description on the various types of pollution and its effect on environment.

1. Sharon A.J.
2009-03-10

2. Pollution
An undesirable and unfavorable change in
physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of land air and water that
harmfully affect both plant and animal life
including that of man.

3.  “Environmental pollution” means imbalance in
environment. The materials or substances when
after mixing in air, water or land alters their
properties in such manner, that the very use of all
or any of the air water and land by man and any
other living organism becomes lethal and
dangerous for health.
 “Environmental pollutant" means any solid, liquid
or gaseous substances present in such
concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to
environment and human being and animals
.

4. Types of Pollutants
Biodegradable pollutants: Those which
are rapidly decomposed by natural
processes. Eg. Domestic sewage
Non-degradable pollutants: That degrade
very slowly into natural environment. Eg.
Plastic, aluminum cans, glass, DDT,
mercuric salts etc.

5. Pollutants
1. Solid wastes (sewage,plastic, soot, dust etc. )
2. Gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide etc.)
3. Industrial wastes (acids, alkalies)
4. Agricultures pollutants (pesticides, herbicides)
5. Metals (Iron, Zinc, Mercury)
6. Radioactive substances
7. Oils

6. Atmospheric Pollution
 Contamination of atmospheric air due to
accumulation of harmful or toxic materials.

7. • Gaseous pollutants
1. Carbon monoxide.
2. Nitrogen oxide.
3. Sulphur dioxide etc.
• Particulate substances
• Solid and liquid particles
1.Large particles that easily settle down in air. (sand and
water drops)
2.Fine particles that float in air for long time (dust and mist).
3.Finer particles that never settle (smoke, aerosol and
fumes)

8. Sources of Air Pollution
Stationary combustion sources:
 Combustion of coal and petroleum produces
CO,SO2,various Nitrogen compounds and fly ash
containing trace metals like arsenic, lead and
mercury.
 Incomplete burning of petroleum produces soot
and other toxic gases.
 Oxides of sulphur react with atmosphere
producing sulphuric acid which forms acid rain or
acid precipitation.

9. .
Mobile combustion sources
1.Automobile is a major source of pollution.
Their exhaust contain carbon monoxide(77.2%), Oxides
of nitrogen(7.7%) and hydrocarbons(13.7%)
2.Photochemical reactions on Oxides of nitrogen and
hydrocarbons produce photochemical smog which
contains Peroxy acetyl nitrate and Ozone.
3.Tetra ethyl lead in petroleum produces various lead
compounds

10. Atmospheric pollution
1. Natural sources
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Forest fire
3. Decaying organic matter
4. Sand storms
2. Man-made pollutants
Only 0.05% of total atmospheric pollutants.
Caused by the outputs of industries and
automobiles

11. Industrial processing and
other sources
Smoke from factories
Compounds contain Chorine and Fluorine used in
propellants, refrigerants and in aerosol cans
produce toxic outputs
Solvents in spray painting, dyeing, printing etc.
Blasting, drilling, crushing, mixing etc.

12. Health effects
 Allergic reaction and bronchial asthma
 CO is respiratory poison
 NO impairs functioning of lungs
 SO2 penetrates tissues and causes mouth
drying
 Hydrocarbons and soot are carcinogenic
 Anthracosis ,silicosis,
 Stress to animals

13. Environmental effects
 Damage to vegetation[ ACID RAIN]
 Deterioration of air quality
 Aesthetic insults
 Change in climate[GLOBAL WARMING]

14. Acid Rain…

15. Green House Effect
The capacity of certain gases in the
atmosphere to trap heat emitted from
Earth’s surface, thereby insulating and
warming the planet. Without the thermal
blanketing of the natural greenhouse effect,
Earth’s climate would be about 33°C (about
59°F) cooler—too cold for most living
organisms to survive.

16.  Global Warming or Climate
Change, measurable increases in the average
temperature of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans,
and landmasses. Scientists believe Earth is
currently facing a period of rapid warming
brought on by rising levels of heat-trapping
gases known as green house gases Effect
Global warming

17.  Percentage contribution to the
greenhouse effect on Earth the four major
gases are
water vapor, 36–70%
carbon dioxide, 9–26%
methane, 4–9%
ozone, 3–7%

18. Air pollution laws
 The Environment Protection Act (1986)
• Enacted under article 253 of the Indian constitution.
• To protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from
all sources
• 1981 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules
(1982)
 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Amendment Act (1987)
 The Motor Vehicles Act(1988)

19. Water Pollution
 Contamination of water by addition of
undesirable organic, inorganic or biological
substances to water sources
 Natural sources: soil erosion, leaching of
minerals from of rocks and decay matter.
 Industrial effluents
 Destroys ecosystem and affects human
and Animal health
 Affects marine organisms

20. Sources of water pollution
 Community waste waters
 Industrial wastes
 Agricultural sources
 Thermal pollution
 Under ground water
pollution
 Marine pollution
 Oil spills

21. SOURCES OF
WATER POLLUTION
DOEMESTIC
WASTEAGRICULTURAL
WASTE
NON
BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
INDUSTRIAL
WASTE
OIL SPILLAGE
AT SEA
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

22. Heavy metal poisoning causes diseases in animals
Inorganic nitrates promote excessive plant growth in
lakes and reservoirs[EUTROPHICATION]
Pesticides are harmful to aquatic life
Organochlorines pass through food chain to animals and
is harmful[BIOMAGNIFICATION]

23. Increased turbidity due to suspended particles.
Unpleasant odours and bad taste
Soaps and alkalies cause foam formation
Eutrophication provides rich growth of micro
organisms that consume dissolved oxygen
Thermal pollution cause damage to aquatic life

24. Eutrophication
 DISCHARGE OF AGRICULTURAL
WASTE INTO THE WATER
SYSTEM INCRESAES ALGAE
PLANT.
 DECOMPOSITION OF ALGAE
TAKES A LARGE AMOUNT OF
OXYGEN.
 THE B.O.D. THEN INCREASES
AND BADLY AFFECTED AQUATIC
LIFE.

26. Biomagnification

27. Oil Spills

28. Control of water pollution

29. The Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act (1974)
• Establishes an institutional structure for preventing and
abating water pollution.
• It establishes standards for water quality and effluent.
• The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted
under this act
 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act
(1977)
 Provides for the levy and collection of fees on water
consuming industries and local authorities.
 The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (1991)
• Puts regulations on various activities, including
construction.
• It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries.

30. Soil pollution
• Undesirable change in the physical,
chemical or biological property which
adversely affects its productivity
• Caused by dumping of wastes,
agrochemicals

32. Control of soil pollution
Proper disposal of industrial and
agricultural wastes
Recycling and recovery of materials
Minimize the manufacture and use of
chemical fertilizers
Reduce the use of pesticides

33. Laws regarding solid waste..
 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules, (2000)
 Apply to every municipal authority responsible for the collection,
transportation, processing, and disposal of municipal solid wastes
 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules (2001)
 The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control
(2000)
 The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules
(1998)
 The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules (1989)

34. Radioactive pollution
Physical pollution that affects air, water and
soil. Caused by ionizing radiations of harmful
nature emitted from disintegrating atomic
nuclei.
 The natural sources include cosmic rays that
reaches the earth surface and radiations from
radium 224, uranium 235 thorium 232 etc.

35. Man made sources
Nuclear weapons
Reactors and Nuclear fuel
Waste waters containing these wastes
X-rays used in medical practices
Ultra violet rays present in solar radiations

36. Effects
Mutation
Cancer
Radioactive substances in food chain cause
retarded growth and bone cancer.
Increases infant mortality rate

37. Control measures
Prevention of leakage of radioactive elements
from nuclear reactors.
Proper storage and disposal of nuclear wastes
Regular monitoring
Increasing the use of non harmful energy
sources

38. Laws regarding nuclear
pollution
The Atomic Energy Act (1982)
Deals with the radioactive waste

39. Pollution impact on animals

40. Thank you