Ethics are the norms or standards for conduct  that distinguish between right and wrong. It is concern with social and moral principles that guide research.  For doing any research, first our project should be passed by ethical committee and their guidelines. There are many NGOs and Human Right groups which claim several of the biological researches as they are against ethics. There are some ethical issues which are generally raised- Protection from harm Participant should not be exposed to undue physical and psychological harm. Participant should know ahead of time if some degree of discomfort is expected. Every living being have the right to live. Ex- Tuskegee Syphilis. Informed consent Researchers must provide complete information about all aspects of the proposed study that might be of interest or concern to a potential participant and this must be presented in a form that the participant can easily understandParticipants have the right to withdraw from the study at anytime without penalty. Informed consent must be appropriately documented . Right to privacy Every human being has the right to keep their privacy, any research should not violate their right to privacy in any circumstances. Strict confidentiality. Use codes or pseudonyms to identify people. Equitable selection The proposed research does not discriminate among individuals in the populationHonesty v/s professional colleagues Complete and honest reporting, no misrepresentation. Give credit where it is due

1. Ethical, Legal, Social and Scientific
issues in Biological Research

2. Ethical issues
• Ethics are the norms or standards for conduct that
distinguish between right and wrong.
• It is concern with social and moral principles that
guide research.
• For doing any research, first our project should be
passed by ethical committee and their guidelines.
• There are many NGOs and Human Right groups
which claim several of the biological researches as
they are against ethics.
• There are some ethical issues which are generally
raised-

3. Protection from harm
Participant should not be exposed to undue
physical and psychological harm.
Participant should know ahead of time if some
degree of discomfort is expected.
Every living being have the right to live. Ex-
Tuskegee Syphilis.
Informed consent
Researchers must provide complete information
about all aspects of the proposed study that
might be of interest or concern to a potential
participant and this must be presented in a form
that the participant can easily understand.

4. Participants have the right to withdraw from the
study at anytime without penalty.
 Informed consent must be appropriately
documented .
Right to privacy
Every human being has the right to keep their
privacy, any research should not violate their right
to privacy in any circumstances.
Strict confidentiality.
Use codes or pseudonyms to identify people.
Equitable selection
The proposed research does not discriminate
among individuals in the population.

5. Honesty v/s professional colleagues
Complete and honest reporting, no
misrepresentation.
Give credit where it is due.

7. Legal issues
• To conserve any body ‘s ideas or any researcher’s works, so
many laws are made and a researcher also has to work under
certain rules and regulations. Any violation of such laws raise
legal issues – some of them are categorised below-
 Issues in patenting and licensing
 If any scientist has patented his/her invention then he/she has
the rights for its application.
 No industry or other worker can use their work without their
official permission.
 Fraud or fabrication
 is making up of fake data or results and recording and
reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as ‘drylabbing’.
 Falsification
 Manipulation of research materials, equipment, or processes,
or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is
not accurately represented in the research record.

8. Plagiarism
 The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results,
or words without giving appropriate credit.
 The use of another’s original words or ideas as though they were
your own
 Theft or misappropriation of textual copying of another's work.
 Generally 15% plagiarism(with proper citation) is allowed but
above that it will not be allowed and the research paper will not
be accepted .

9. Issue on authorship in publication – who should
be authors?
 Publication must give appropriate credit to all authors for their
roles in the research.
 The decision of which names are to be listed as co-authors should
reflect the relative contributions of various participants in the
research.
 A person's name should not be listed as author without his or her
knowledge, permission, and review of the final version of the
manuscript, which includes the names of all co-authors.

10.  Issue on data ownership
 Research data obtained in studies performed in the University
and/or by employees of the University are not the property of
the researcher who generated or observed them, or even of
the principal investigator of the research group - they belong
to the University, which can be held accountable for the
integrity of the data even if the researchers have left the
University.

11. Social issues
A social issue is a problem that influences a
considerable number of the individuals within a
society.
Social issues generally arises in biological science
when any research work is done on the topics which
have contemporary social and political issues.
E.g.,
 HIV/AIDS,
 female foeticide,
 Sexual harassment,
 domestic violence,
 gender equality in health care etc.

12. Other than these, if our research will have any
direct or indirect bad effect on that particular
area or it is against that locality’s ethical faith,
then also social issues will be there.
E.g.,
 Formation of pig farm in nearby colony.
Many a times ethical issues also becomes as
social issues.
Ex., making hybrid is a ethical issue and eating of
hybrid vegetables becomes a social issue because
different group of peoples think differently and
have their own faith.

13. Scientific issues
• Some of the scientific issues are described
below-
Side effects of hybrid
Most of the effects of the hybrids are unknown.
Hybrid animals and food stuff may have
dangerous side effects with due course of time.
It may even cause mutation and unwanted
speciation.
The results which are now showing for some
research may deviate with due course of time
and can cause bad impact on life.

14. Do not catch or harvest during breeding season
Without special requirement of brooders we
should not catch breeding animals. Ex., Fish.
It is also not ethical because by sacrificing a
single brooder fish we are going to kill a lots of
offspring which they might have produced.

15. Do not harm endangered species
For saving endangered species their research is
very important.
But our research should not have negative
impacts on endangered species.
Specially their breeding season should not be
disturbed.