
- 11. Beef Industry Various “phases” Horizontal integration Very little vertical integration NCBA (National Cattlemen’s Beef Association) Beef check-off ELB, ANSC 101 11
- 12. The Dairy Industry Milk & dairy products Secondary product: beef Production, processing, distribution of milk LABOR: 2 or 3 milkings/day typical Facility cost, capital investment ELB, ANSC 101 12
- 13. http://www.fbibuildings.com/Pages/DY_carousel3.html ELB, ANSC 101 13
- 14. Dairy Industry Shift from smaller to larger farms Marketing genetics vs. marketing milk Little vertical integration National Milk Producers Federation Milk check-off ELB, ANSC 101 14
- 15. Milk Marketing Cooperative Mid-Atlantic Milk Marketing Association Processing* Grades of milk ELB, ANSC 101 15
- 16. The Poultry Industry Dual purpose: meat and eggs Other poultry products? Chicken, turkey, duck, goose . . . ? Feed efficiency and growth rate! ELB, ANSC 101 16
- 17. Growth and Feed Efficiency ELB, ANSC 101 17
- 18. More birds Ratites Flat, “raft-like” keel bones Include Camelus struthio (ostrich), Dromaius novaehollandiae (emu), as well as cassowary and rhea 1995, 1,200 ostriches “processed” in US 1998, 100,000 ostriches processed in US 2006? Adapted from ELB, ANSC 101 Doerr, 2000 18
- 19. Ostriches Meat Oil, feathers, leather Large capital outlay for upstart Markets? Nutrition research: Dr. Roselina Angel ELB, ANSC 101 19
- 20. The Poultry Industry Vertically integrated Egg producers (breeders) Broiler producers (breeders) Perdue Farms, MD Holly Farms Breeds of less importance ELB, ANSC 101 20
- 21. Chicken Tidbits Hatch time: ~21 days Precocious young Hens begin to lay ~18 weeks of age Broilers reach harvest weight 4-6 weeks* ELB, ANSC 101 21
- 22. ELB, ANSC 101 22
- 23. Industry Highlights of 20 years Check-off programs to promote products? Inexpensive meat: chicken Poultry production vertically integrated Competition to improve efficiency ELB, ANSC 101 23
- 24. Next Time . . . Delving deeper into the livestock industry Sheep Hogs Horses ELB, ANSC 101 24
Notas del editor
- For this class, poultry included. USDA typically separates poultry out. Horses questionable as to where they fit. Are they agriculture? Other species? Bison, ostriches, emus, etc.
- Do dairy and beef cattle belong to the same genus and species? Yes.
- Why emphasize milking ability of cows for beef? Milking ability of cow affects weaning weight of calf How do we measure fertility? Calf crop, age at puberty, generation interval, etc. Are there concerns about selecting for traits such as polledness or color pattern? Other traits can be “concentrated” if they are linked. Example: dwarfism in Polled Hereford cattle.
- Cow-Calf: 16 states have 75% of brood cow numbers in US Commercial producers: crossbreds to maximize heterosis for beef production Purebreds to provide genetics to enable production of a superior product. Known “gene carriers” among purebred bulls
- Cheap feed source Renewable resource? Add “cheap” gain to cattle
- Finished: of sufficient fat content to produce tender, juicy, flavorful meat. Feeding endpoint. Retained ownership: cow-calf producer hires contract feeder to feed cattle to slaughter weight, then sells fed cattle to packers. Contract feeding in areas where LOTS of grain (Midwest—TX, KS, etc.)
- Puberty correlated w/breed. Larger breeds, later maturity Age at weaning affected by available feed resources, cow health, etc. Want heifers to calve first time as 2-year-olds.
- Horizontal integration: pass products from one company to another to produce final product. More than one entity controls inputs from conception to consumption. NCBA: Umbrella organization for state producer groups. Voice for beef producers in Washington, provides consumers info, etc. Beef check-off: per-head assessment to promote beef, do research, and to educate the public about beef
- Carousel milker unit. Note cleanliness of area. Also, note height of milkers to height of worker.
- Milk check-off funds: Milk Jug 1% milk as part of McDonald’s Happy Meals. Got Milk? ad campaign Cal Ripken, Daisy Fuentes, Williams (tennis star) sisters, etc.
- Milk grades “control” what milk used for. Grade A fluid milk (consumption). Grade B processing to other products.
- Fancy birds for show VERY minimal part of poultry industry. Birds have the best feed:gain ratio of any animal we deal with. LT 2:1 feed:gain.
- 2005: approximately 100,000 ostriches processed
- Chicken, major part of remarks Broiler producers originally byproduct of egg production. “Cull” egg layers. Seedstock producers within each category of production. “Company” breeds
- Precocious young: no maternal rearing required Hatcheries: temp and humidity controlled environment Broilers harvest weight: ~5 lbs. Harvest age VERY genetics dependent!