Infectious and non infectious diseases which includes: Malaria, Sickle cell anemia, Cancer and Zika

1. INFECTIOUS AND NON-
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(Malaria, Sickle Cell Anemia, Cancer, Zika)
AS and A Level Biology Chapter
10
By: Nada

2. MALARIA
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

3. Highlights
• Malaria is a life-threatening disease that’s typically
transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles
mosquito.
• Malaria is usually found in tropical and subtropical
climates where the parasites that cause it live.
• Congenital malaria occurs when a mother with malaria
passes on the disease to her baby at birth.

4. What causes Malaria?
• Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium parasite.
When this mosquito bites you, the parasite is released
into your bloodstream.
• Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be
transmitted through:
1) An organ transplant
2) A transfusion
3) Use of shared needles or syringes

5. Symptoms of Malaria
Common symptoms of malaria include:
• shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe
• high fever
• profuse sweating
• headache
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• anemia
• muscle pain
• convulsions
• coma
• bloody stools

6. Complications caused by Malaria
• swelling of the blood vessels of the brain, or cerebral
malaria
• an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing
problems, or pulmonary edema
• organ failure of the kidneys, liver, or spleen
• anemia due to the destruction of red blood cells
• low blood sugar

7. Where Malaria strikes
• The area with the most cases of malaria is the Sub-
Saharan Africa. It carries 88% of the world’s cases of
malaria, and 90% of deaths caused by malaria.

8. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE (INHERITED)

9. Highlight
• Sickle cell anemia is a serious inherited blood disorder
where the red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the
body, develop abnormally.
• Symptoms of anemia include lethargy (a lack of energy),
tiredness and breathlessness, particularly after exercise.

10. Inheritance disease
• Anemia is a disease which can be inherited from either
one or both parents down to their children. However,
children inheriting the disease does not show any
particular symptoms towards the sickness.
• This disease is more common amongst people of African
and Mediterranean descendants.
• It is also the most common inherited disease for people in
general.

11. What happens to the cells
• Cells in tissues need a steady supply of oxygen to work
well. Normally, hemoglobin in red blood cells takes up
oxygen in the lungs and carries it to all the tissues of the
body.
• Red blood cells that contain normal hemoglobin are disc
shaped. This shape allows the cells to be flexible so that
they can move through large and small blood vessels to
deliver oxygen.
• Sickle hemoglobin is not like normal hemoglobin. It can
form stiff rods within the red cell, changing it into a
crescent, sickle shape.
• Sickle-shaped cells are not flexible and can stick to vessel
walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of
blood. When this happens, oxygen can’t reach nearby
tissues.

12. Chances on a child
With each pregnancy, two people with sickle cell traits
have:
• A 25 percent chance of having an unaffected child with
normal hemoglobin
• A 50 percent chance of having a child who also is a
carrier
• A 25 percent chance of having a child with sickle cell
anemia

13. Treatment of sickle cell anemia
• People suffering from sickle cell anemia will most likely be
recommended to go to a hospital and get treatment.
• Hydroxycarbamide (serious cases where the anemia
does not respond to other treatment)
• Blood transfusions
• Applications of oxygen, pain-killing drugs and IV fluid
treatment

14. CANCER
NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE

15. Highlight
• Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell
division and growth with the potential to invade or spread
to other parts of the body.
• Possible signs and symptoms include: a new lump,
abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough, unexplained
weight loss, and a change in bowel movements among
others

16. Cause
• The great majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due
to environmental factors. The remaining 5–10% are due
to inherited genetics.
• Environmental: Tobacco (25–30%), diet and obesity (30–
35%), infections (15–20%), radiations (up to 10%), stress, lack of
physical activity, and environmental pollutions.

17. Inheritance?
Usually cancer is not inherited. However, some people are born with an
increased risk of cancer because they inherit an altered gene important
for cell growth or for repair of damaged DNA.

18. Cure
There are many ways in which cancer is treated. All according to which type
of cancer the person if suffering and how severe it is. Some of the most
acknowledge ways are:
• Surgery.
• Radiation Therapy.
• Chemotherapy.
• Immunotherapy.
• Targeted Therapy.
• Hormone Therapy.
• Stem Cell Transplant.
• Precision Medicine

19. ZIKA
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

20. Highlight
• Zika virus disease is caused by a virus transmitted
by Aedes mosquitoes.
• People with Zika virus disease usually have symptoms that can
include mild fever, skin rashes, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain,
malaise or headache. These symptoms normally last for 2-7 days.
• There is no specific treatment or vaccine currently available.
• The best form of prevention is protection against mosquito bites.
• The virus is known to circulate in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the
Pacific.

21. Where it originated
Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first identified
in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys through a monitoring network of
sylvatic yellow fever. It was subsequently identified in humans in 1952
in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.

22. Symptoms
The symptoms to Zika is similar to the symptoms of other mosquito-
borne diseases which are:
Fever
Skin rashes
Conjunctivitis
Muscle and joint pain
Malaise
Headache
These symptoms are usually mild and last for 2-7 days.

23. Cure
There has no definite cure against Zika. However, people are
encouraged to reduce contact with mosquito by:
-Using insect repellent regularly
-Wearing clothes (preferably light-coloured) that cover as much of the
body as possible.
-Using physical barriers such as window screens, closed doors and
windows; and if needed, additional personal protection, such as
sleeping under mosquito nets during the day.
-Empty, clean or cover containers regularly that can store water, such
as buckets, drums, pots etc.