Characterizations of malignant cells: 1. Immortality (Resistant to Apoptosis) 2. Rapid growth and division 3. Ineffectiveness of check points 4. Production of excessive growth receptors 5. Resistance to contact-contact inhibition 6. Metastasis 7. Requirements are compromised 8. Angiogenesis Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of the cell Cancer is Latin word which means “Crab” Can originate in almost any body organ Most common site for women is the breast Most common site for men is the prostate gland Types of Cancers: Carcinoma (Epithelial tissue) (Most common, <80%), Ex. Skin, Liver, Colon Lymphoma and Leukemia (immune system) (Less common, ~18%) Ex. Lymphoid organs, blood Sarcoma (internal) (Least common, <2%), Ex. Cartilage, bone, fat tissue Potential future of immunotechnology in field of Oncology: Immunotechnology is combination of two applied sciences, Immunology and Biochemistry The researches are going on field of Bio-robotics in respect to oncology For example, Magnatotactic Bacteria are utilized for targeting the characterized malignant cells Medicines like Bevacizumab (antibody) are utilized for inhibition of growth promoting lgands. Cetuximeb is antibody utilized during cancer therapy effectively binds with growth receptors and inhibit them thus rate of cell growth is affected

1. ONCOLOGY ON MOLECULAR LEVEL, ITS
MANIFESTATION AND
IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY IN RESPECT TO
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTAGENIC
CELLS
Presentation
by
Shaikh Favzul Azim
Enrollment Number:
181127103010
BSc Biochemistry
Semester : V
Parul Institute of Applied
Sciences
Parul University, Limda,
Vadodara

2. ONCOLOGY OVERVIEW
 Cancer
 Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of the cell
 Cancer is Latin word which means “Crab”
 Can originate in almost any body organ
 Most common site for women is the breast
 Most common site for men is the prostate gland

3. TUMOR
 Tumor is uncontrolled growth of the cells
 Tumors are of mainly two types:
 Benign Tumor
Slow growing and non-invasive tumor
 Malignant Tumor
Fast growing and invasive tumor

4. CANCER ON MOLECULAR LEVEL
Characterizations of malignant cells
 Immortality (Resistant to Apoptosis)
 Rapid growth and division
 Ineffectiveness of check points
 Production of excessive growth receptors
 Resistance to contact-contact inhibition
 Metastasis
 Requirements are compromised
 Angiogenesis

5. Rapid Cell Division / Growth

6. Resistance to Apoptosis
Inhibition of tumour
suppression genes
•P53 gene
•APC gene
•BARCA1/2

7. Ineffectiveness of Check points

8. Production of excessive receptors

9. Resistance to contact-contact inhibition

10. Metastasis / Proliferation

11. Requirements and angiogenesis

12. MANIFESTATION AND MOLECULAR MECHANISM
OF CANCER
Two mechanisms are be intercepted:
(1) Uncontrolled cell growth (promoted)
 RAS gene
 MYC gene
(2) Tumour suppressor gene (suppressed)
 P53
 APC
 BRCA1/2

13. MECHANISM OF UNCONTROLLED GROWTH
PROMOTION
RAS Gene;
RAS receptor;
Transcriptional factors
activated;
Increase synthesis of
growth factors;
Synthesis of
CDK/Cyclin
Continuous cell cycle

14. EGF RECEPTOR/LIGAND LACK SYSTEM
Epidermal growth factor receptor function with ligand:
Regulation of
•Cell proliferation
•Differentiation and survival

15. EGF RECEPTOR IRREGULATION
Tyrosine kinase system without ligand
Phosphorylation of other activators
Activation of cellular transduction pathway without legend
Unstoppable signalling of cell growth

16. TUMOUR SUPPRESSION GENE (SUPPRESSED)
Functions of P53 gene
 Cell arrest
 DNA repair
 Cell apoptosis
Synthesis of P21 protein induced, inhibition of
activation of Cyclin-CDK complex; results in
arrest of cell cycle
Malfunction/inhibition of P53 gene results in
failure of above three functions

17. POTENTIAL CAUSES OF CANCER
Molecular factors:
 Genetic mutations:
1.Point mutation 2. DNA amplification 3.
Chromosomal rearrangement 4. Epigenic
modification (Me)
 Inheritance
External factors:
1. Food Habit 2. Carcinogenic Chemicals 3.
Ionic Radiations

18. TYPES OF CANCER
 Carcinoma (Epithelial tissue)
(Most common, <80%),
Ex. Skin, Liver, Colon
 Lymphoma and Leukemia (immune
system)
(Less common, ~18%)
Ex. Lymphoid organs, blood
 Sarcoma (internal)
(Least common, <2%),

19. POTENTIAL FUTURE OF IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY IN
FIELD OF ONCOLOGY
 Immunotechnology is combination of two applied
sciences, Immunology and Biochemistry
 The researches are going on field of Bio-robotics in
respect to oncology
 For example, Magnatotactic Bacteria are utilized for
targeting the characterized malignant cells
 Medicines like Bevacizumab (antibody) are utilized for
inhibition of growth promoting lgands.
 Cetuximeb is antibody utilized during cancer therapy
effectively binds with growth receptors and inhibit them
thus rate of cell growth is affected

20. POTENTIAL FUTURE OF IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY IN
FIELD OF ONCOLOGY
 Block or turn off chemical signals that tell
the cancer cell to grow and divide
 Change proteins within the cancer cells so
the cells die
 Stop making new blood vessels to feed the
cancer cells
 Trigger your immune system to kill the
cancer cells
 Carry toxins to the cancer cells to kill
them, but not normal cells