This document provides an introduction to the history of architecture from prehistoric times to the modern era. It discusses early developments like Neolithic architecture using mudbrick and stone for shelters. Important ancient styles are covered like Egyptian architecture using stone for pyramids, temples and tombs to represent permanence. Greek and Roman architecture developed post and lintel construction and advanced building techniques using arches, vaults and domes. Gothic architecture featured pointed arches and flying buttresses allowing for taller buildings. The Renaissance saw a focus on symmetry, proportion and order influenced by treatises like De re aedificatoria. Architectural periods are highlighted through brief summaries and examples.

1. +
Introduction to
Architecture
ARCHITECTURE FROM TIME TO TIME

2. +
1. What is “history”?
What is
“theory”?

3. Theory
History
what is the difference?
istoria (grk) :learning with asking
chronological/causal questions
1: the analysis of a set of facts in their
relation to one another
2 : abstract thought
aristoteles : systematic analysis
about some natural
phenomenon
3 : the general or abstract principles
of a body of fact, a science, or an art
Source: Meriam Webster Dictionary Online

4. 2.
+
What is
“the aim” of
learning history and theory ?

5. KNOWING
what has happened
what is happening
what should happen
+
SCIENTIFICALLY
Man learn about his(her)-self for the better
process of being and to be..

6. +
Studying architectural history relates to
our need to understand the present. … for
it is only by studying the past that we can
hope to understand how we have arrived

7. How to look at history ???
as a Closed Text
or
as an Open Text ?
History always taking sides, depend on
the writers / theoritician
History is always freehave to be re-

8. +
The search for shelter:
The primitive hut
Man wants to make himself a dwelling that protects but
does not bury him…
Let us look at man in his primitive state without any aid
or guidance other than his natural instincts. He is in
need of a place to rest.
AbbeLaugier’sEssay surl’architecture, 1755

9. +
The discovery of
creating shelter
Drawing from Viollet le
Duc’sDictionnaireraisonne de
l’architecture, 1856

10. + Architecture
One of the early architectural developments was the
use of the “post-and-lintel” method

11. +
Milestone of
Architectural History

12. ModernA
Before +
Modern
depend
on history
rchitect..as a
Milestone
cut off from
history
After
Modern
cut off from history
back to history

14. 500 AD
Small Tribal Groups (10.000 BC- 200 AD)
1000 AD
Tradingslink India – China (200-600)
Tarumanegara (358-669)
1500 AD
Sriwijaya (abad ke-7 – ke-13)
Majapahit (1293-1500)
2000 AD
Mataram (1500-1700)
Portugis (1512-1800)
VOC (1600 -1800)
Belanda (1800-1942)
Jepang (1942-1945)
Independence (1945-…)

15. +
ARCHITECTURE
Autobiography of the
human race

16. +
Pre Historic
architecture

17. +
Neolithic Architecture

Also known as “Stone-Age” architecture contains some of the
oldest known structures made by mankind.

Distinguishable by Paleolithic and Mesolithic making and use of
stone tools.

Neolithic cultures have been shown to have existed in
southwest Asia as early as 8000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.

The peoples of the Americas and the Pacific region remained at
the Neolithic level up until the time of European contact.

18. +
Neolithic Architecture

Neolithic Architects were great builders who used mainly mudbrick to construct houses and villages.

Houses were plastered and painted with ancient scenes of
humans and animals.

Many of the more famous Neolithic structures were remarkably
made by enormous stones.

20. +
Egyptian Architecture

Due to lack of wood most Egyptian architecture was made with
mud-brick and stone.

Minerals included sandstone, limestone, and granite, which
were generally used for tombs and temples.

Most ancient Egyptian towns have been lost because they
were situated in the cultivated and flooded area of the Nile
Valley.

21. 2500 B.C.
1500 B.C.

22. + Pyramids
PERMANENCE and IMMORTALITY

23. +
Egyptian Architecture

Temples and tombs have survived:
 Built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood
 Constructed of stone.

Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments such as
Pyramids.

All monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs
constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the
closely spaced columns.

24. +
800 AD

27. +

28. Parthenon, Greece, Post & Lintel

29. Function as temple for the Gods, Sculptural Form, Rectangular

30. +
Architecture
the art or science of building; specifically: the art or practice of designing and building
structures and especially habitable ones
Or as Vitruvius said: Architecture was a building that incorporated..
Utilitas – Firmitas – Venustas
Commodity – Firmness - Delight

31. + The architect
Architekton – master builder

32. +
Architectur
e
Ancient Greek
“Orders” (styles):
composed of a
shaft, capital, and
base.

33. +
Greek Architecture
Entablature: the top of an order; includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/architecture/entablature.html

34. +
Roman Architecture
Other key developments include the arch,
http://www.arlington.k12.va.us/schools/drew/a&a/theromans.htm

35. And the vault

36. + Pantheon
And the dome

37. +
The arch was a purely Roman invention. An
arch is often made up of small stones called
voussoir and a large central stone called a
keystone.

38. A series of columns is
called a colonnade.
A series of arches is
called an arcade.

39. +
The arch, vault, and
dome are variations
of the same concept
that allowed for
greater height and
more space inside a
building.

40. Gladiator, Rome

41. +
Roman Architecture

Romans built more kinds of structures than any earlier
civilization.

In addition to houses, temples, and palaces, Romans
constructed aqueducts, public baths, shops, theaters, and
outdoor arenas.

42. +

43. +
Gothic Architecture

Mainly flourished in western Europe from the 1100’s to 1400’s.

New systems of construction allowed for architects to design
churches with thinner walls and lighter piers.

Piers extended several stories high and into the roof area
making individual columns like ribs on an open umbrella.

Ribbed vaults are most distinguishable characteristic of Gothic
architecture.

44. +
1140-1500

45. +
Gothic Architecture

Other styles included pointed arches, stained-glass windows, flying buttresses.

Flying buttresses were brick or stone arched supports built along outside walls.

Emphasizes vertically and a skeletal stone structure.

Pointed arch was introduced for both visual and structural reasons. Channels
weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.

Gothic cathedrals could be highly decorated with statues and paintings.

46. +

48. +

51. +
500 AD
1000 AD
1500 AD
2000 AD
Small Tribal Groups (10.000 BC- 200 AD)
Tradingslink India – China (200-600)
Tarumanegara (358-669)
Sriwijaya (abad ke-7 – ke-13)
Majapahit (1293-1500)
Mataram (1500-1700)
Portugis (1512-1800)
VOC (1600 -1800)
Belanda (1800-1942)
Jepang (1942-1945)
Independence (1945-…)
500 AD
1000 AD
1500 AD
2000 AD

54. +
De Re Aedificatoria remained the classic
treatise on architecture from the 16th
until the 18th century.
Leon Battista Alberti
1443 De re aedificatoria
(English: On the Art of
Building)
a concise version of
sociology of architecture
and tells architect how
buildings should be built,
not how they were built.

55. +
Renaissance Architecture

Beginning between the early 15th and the early 17th centuries
in different regions of Europe.

The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry,
proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts

Orderly arrangement of arches, niches replaced the more
complex proportional view of medieval buildings.

Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical, planned
appearance.

56. +
Renaissance Architecture

Facades (front of building) are symmetrical around their vertical axis.

The columns and windows show a progression towards the center.

Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice.

Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch.

Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open as in
Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated.

58. +

60. +

61. +
St. Peter’s

63. Pazzi Chapel

67. Golden Section
Leonardo da Vinci

68. Brunelleschi, Santa Maria Del Fiore, Florence
RENAISSANCE (1420-1600)

69. Next episode

70. Louis XIV

71. Rational
Effective
Efficient
Standard
Mass Production

72. to be continued