Alternative energy sources presentation

WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE?
 Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to
fossil fuel.
 Everyday, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the
earth’s atmosphere and which will still be there in one hundred years
time.
 This increased content of Carbon Dioxide increases the warmth of
our planet and is the main cause of the so called “Global Warming
Effect”. One answer to global warming is to replace and retrofit
current technologies with alternatives that have comparable or better
performance, but do not emit carbon dioxide.

In a general sense, alternative energy as it is
currently conceived, is that which is
produced or recovered without the
undesirable consequences inherented in
fossil fuel use, particularly high carbon
dioxide emissions, an important factor in
global warming.

ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY
SOURCES
SOLAR
THERMAL
WIND
HYDRO
TIDAL
WAVE
GEOTHERMAL
BIOFUEL

RESEARCH SHOWS:
British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell, two of the
world's largest oil companies say that by 2050, one-
third of the world's energy will need to come from
solar, wind, and other renewable resources.
Climate change, population growth, and fossil fuel
depletion mean that renewables will need to play a
bigger role in the future than they do today.

SOLAR POWER
Solar energy is used commonly for heating, cooking, the
production of electricity, and even in the desalination of
seawater.
Solar heat has long been employed in passively and actively
heated buildings, as well as district heating systems.
The obstacles preventing the large scale implementation of solar
powered energy generation is the inefficiency of current solar
technology, and the cost.
Currently, photovoltaic (PV) panels only have the ability to
convert around 16% of the sunlight that hits them into
electricity.

Electrical
Thermal
SOLAR
POWER
TWO TYPES OF SOLAR GENERATED
POWER?

Other methods: include using sunlight that hits parabolic mirrors to
heat water (producing steam), or simply opening a rooms blinds or
window shades to allow entering sunlight to passively heat a room.

SOLAR POWER: PROS
 Solar power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy will reach
Earth.
 Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution, because there is no
chemical reaction from the combustion of fuels.
 Solar energy can be used very efficiently for practical uses such as heating and
lighting.
 The benefits of solar power are seen frequently to heat pools, spas, and water tanks
all over.
 Saves house hold or commercial overhead expenses.
 The excess power could be transferred to the grid
 If the battery system is used, then electricity is stored for later use.

SOLAR POWER: CONS
 Solar power does not produce energy if the sun is not
shining. Nighttime and cloudy days seriously limit the
amount of energy produced.
 Solar power stations can be very expensive to build.
 Solar energy is renewable for sure, but isn’t constant. It
can only be reaped during daytime.
 The other concern is only fifty percent of energy received
by a solar panel can be converted into electricity

SOLAR PANELS
 A solar panel is typically made up
of silicon.
 Silicon is the substance which
absorbs sunlight and then changes
it into electrical energy.
 And the energy you get costs
nothing and is renewable
Mechanical data:
Dimensions :1637 x 987 mm
Thickness: 40 mm
Weight Approx.: 21.8 kg
•Only high-performance cells which have
•been thoroughly tested are used
•Use of 4 mm special-purpose glass
•Load capacity: 5400 Pa
•Can withstand extreme weather conditions
•(hail, snow, ice, sharply fluctuating
•temperatures, etc.)
•Outstanding design thanks to silver
•powder-coated solar panel frame
•Flash data for every panel
•Low chance of mismatching due to
•extremely low power tolerance of +/–3 %
Access Solar (Pvt) Ltd:

Solar Panels have 2 types:
 The Grid System: This doesn’t have a storage system
for the energy that’s generated from the sun and
during the night will have to use the grid.
 The Battery System: In this case, the battery will save
some energy to use when the weather is gloomy or at
night. This system comes with a higher cost.

SOLAR PANNELS INSTALLED AT LOLC

SOLAR POWER IN SRI LANKA?
 The only operational commercial-scale solar-
powered facility is the Buruthakanda Solar
Par? which is a Hambantota Solar Power Station
operated by the Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy
Authority.

ACCESS Solar (Pvt) Ltd: Price estimates of
Panels
SYSTEM NUMBER OF PANNELS PRICE BEFORE VAT MONTHLY
GENERATION
Single phase systems
68KW 3KW 705,929.13 185KWh/units per month
2.16KW 3KW 793,200.64 238KWh/units per month
3.60KW 4KW 1,173,069.78 396KWh/units per month
Three phase systems

COMPANIES AND COSTING :TO IMPLEMENT SUCH
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER
Company Name Location
Alpha Thermal Systems (Pvt) Ltd. Alpha thermal system (pvt) Ltd. Colombo 8
Epigro (Pvt) Ltd 125, Jawatte Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Walltone internationals Hansagiri Rd, Gampaha
Nikini Automation Systems Pvt. Ltd., Solar Div 249, High Level Road, Colombo 5 00500
011 2 826894
J Lanka Technologies (Private) Limited No. 936/2A,, Pannipitiya Road, Thalangama
Finco Green Energy Solutions (Pvt) Ltd 49/16. Galle Road. Colombo 03
E.B. cooray
Integrated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd Pagoda Road, Nugegoda, Colombo Sri Lanka
Access Solar (Pvt) Ltd No 278, Access Towers, Dr Colvin R de Silva
Mawatha, Colombo
ACSTRA Solutions (Pvt) Ltd 12A Kinross Ave, Colombo
Power Management Technologies (Pvt) Ltd No. 120/11 , Vidya Mawatha, Colombo 7
Power Mart Services
Vinseth Solar Pvt Ltd 68 1/1, Jethawana Road Colombo 14
Alpha Thermal Systems (Pvt) Ltd. / Solar Therm 121 Castle Street Colombo 08, Sri Lanka
MAS Enterprises 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount Lavinia, Sri
Lanka

SOLAR POWER STATIONS IN SRI LANKA

THERMAL POWER
 Solar thermal (heat) energy is a carbon-free, renewable
alternative to the power we generate with fossil fuels like
coal and gas.
 Solar water heating (known as solar thermal) systems
captures the free heat from the sun and uses it up to heat
the water.
 It can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for
your home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel
they use, sunshine, is free.

THERMAL POWER: PROCESS
Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar
collectors.
 Storage Tank: well-insulated storage tank is required,
 Solar Collector: They consist of (1) a dark flat-plate absorber,
(2) a transparent cover that reduces heat losses, (3) a heat-
transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from
the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing.
There are two types of solar water heating systems:
 Active
 Passive

1. Active Solar Water Heating System
•Direct circulation systems:
Pumps circulate household water
through the collectors and into the
home. They work well in climates
where it rarely freezes.
•Indirect circulation systems:
Pumps circulate a non-freezing,
heat-transfer fluid through the
collectors and a heat exchanger.
This heats the water that then flows
into the home. They are popular in
climates prone to freezing
temperatures.

2. Passive Solar Water Heating System
Passive solar water heating
systems are typically less
expensive than active
systems, but they're
usually not as efficient.
However, passive
systems can be more
reliable and may last
longer.

THERMAL POWER: PROS
 Use the free energy of the sun to heat your water
 Lower monthly electric (or gas) utility bills
 Great for climates that receive a lot of sunshine
 Solar systems can easily store thermal energy by use
of storage tanks and use it when it is required
without interference from immediate environmental
conditions

THERMAL POWER: CONS
 Tank takes up more space than tankless units.
 Higher up front cost for equipment & installation.
 May not have as great of performance in climates that do
not receive a lot of sunshine.
 Tank can produce a significant amount of heat, so its
location will need to be planned accordingly.
 More equipment = more maintenance

THERMAL POWER IN SRI LANKA?
Upper Kotmale Power Plant Kerawalapitiya power plant

COMPANIES :TO IMPLEMENT SUCH ALTERNATIVE
MEANS OF POWER
Company name Location
SUNBIRD super solar hotwater systems Jude Fernandopulle Associates (Pvt)
Ltd.
165, Colombo Road.,
Negombo,
Solar Prince Thermal System Green park - 03, No19, Yatiyana
Agalawatta.
Hemas Holdings PLC 75, Braybrooke Place,Colombo 02,Sri
Lanka
S&S Engineering Services Company
(Pvt) Ltd.,
No. 100/1, Sri Dharmarama
Road Ratmalana W P Sri Lanka
Access Solar (Pvt) Ltd No 278, Access Towers, Dr Colvin R de
Silva Mawatha, Colombo
Vinseth Solar Pvt Ltd 68 1/1, Jethawana Road Colombo 14
Alpha Thermal Systems (Pvt) Ltd. /
Solar Therm
121, Castle Street, Colombo 08, Sri
Lanka

WIND POWER
Rural communities often do not have access to the national grid.
Wind powered micro-grids are suited to the low-density rural
areas and can be effective in meeting local social and economic needs.
Wind energy is the generation of electricity from the wind.
Wind power plants have been set up in locations where the wind
velocity is high. These areas receive less rainfall compared to other
parts of the country.
Rainfall accompanied by wind in these areas will not affect electricity
generation. In the event these areas experience heavy rain, power
generation will decline if heavy rains continue. there will be a steady
drop in electricity generation.

WIND POWER: RESEARCH
Wind energy research dates back several decades to
the 1970s when NASA developed an analytical model
to predict wind turbine power generation during
high winds. Today, many countries have
implemented them.
horizontal-axis variety
vertical-axis design

WIND POWER: PROCESS
 A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of
using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines
use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades,
which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and
makes electricity.
 Wind energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel
the blades of wind turbines.
 The rotation of turbine blades is converted into electrical
current by means of an electrical generator.

A WIND TURBINE MAY
INCLUDE:
 rotor blades - capture wind's energy
and convert it to rotational energy of
shaft
 shaft - transfers rotational energy into
generator
 nacelle - casing that holds the gear box
 the gearbox includes the
generator which uses rotational energy
of shaft to generate electricity.
 brakes- stop rotation of shaft in case of
power overload or system failure.
 tower - supports rotor and nacelle and
lifts entire setup to higher elevation
where blades can safely clear the ground
 electrical equipment - carries
electricity from generator down through
tower and controls many safety elements
of turbine.

WIND POWER: PROS
 Wind power produces no pollution that can contaminate the
environment, Since no chemical processes take place, as in the
burning of fossil fuels, there are no harmful by-products left over.
 Since wind generation is a renewable source of energy, we will never
run out of it.
 No interference with nature: Farming and grazing can still take
place on land occupied by wind turbines which can help in the
production of biofuels.
 Doesn’t take uo much land space.
 Excellent for large scale power production

WIND POWER: CONS
 Wind power is intermittent. Consistent wind is needed for
continuous power generation.If wind speed decreases, the turbine
lingers and less electricity is generated.
 Large wind farms can have a negative effect on the scenery.
 The fact that it is a "very diffuse source" means that "large numbers
of wind generators (and thus large land areas) are required to
produce useful amounts of heat or electricity.“
 Wind turbines cannot be erected everywhere simply because many
places are not windy enough for suitable power generation.
 When an appropriate place is found, building and maintaining a
wind farm can be costly. It "is a highly capital-intensive technology.

SIZES OF WIND TURBINES
 Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms.
Now, electrical currents are harnessed by large scale
wind farms that are used by national electrical grids as
well as small individual turbines used for providing
electricity to isolated locations or individual homes.
 Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to
as large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are
more cost effective and are grouped together into wind
farms, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid.
 Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for
homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.

WIND POWER IN SRI LANKA?
 The first pilot wind power plant of 3MW was set up in 1999 by the
CEB in Hambantota but wasn’t successful.
 Wind power is available mostly in coastal areas and some hill
country regions (central, uva, southern, north western, northern,
eastern areas).
 Community based wind power projects have yet to take off on a
large scale in Sri Lanka.
 The Puttalam district is an appropriate location for wind power
generation. The wind power plants in the Puttalam district adds 50
MW of electricity to the national grid alone.

Puttalam Wind Power Plant Ambewela Farm Power Plant
Lakvijaya Power Station, Puttalam

Table : Existing and Expected capacities of the
national Grid

Sri Lanka’s wind climate is primarily determined by
the two Asian Monsoons the South West (SW) and
North East (NE) Monsoons. The SW Monsoon lasts
from May till early October while the NE Monsoon
last from December to February.
While winds over mountainous regions are highly site
specific, turbulent and confined to the SW monsoon,
winds over flat landscapes in the south-eastern and
north-western coastal belt are more consistent and
occur during both monsoons.

COMPANIES AND COSTING TO IMPLEMENT
SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER
BAM Holdings LTD No 52,
Sir Marcus Fernando Mawatha,
Colombo 07
Akbar brothers 334 T B Jayah Mawatha
Colombo 10
Sri Lanka
Integrated Technologies (Pvt) Ltd Pagoda Road, Nugegoda, Colombo Sri Lanka
ACSTRA Solutions (Pvt) Ltd. 12A Kinross Ave, Colombo
Power Management Technologies (Pvt) Ltd 120/11,Vidya Mawatha
Colombo 7 , Sri Lanka
Power Mart Services 176 B, Station Road, Kelaniya.
MAS Enterprises 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka
3 way technologies 74, Wijayarajadahana, Mirigama

HYDRO POWER
Hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy
of dammed water driving a water turbine and
generator.
Another variation is to make use of water's kinetic
energy or undammed sources such as tidal power.

RESEARCH SHOWS
In the wake of averting a power crisis, Sri Lanka has
also undertaken alternative power generation in
addition to hydro power generation. The
Norochcholai Lakvijaya coal power plant, the
Puttalam wind power plant and the Kerawalapitiya
Yugadanavi Thermal power plant assists national
power generation considerably.
- Sunday observer-

HYDRO POWER: PROCESS
 An intake: to diverts of the flow
from the water course.
 penstock pipe to convey the
water to the turbine.
 Powerhouse: in which the
turbine and generator convert
the water's energy into electricity.
 Outflow: through which the
water is released back to the river
or stream.
 Underground cables or overhead
lines: to transmit the electricity
to it's point of use. These must be
short enough to minimize
‘voltage drop.’

HYDRO POWER: PROS
 Water can be accumulated above the dam and released to
coincide with peaks in demand. So, unlike other types of
power stations, hydroelectric power stations can
promptly increase to full capacity.
 Electricity can be generated constantly, because there are
no outside forces, unlike other forms of alternative
energy, which affect the availability of water.
 Hydroelectric power produces no waste or pollution
since there is no chemical reaction to produce power.
 Water used for hydro power can be reused.

HYDRO POWER: CONS
 Dams can be very expensive to build.
 Maintenance can be costly.
 There needs to be a sufficient and powerful enough
supply of water in the area to produce energy.

HYDRO POWER IN SRI LANKA?
The Government has implemented several major and
small hydro power projects at suitable locations. The
Upper Kotmale project takes significance.
- Sunday observer-

HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN SRI
LANKA

The Victoria Dam
The Randenigala Dam
The Upper Kotmale Hydro Power
Plant

COMPANIES AND COSTING TO IMPLEMENT
SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER
Hydro power international (Pvt)Ltd • 34/3, 1st lane, Egodawatta Road,
Boralesgamuwa.
• 92/a, Gh perera mawatha
Rathanpitiya Boralesgamuwa
Hydro power services Ltd Prince Alfred tower, level 3 Alfred
house garden colombo
TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5th Lane, Nawala Road, Nawala
MAS Enterprises 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount
Lavinia, Sri Lanka
Free lanka (Pvt) Ltd 10 alfred house garden colombo 3

a
SOME OF THE
OTHER ENERGY
SOURCES

TIDAL POWER
 Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy
generators.
 These large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high
tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic
motion of the surging of ocean tides in order to produce
electricity.
 Tidal power has great potential for future power and
electricity generation because of the massive size of the
oceans.
 Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
 Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has
traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited
availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges

WAVE POWER
 Wave energy is produced when electricity generators
are placed on the surface of the ocean.
 Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean
surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do
useful work.
 For example, electricity generation, water
desalination, or the pumping of water (into
reservoirs).

GEOTHERMAL
 Geothermal energy is the use of the earth's internal heat to boil
water for heating buildings or generating electricity.
 Geothermal energy is produced by tapping into the thermal energy
created and stored within the earth.
 It is considered sustainable because that thermal energy is
constantly replenished.
PROCESS:
Geothermal literally means "earth heat." Geothermal energy harnesses
the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Hot rocks under the
ground heat water to produce steam. When holes are drilled in the
region, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive
turbines, which power electric generators.
TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5th Lane, Nawala Road,
Nawala

BIOFUEL
 Biofuel and Ethanol are plant-derived gasoline substitutes for powering vehicles.
 The farming industry, among other industries, are using corn and other plants as a
biomass alternative energy source that can be put into the gas tanks of cars and
trucks that can replace earth-damaging fossil fuels.
 The oldest type of biofuel is called biodiesel, which was first made out of plants and
vegetables. Today, biodiesel is made out of old cooking oil and other types of plant
materials that are not needed for other things. When it’s burning biodiesel made out
of old cooking oil, the exhaust from a car’s tail pipe smells like french fries.
 Ethanol, a second biofuel, is made by distilling plant materials (eg. corn) into grain
alcohol, which is then mixed with small amounts of fossil fuel. When finished, this
form of alternative energy can be used in cars, trucks and vans.
TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5th Lane, Nawala Road,
Nawala

BIO FUEL STATIONS IN SRI LANKA?

GENERATORS
 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
 Electric generators for homes or for commercial use are
normally driven by small engines that produce the
rotational energy from burning fuel.

GENERATOR: PROCESS
(5) Cooling and Exhaust
Systems
(6) Lubrication System: it
requires lubrication to ensure
durability and smooth operations
for a long period of time.
(7) Battery Charger: The start
function of a generator is battery-
operated.
(8) Control Panel: This is the
user interface of the generator
(9) Main Assembly / Frame
(1) Engine: source of the input mechanical energy to the generator
(2) Alternator: produces the electrical output from the mechanical input
supplied by the engine.
(3) Fuel System: variety of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, propane (in liquefied or
gaseous form), or natural gas. Usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator
operational for 6 to 8 hours on an average.
(4) Voltage Regulator: Conversion of AC Voltage to DC Current

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