Chemistry Lab Report 2

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT
THE EFFECT OF MASS OF MEDICINE ON THE VOLUME OF TITRANT
--
Candidate: Serra Koz
Supervisor: ---
May 2014

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INTRODUCTION
In an acid-base titration, a basic (or acidic) solution of unknown concentration (analyte) is
reacted with an acidic (or basic) solution of known concentration (titrant). The known
solution is slowly added to the unknown one while the pH is monitored with either a pH meter
on an indicator (a substance whose color depends on the pH). As the acid and base combine,
they neutralize each other. At the equivalence point (the point in the titration when the
numbers of the moles of base is stoichiometrically equal to the number of the moles of acid),
the titration is complete. When the equivalency point is reached, neither reactant is in excess
amount and the number of moles of the reactants are related by the reaction stoichiometry.1
End point is the pH at which the color of the indicator changes. This does not depend on the
equivalency point. It is up to the experimenter to make sure that the indicator has an end point
that occurs as close to the equivalency point as possible. (Tro, 2011, pg. 729)
Heartburn is a pain that you feel anywhere between your chest and groin. This is often
referred to as the stomach region or belly. Pain can arise from any structure in the abdomen
including the stomach, bowel, kidneys, bladder and other organs. Severe stomachache can be
associated with mild illnesses such as wind pain from drinking too much fizzy drinks, eating
too much or cramps from constipation or a viral infection. Nevertheless, some serious
illnesses can start with relatively mild stomachache.
Many of the people use antacids for the stomachache and some of them are; Rennie,
Kompensan and Talcid. For Rennie, one chewing tablet contains 680 mg calcium carbonate
which has chemical formula of CaCO3 and 80 mg magnesium carbonate which has chemical
formula of Mg(CO3) and excipients are sugar, mint aroma and lemon aroma. Calcium
carbonate and magnesium carbonate interact with excess amount of stomach liquid dissolved
in stomach and form calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. For Kompensan, one tablet

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contains 340 mg dihydroxialiminium sodium carbonate (DASC) which has chemical formula
of NaAl(OH)2CO3 and contains saccharose and mint aroma. It neutralizes with HCl and
produces bicarbonate and aluminum chloride. Kompensan decreases the stomach acid, then
pH of the stomach come to 4.5. For Talcid, one chewing tablet contains 500 mg hydrotalcite
(magnesium-aluminum-hydroxide-carbonate-hydrate) which has a chemical formula of
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O) and contains sodium saccharin. It neutralizes with HCl and
produces bicarbonate and aluminum chloride. Talcid decreases the stomach acid, then pH of
the stomach come to 3-5. (Prospectuses)
The balanced equation of the Rennie is;
CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The balanced equation of the Kompensan is;
NaAl(OH)2CO3 (s) + 4 HCl (aq) → NaCl (s) + AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
The balanced equation of the Talcid is;
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O)(s)+ 18 HCl(aq) → 6 MgCl2(s)+ 2 AlCl3(s) + CO2(g) + 21 H2O(l)
Carbonate is a basic compound and every medicine
contains carbonate. It show that the effects of medicine
change according the amount of the carbonate. The
difference between Talcid and rest of the medicine is,
Talcid contains hydroxide but others do not contain it. If
the amount of the hydroxide increases, then the effects of
the medicine increased. The difference between Rennie and
Kompensan, the amount of carbonate is 680 in Rennie and
Figure 1

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340 in Kompensan. Each brand of antacid has different type of CO3 ions and amount to
decrease the pH of stomach. This experiment shows the best medicine to cure heartburn.
AIM
The aims of this experiment were;
i. The relationship between the amount of medicine and amount of HCl needed for
titration.
ii. Observing which medicine is most effective for stomachache.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Question 1: Is there any relationship between the amount of antacids and amount of HCl
according to the mass of Methyl Orange IV, volume of pure water, room temperature (27°C)
and temperature of the liquid?
Question 2: Which brand of antacid medicine is the best medicine to decrease the pH of
stomache?
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1: If the amount of antacid increases, the volume of HCl needed for titration
increases.
Hypothesis 2: If the brand of antacid change, then the effectiveness of antacid changes
because of the amount of different CO3 ions.

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Table 1: Dependent and Independent Variables for Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2
Independent Variables
(Hypothesis 1)
Mass of Antacids
(Titrant) /g
The mass of titrant change during titration
of the solution. It measured by the scale.
Dependent Variables
(Hypothesis 1)
The Used Amount of
HCl / mL
The used amount of HCl change
according to the mass of medicine and
measured by the burette.
Independent Variables
(Hypothesis 2)
Type of Antacid The types of antacids are Rennie,
Kompensan and Talcid.
Dependent Variables
(Hypothesis 2)
The Used Amount of
HCl / mL
The used amount of HCl change
according to the type of medicine and
measured by the burette.
Table 2: Controlled Variables

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Mass of Methyl Orange IV/g Mass of methyl orange IV measured by the
scale. If mass of the methyl orange was different
in each trial, end point of the solution will
increase according to the solutions.
Volume of Pure Water/ mL Volume of medicine which is used to prepare
solution is same during the experiment and
measured by the graduated cylinder. If it
increases, the used amount of HCl increases.
Controlled
Variables
Concentration of HCl/mL Concentration of HCl acid is same during the
experiment and measured by the graduated
cylinder (50 mL). It affects the titration end
point.
Temperature of the Room/°C
(27°C)
Room temperature is same during the
experiment and measured by the thermometer.
The temperature of the room effect the solution.
Temperature of the
Liquid/°C (25°C)
The temperature of the liquid is constant during
the experiment and measured by the
thermometer. The temperature of the room
effect the solution.

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MATERIALS
 Complete Burette Assembly (ring stand, burette (±0.05), burette
clamp)
 HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
 Indicator (Methyl Orange IV)
 Medicines (Rennie, Kompensan, Talcid)
 145 mL Pure water
 Dropper (±0.25)
 Scale (±0.01)
 50 mL Graduated Cylinder (±0.5)
 250 mL Erlenmeyer Flask (±5)
 400 mL Beaker (±5)
 Small Funnel
PROCEDURE
i. Indicator was prepared with a pinch of Methyl Orange IV and 120 mL pure water.
ii. 0.4 mg Rennie was measured and the 25 mL pure water was added and mixed them in
the Erlenmeyer.
iii. 5 drops of the indicator was dropped into the solution.
iv. 1 molar HCl liquid was added in the burette by the aid of the small funnel. (Safety: Be
careful handling the acid base solutions. Wash off any that gets on your skin and clean
up any spills immediately. [References Number 9] )
v. The clamp was taped and drops HCl into the solution slowly.
vi. Solution and HCl amount in the beaker was mixed, while adding HCl.
vii. The color change was observed in solution and when the solution comes to an end
point, the clamp was cut off.
Figure 2

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viii. The used amount of HCl was measured and the data is recorded.
ix. Process for the 0.8 g and 1.2 g of Rennie was repeated.
x. The experiment for the Kompensan and Talcid was repeated.
xi. The experiment was repeated for 3 more times.
PRESENTATION OF DATA METHOD
The data can be shown by the table and graph. Raw data include 3 of the trials that has an
uncertainty of the scale (±0.01) and uncertainty of burette (±0.05). According to the raw data
table, take the average of the trials and make a processing data table. Sketch a best fit line
graph according to the processing data table and calculation below.
DATA COLLECTION & PROCESSING
Table 3: Change in Volume of Titrant during the Titration of Rennie Solution with Different
Masses
Mass/g (±0.01) Amount of the HCl/ mL (±0.05)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0.40 1.00 0.60 0.50
0.80 1.20 1.60 1.20
1.20 1.50 1.90 1.60
Table 3 shows the used volume of the Hydrochloric Acid for the 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 grams of
basic solution that contains Rennie.
Calculation 1: Take the average of the titration for the 0.4 grams;

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1.0 + 0.6 + 0.5
3
= 0.7 ± 0.05
Repeat the operation for all values.
Table 4: Volume Change of Titrant during Titration of Kompensan Solution with Different
Masses
0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20
0.80 0.70 0.60 0.60
1.20 1.00 2.10 1.20
Table 4 shows the used amount of the Hydrochloric Acid for the 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 grams of
basic solution that contains Kompensan.
Calculation 2: Take the average of all data.

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Table 5: Volume Change of Titrant during Titration of Talcid Solution with Different Masses
0.40 0.60 0.80 0.80
0.80 1.60 1.50 1.80
1.20 2.50 2.20 2.10
Table 5 shows the used amount of the Hydrochloric Acid for the 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 grams of
basic solution that contains Talcid.
Calculation 3: Take the average of all data.
Rearrange the data as shown in the Table 6.
Table 6: Averages of Titration Results
Mass/g (±0.01) Amount Used of the HCl/ mL (±0.05)
Rennie Kompensan Talcid
0.40 0.70 0.30 0.70
0.80 1.30 0.60 1.60
1.20 1.70 1.40 2.30
Table 6 shows the average of the used amount of hydrochloric acid for 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 grams
of Rennie, Kompensan and Talcid.

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Qualitative Data:
i. When the indicator added in the basic solution, the color turned into pink-red.
ii. When the hydrochloric acid dropped slowly, the color changed yellow.
iii. In the end of the experiment the color of the solution looked colorless.
iv. The gases release to the surrounding as shown in the photograph.
v. As a result of the redox reaction in the Erlenmeyer, beaker warmed up.

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Calculation 4: The volume of titrant (HCl) that is used is calculated as like followings.
For 0.4 gram of Rennie;
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
0.7 mL
1000
= 7 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
𝑈𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % =
0.05
7 × 10−4
× 100 = 7.1 %
nHCl = 7 × 10−4
(7.1 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 7 × 10−4
mol (7.1 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
1.3 mL
1000
= 13 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
13 × 10−4
× 100 = 3.8 %
nHCl = 13 × 10−4
(3.8 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 13 × 10−4
mol (3.8 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
1.7 mL
1000
= 17 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
17 × 10−4
× 100 = 2.9 %
nHCl = 17 × 10−4
(2.9 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 17 × 10−4
mol (2.9 %)

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For 0.4 gram of Kompensan;
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
0.3 mL
1000
= 3 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
3 × 10−4
× 100 = 2.9 %
nHCl = 3 × 10−4
(2.9 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 3 × 10−4
mol (2.9 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
0.6 mL
1000
= 6 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
6 × 10−4
× 100 = 8.3 %
nHCl = 6 × 10−4
(8.3 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 6 × 10−4
mol (8.3 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
1.4 mL
1000
= 14 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
14 × 10−4
× 100 = 3.6 %
nHCl = 14 × 10−4
(3.6 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 14 × 10−4
mol (3.6 %)

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For 0.4 gram of Talcid;
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
0.7 mL
1000
= 7 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
7 × 10−4
× 100 = 7.1 %
nHCl = 7 × 10−4
(7.1 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 7 × 10−4
mol (7.1 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
1.6 mL
1000
= 16 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
16 × 10−4
× 100 = 3.1 %
nHCl = 16 × 10−4
(3.1 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 16 × 10−4
mol (3.1 %)
𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 =
2.3 mL
1000
= 23 × 10−4
dm3
± 0.05
0.05
23 × 10−4
× 100 = 2.1 %
nHCl = 23 × 10−4
(2.1 %) × 1 mol
dm3⁄
nHCl = 23 × 10−4
mol (2.1 %)

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The used amount of HCl is calculated as shown in the Calculation 4. According to the data
rearranged the table as shown in the Table 7.
Table 7: Used Amount of HCl in terms of mol
Mass/g (±0.01) Used Amount of the HCl/ Mol
Rennie Kompensan Talcid
0.4 7x10-4
3x10-4
7x10-4
0.8 13x10-4
6x10-4
16x10-4
1.2 17x10-4
14x10-4
23x10-4
Calculation 6: The balanced equation of the Rennie, Kompensan and Talcid is mentioned in
the introduction as shown in the followings.
The balanced equation of the Rennie is;
CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The balanced equation of the Kompensan is;
NaAl(OH)2CO3 (s) + 4 HCl (aq) → NaCl (s) + AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
The balanced equation of the Talcid is;
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O)(s)+ 18 HCl(aq) → 6 MgCl2(s)+ 2 AlCl3(s) + CO2(g) + 21 H2O(l)

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If the molarity of used HCl is combined with these equations for the 0.4 grams of Rennie;
Equation: CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
3.5x10-4
CaCO3 + 7x10-4
HCl → 3.5x10-4
CaCl2 + 3.5x10-4
CO2 + 3.5x10-4
H2O
For 0.8 grams of Rennie;
6.5x10-4
CaCO3 + 13x10-4
HCl → 6.5x10-4
CaCl2 + 6.5x10-4
CO2 + 6.5x10-4
H2O
For 1.2 grams of Rennie;
8.5x10-4
CaCO3 + 17x10-4
HCl → 8.5x10-4
CaCl2 + 8.5x10-4
CO2 + 8.5x10-4
H2O
For 0.4 grams of Kompensan;
Equation: NaAl(OH)2CO3 (s) + 4 HCl (aq) → NaCl (s) + AlCl3 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
0.8x10-4
NaAl(OH)2CO3 + 3x10-4
HCl → 0.8x10-4
NaCl + 0.8x10-4
AlCl3 +
2.3x10-4
H2O+0.8x10-4
CO2
1.5x10-4
HCl → 1.5x10-4
NaCl + 1.5x10-4
AlCl3 +
4.5 x10-4
H2O+1.5x10-4
CO2

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3.5x10-4
HCl → 3.5x10-4
NaCl + 3.5x10-4
AlCl3 +
10.5 x10-4
H2O+3.5x10-4
CO2
For 0.4 grams of Talcid;
Equation: Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)164(H2O)(s)+18HCl(aq)→6MgCl2(s)+2AlCl3(s)+CO2(g)+21H2O(l)
0.4x10-4
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O) + 7x10-4
HCl → 2.3x10-4
MgCl2 +
7.0x10-4
AlCl3 + 0.4x10-4
CO2 + 8.2x10-4
H2O
0.9x10-4
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O) + 16x10-4
HCl → 5.3x10-4
MgCl2 +
1.8x10-4
AlCl3 + 0.9 x10-4
CO2 + 0.0 H2O
1.3x10-4
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4(H2O) + 23x10-4
HCl → 7.7x10-4
MgCl2 +
2.6x10-4
AlCl3 + 1.3x10-4
CO2 + 0.0 H2O

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Graph 1: Used Amount of HCl in terms of mol vs. Mass of Rennie
Error bars measured by the uncertanity of the scale which is ±0.01. The uncertanity of the
used amount of HCl is different from each other. Thus it is not shown in the graph below.
y = 6,25x + 1,1667
R² = 0,9868
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
UsedAmountofHCl/mol
Mass of Rennie/g (±0.01)

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Graph 2: Used Amount of HCl in terms of mol vs. Mass of Kompensan
y = 3,38E+00x - 7,67E-01
R² = 9,28E-01
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
- 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
UsedAmountofHCl/mol
Mass of Kompensan/g (±0.01)

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Graph 3: Used Amount of HCl in terms of mol vs. Mass of Talcid
y = 1,125x - 0,0333
R² = 0,9959
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
- 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4
UsedAmountofHCl/mol
Mass of Talcid/g (±0.01)

Koz 21
CONCLUSION
This experiment investigates determining the concentration of analyte and which medicine is
most effective for the stomachache. As hypothesizes refer to if the amount of antacid
increases, the volume of HCl needed for titration increases.
In this experiment, the indicator and solution prepared. 1 molar HCl put in to the burette and
taped to the clamp. The color changed observed and when the solution came to the end point,
take the used volume of the HCl. Consequently, the data is as follows:
According to the Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 the used amount of HCl is recorded for the
Rennie, Kompensan and Talcid respectively. After that the average of the results taken and
rearranged Table 6. Thus, for the 0.4 grams of Rennie the used amount of HCl is 0.7, 0.8
grams of Rennie the used amount of HCl is 1.3 and 1.2 grams of Rennie the used amount of
HCl is 1.7. For the 0.4 grams of Kompensan the used amount of HCl is 0.3, 0.8 grams of
Kompensan the used amount of HCl is 0.6 and 1.2 grams of Kompensan the used amount of
HCl is 1.4. For the 0.4 grams of Talcid the used amount of HCl is 0.7, 0.8 grams of Talcid the
used amount of HCl is 1.6 and 1.2 grams of Talcid the used amount of HCl is 2.3. The used
amount of HCl is calculated in terms of the mol and rearranged Table 7.
The balanced equations of the medicine wrote and data which are in the Table 7 is placed in
the equation. The used amount of the HCl is calculated and according to that Graph 1,
Graph 2 and Graph 3 sketched.
The ranges of the graphs are same because of the consideration of the data. According to the
Graph 1, Graph 2 and Graph 3 most effective one is Talcid. Talcid is the used less amount of
molarity in order to the Kompensan and Rennie. Every medicine contains CO3 but Talcid
contains Mg.

Koz 22
According to the observations (qualitative data), tables and graphs; the most effective
medicine for the stomachache is Talcid because of the used amount of HCl and CO3. Thus,
results support the hypothesis and the experiment results are reliable.
The limitations of this investigation can be measuring the time taken while the preparing
solution. In this experiment the time taken did not measured. Each trial has to be measured in
the same conditions and it can cause the difference between data. The apparatus may be
inaccurate and it can cause the differences between data. Another limitation can be
observations like the end point is measured by the observation and it can be change according
to the observer. If the experiment had seen further repetition, more appropriate results would
have been at hand.
REFERENCES
Anonymous, (n. d.) “Abdominal Pain” (11th
September 2013) U.S.: University of Maryland
Medical Center. Retrieved from: <http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/abdominal-
pain#ixzz2hRdn7S00>
Anonymous, (17th
February 2011) “Fact sheet: abdominal pain (stomach ache)” (11th
September 2013) The Children’s Hospital at Westmead. Retrieved from:
<http://kidshealth.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/sites/kidshealth.chw.edu.au/files/fact-
sheets/pdf/abdominal-pain-stomach-ache.pdf>
Prospectus of Kompensan

Koz 23
Prospectus of Rennie
Prospectus of Talcid
Redeker, C. (9th
October 2007) Concentration measurement of a solution of sodium hydroxide
by titration. (12th
October 2012) No city of Publication. Retrieved from:
<http://www.lectures4you.de/pdf/chris_prot/Titration.pdf>
Tro, N. J. (2011) Chemistry A Molecular Approach Second Edition. Westmont College,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 2008 Pearson Education.
Willacy H. (14th
June 2012) “Abdominal Pain” (11th
October 2013) No City of Publication.
Retrieved from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/abdominal-pain-leaflet

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