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OBJECT Collection:
The offering below represents my best effort to construct a learning assemblage for the Open
Educational Resources course. Structure here is a linear presentation of the various findings
that were to sequence together effortlessly into a “lesson.”

Prior to starting this project it seemed easy and then the purpose-confounding powers of the
this-suggests-that voice I hear on the net took over and into the rocks the project went.

A consideration of what this reveals:

Contextuality: Fitting these things together may be as hard as finding ones that fit within the
whole of the learning project—more time may go into linking the individual pieces to each
other than if the whole course was built form scratch. The mind of the collector makes
connective leaps that may not be meaningful when applied to a learning project that others
view and have to build sense from. [Part of this is my inexperience as a teacher and knowing
the difficulties in advance. Which is a learned skill? If so, is it learned by direct contact with
live students and how do I acquire valuable feedback “proofing” of context if my only
experience is through online instruction? Is teaching even a realm that can be done by
applying theory, or does it always rely directly of feedback? How can we be confident that
anything just broadcast out there accomplished its purpose? Because we think it’s cool and
theoretically sound?]

This could turn into an unending discourse. Returning to the structure here:
First I started with the idea of researching student interaction and meaning building in an
online course space. That idea was too broad so the next proto-subject became a short lesson
on the Boreal Forest (just outside my door). This seemed easy and there was lots of
information though all of the “free” websites were structured the same. This class is no place
to cover new ground but after reading “Three Day Road” and “Through Black Spruce” by
Joseph Boyden or “Sacred Ecology” by Fikret Berkes it felt like something so big and rich
couldn’t fit into the smallness of a single assignment.

The final result below is an illustrated strategy of what I’ve taken from the class. Does it
illustrate or demonstrate an acceptable outcome? Don’t know.

My comments are in RED.

Scott Johnson
July 4, 2010
For 98827 Open Educational Resources
Welcome to CORE
Looks like a wonderful source of full lessons (objects?)
http://www.core.org.cn/en/
CORE—China Open Resource for Education--- is a non-profit organization. Her mission is to promote closer
interaction and open sharing of educational resources between Chinese and international universities, which CORE
envisions as the future of world education.

CORE is committed to providing Chinese universities with free and easy access to global open educational
resources.




Sent picture from my pictures to here via ms office ~ could be opened in PPT now
http://www.core.org.cn/sofia/gallery/geography/assignments/assignment06.html
Open lesson plan From the Sophia project accessed from CORE http://www.core.org.cn/en/
by searching “forests” and picking a subject of interest. The course itself is interesting and it
also demonstrates an instructional design template that I found interesting.

Lab 6 - Global Patterns in Green Up and Green Down

100 points - This activity has been adapted from an activity developed through the GLOBE
project at SRI International.

Directions

   1. Read through this handout, then print out the four worksheets.
   2. Look carefully at the color visualizations of January and July vegetation vigor, and
      Global land cover.
   3. Cut out and assemble the flip books by cutting out each month; then, assemble the
      months in order
   4. Fill in the worksheets.
   5. Answer the questions at the bottom of this sheet and turn in only the answers to
      these questions.

Key Concepts

   •   The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measures vegetation vigor.
       NDVI is calculated from satellite data, thus allowing global coverage.
   •   Vegetation growth and decline follows the seasonal cycle with an annual “green up”
       in the spring and summer and a “green down” (or senescence) in the fall and winter.
       The cycle of greenup and greendown occurs within ecosystems at all scales. Large-
       scale regional land covers show characteristic patterns that identify them (e.g., rain
       forests nearly uniformly high, deserts nearly uniformly low, tundra has a rapid rise
       that lasts only a short time, etc.).

Figures

   •   Vegetation Vigor in January and July
   •   Difference between January and July & Earth vegetation
   •   Student worksheet (4 pages)

Background

Everyone experiences local changes in vegetation that occur in fall and spring. This activity
is designed to connect your local experiences of seasonal change in vegetation with global
patterns of change. These global patterns in vegetation growth and decline or “plant waves
of green up and green down” follow the annual climate cycle. As a result, what occurs in
the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is roughly reversed. Just as summer in the
Northern Hemisphere occurs during winter in the Southern Hemisphere, so Green-Up occurs
in the North while Green-Down occurs in the South.

This activity focuses on visualizations of vegetation vigor that were collected by satellites.
We have global coverage because the data was collected by satellite. The measure of
vegetation vigor is made in terms of a calculated quantity called Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (discussed in lecture). NDVI provides a measure of how much sunlight is
being used by plants for photosynthesis. These values are unitless, since NDVI is calculated
as a ratio of absorbed light in the red wavelengths and reflected light in the near infrared
wavelengths. While the measurement does not provide a precise measure of vegetation and
is subject to several issues that compromise its consistency, it is very useful.

Land Cover Visualization

Many of your questions about why individual areas are high or low can be answered by
looking at the land cover visualization below. For example, compare the rain forests of
South America (the broadleaf evergreen class that is blue-green) and the Saharan desert in
Africa (a desert and scrubland class that is tan). The rain forests show high values (bright
green) year round while the desert shows low values (pale yellow) year round. Overall, the
difference can be explained by the type of ecosystem that occurs there. However, many
ecosystems are not constant across the year but change greatly.




Figure 2. Landcover Type
You can go here and “drive” a tractor to the next object. This is not strictly an OER (difficult to
tell by the terms exactly what the conditions are) so we will just borrow the tractor from:

About Tom Hutchings

Tom Hutchings is a creative partner of fonicLAB, a UK based audio post production
company. From his work as a sound designer, Tom has developed a keen interest in
providing high quality HD and surround sound library recordings for the next generation of
audio post production.

Tom's sound design credits include work on feature film productions for Universal, Warp X
and for BAFTA award winning UK director Shane Meadows.

And not leave and candy wrappers in the cab.

http://www.soundsnap.com/tractorint




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Tags: drive,
driving, ride,
riding, tractor


Riding in a
tractor.
Starting and
driving
A cautionary tale on the improper use of tools. Throughout my apprenticeship some version
of the wrench that broke with blood curdling results was used to persuade us from using an
informal breaker bar (steel pipe over the end of the wrench) to increase the leverage of the
      wrench. We listened and carried a pipe hidden at the bottom of our tool boxes.
                   http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/Search.do?
                          ig=on&R=IMAGES_NMST881047&lang=en
Recommended by Robert:
http://www.setbc.org/bcudl/
The template looked very useful and should have been used from the start on this project.

BCUDL-LOR Lesson Template with Prompts
You can use this Lesson Template to write your lesson off-line and then cut and paste to the
online form. Do NOT use any tables or html formatting because they interfere with the database.

When you are ready to enter the new lesson online, log on to the LOR using your password and
under Lessons on the left, click Create New. To edit an existing lesson, click the little pencil
icon next to its name. Only you can see your lesson until you decide to share it.




Here we have a nice report on the non-rational response to the marginalization experienced
by students working in the isolation of online courses. This is serious and can do damage to a
person’s willingness to participate by alienating them from the education they should have by
right. To be inattentive to this as an educator is unforgivable.
WARNING: at the time of access this thesis document was available as a free PDF download on
Google Scholar. Now the only version available is here:
http://www.stephanieburns.com/products/the_emotional_experience_of_the_adult_learner/




There seems to be a bias towards non-intervention in the form of instructional guidance or
social interaction in the OER class just completed that’s hard to square with this handbook
being published by the same institution. If this is indeed a shared project then not providing
easy student interaction marginalizes a whole class of participants. It is not an overstatement
to say that this is the sort of performance that drives people away from education.
http://umanitoba.ca/learning_technologies/cetl/HETL.pdf
• The traditional role of education as planned enculturation is at odds with the view that
knowledge emerges “as human beings participate in the world” 86
Handbook of Emerging Technologies for Learning
George Siemens
Peter Tittenberger
March, 2009
86 Osberg, D., & Biesta, G. (2008). The emergent curriculum: Navigating a complex course between unguided learning and
planned enculturation. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(3), 313–328. doi: 10.1080/00220270701610746.


From conversations during these engagements, a set of concerns has emerged:
1. Educators express interest in improving their teaching and learning practices, particularly
emphasizing the need to improve engagement of learners (online or in-class).
2. While concerned about improving teaching and learning, educators generally resist:
a. Advanced pedagogical discussions that are not readily transferable to the online or face-to-
face classroom
b. Technology-heavy hype and suggestions that the social element of learning can somehow be
replaced. (Page 4)

Even though technology enables greater learner control and autonomy, learners generally value social
contact and faculty guidance, especially when entering a new field or course of study96. A model of
learning is required that addresses the apparent dichotomy between faculty guidance and learner self-
direction. (page 32)
96 de Laat, M. (2006). Networked learning. Retrieved December 27, 2007, from http://www.e-learning.nl/files/dissertatie
%20maarten.




From the Flickr openpad’s photostream page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/openpad/
Digital Scholarship Barriers
http://www.flickr.com/photos/openpad/page2/

Barriers seem to be focused on institutional / technical and fear-of-change factors. How much
of the budget for professional development does techno-skilling draw away from people-
skilling?




Merlot
Good glossary tool ~ too much here to absorb.
The MERLOT repository is not only learning materials, but assignments, comments, personal
collections and Content Builder web pages, all designed to enhance the teaching experience of
an learning material. The learning materials are categorized into 14 different learning material
types. A large selection of materials in MERLOT also have assignments and comments attached
to them. It is also possible to add any material to a personal collection, to make organizing your
teaching materials for each of your courses.

MERLOT Learning Materials
The materials in MERLOT are categorized as follows: http://taste.merlot.org/learningmaterials.html

    •   Animation: Allows users to view the dynamic and visual representation of concepts, models,
        processes, and/or phenomena in space or time. Users can control their pace and movement through
        the material, but they cannot determine and/or influence the initial conditions or their outcomes/results.
    •   Assessment Tool: Assessment tools and activities for measuring outcomes.
    •   Assignment: Activities designed to be used as a task for a student to complete. Could be based on a
        learning object in MERLOT.
    •   Case Study: Illustrates a concept or problem by using an example that can be explored in depth.
    •   Collection: Any collection of learning materials such as web sites or subject specific applets.
    •   Development Tool: Any tool used for development of web sites, learning objects, or anything used to
        develop materials.
    •   Drill and Practice: Requires users to respond repeatedly to questions or stimuli presented in a variety
        of sequences. Users practice on their own, at their own pace, to develop their ability to reliably perform
        and demonstrate the target knowledge and skills.
    •   Learning Object Repository: A searchable database of at least 100 online resources that is available
        on the Internet and whose search result displays an ordered hit list of items with a minimum of title
        metadata. What is not a LOR: a webpage with a list of links.
    •   Online Course: A material that is designed to be used in an online course.
    •   Open Journal - Article: A journal or article in a journal that can be submitted to MERLOT.
    •   Open Textbook: An openly-licensed textbook offered online by its author(s). The open license sets open
        textbooks apart from traditional textbooks by allowing users to read online, download, or print the book at no
        additional cost.
    •   Presentation: Any material intended for use in support of in-class lectures/presentations. Lecture
        notes, audio visual materials, and presentation graphics such as PowerPoint slide shows that do not
        stand alone are examples.
    •   Quiz/Test: Any assessment device intended to serve as a test or quiz.
    •   Reference Material: Material with no specific instructional objectives and similar to that found in the
        reference area of a library. Subject specific directories to other sites, texts, or general information are
        examples.
    •   Simulation: Approximates a real or imaginary experience where users' actions affect their outcomes.
        Users determine and input initial conditions that generate output that is different from and changed by
        the initial conditions.
    •   Social Networking Tool: A site that allows users to communicate with others, create bookmark
        collections, share notices and get connected with others.
    •   Tutorial: Users navigate through electronic workbooks designed to meet stated learning objectives,
        structured to impart specific concepts or skills, and organized sequentially to integrate conceptual
        presentation, demonstration, practice and testing.
    •   Workshop and Training Material: Materials best used in a workshop or tutorial for the purpose of
        teaching others about learning and teaching online.entation, demonstration, practice, and testing.

The learning materials in MERLOT are organized into discipline "communities".

2.0 Acceptable Use

MERLOT is a free and open resource designed primarily for faculty and students of higher education. MERLOT
is built on the collaboration of its partners, community members, registered members, and users. In that spirit,
MERLOT allows access to its site and the materials therein for personal and non-commercial uses as set forth
in this policy. Links to online learning materials are catalogued in MERLOT, along with other items such as
peer reviews and assignments. MERLOT is committed to improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning
by expanding access to high quality teaching and learning materials that can be easily incorporated into faculty-
designed courses.

By using MERLOT, you agree to the terms of MERLOT’S AUP and promise to use any content found on the
MERLOT website, whether in whole or in part, for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes only as
described in this policy. You also agree to comply with prevailing United States laws regarding copyright and
the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. http://taste.merlot.org/acceptableuserpolicy.html




Opening Up Education
Revolutionizing Education through Innovation: Can Openness Transform Teaching and
Learning?
Catherine M. Casserly and Marshall S. Smith

http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/sites/default/files/publications/elibrary_pdf_788.pdf
However, open access is not the only feature of OER that distinguishes
it from other content on the Web accessible by search engines or from
behind a wall that requires status or permission or resources to penetrate.
Fully open educational resources provide a license that grants permission
to users not only to read the material but also to download, modify, and
post it for reuse. Users are empowered to change the materials to meet
their own needs. They can mix and remix. The capacity and right to
reuse materials is an important step in providing users all over the world
the opportunity to actively participate in the open education resources
teaching and learning processes. It creates the opportunity for the localization
of the materials, where users tailor materials according to their
language and culture, and for personalization, where materials can be
adapted and modifi ed for individual learners. Reuse also makes possible
continuous cycles of improvement of educational materials as users
quickly provide critical reactions and evaluations to developers of the
quality and effectiveness of the materials. These fast feedback loops of
users and developers create an environment for the improvement of
content similar to the environment of open source software.




 Similar to CORE in China
The National Repository of Online Courses

 Available Courses http://www.montereyinstitute.org/nroc/nrocdemos.html

 NROC course content is an Open Educational Resource (OER) and is available at no cost
 for individual use here at our website. If your organization would like to integrate NROC
 content into your institutional curriculum, please contact us for information about NROC
 Network membership at info@montereyinstitute.org.
 Supported by a grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

Below banner from Non-Majors Biology : http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/Non-
Majors%20Biology/nroc%20prototype%20files/coursestartc.html




Struggling to find a focus for this assignment:
Began with an outline for my chosen subject dealing with human interaction in online
learning. Having done a lot of research on this it appeared sufficient material was already on
file and I could just dash off a sample learning whatever (the term “object” seems too strict).
Then up pops the first question: what does this mess of downloads and suggestive ideas
represent? In small pieces as they were collected off the internet they all seemed related and
how hard can it be to take a pile of related notions and sequence them into a beginning,
middle and endish thing that has any meaning that can be called learning?

Presumably, were I an experienced teacher, there might have been an alarm moment when it
was obvious that raw quantity and inspirational connectivity were active and exciting but
weren’t going to spontaneously produce meaning.

Plan B was to construct an outline on something I knew about and was confident could find
material on at the last moment. The immediate barrier to this the things I know either aren’t
listed on the web or (again) don’t constitute a comprehensive and sequenced front-to-back,
top-to-bottom blob of knowledge. Could be it’s all applied knowledge and without a place to
apply it, (like a machine to fix or a bit of carpentry) it won’t come out. A lesson is too abstract
without a context and the context called “an assignment” has never jumped up and grabbed
me.

So where does this go? As someone who always starts a painting too big and paints off the
side of the canvas it might be that I can collect things, categorize them by suggestive
connections but can’t get past 3 blocks high before things fall down? Might be why I’m in the
research department and not Instructional Design. Or it could be just my first lesson attempt
and starting by having to populate the lesson with OER objects is way harder than it looks?
How do you build a web of context resilient enough to contain so many disparate pieces?
Maybe you need a base in conflict resolution to make these things cooperate?




Useful overviews of various theories of communication
University of Twente http://www.utwente.nl/en
Theory Clusters
http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/index.html

Interpersonal Communication and Relations | Organizational Communication | Mass Media | Communication and
Information Technology | Communication Processes | Health Communication | Language Theories and Linguistics |
Media, Culture and Society | Public Relations, Advertising, Marketing and Consumer Behavior

LANGUAGE EXPECTANCY THEORY
effects of linguistic variations on persuasive messages
History and Orientation
Brooks (1970) provided a spark to begin developing the Language Expectancy Theory. He had expectations
about what a source might or might not say in persuasive messages. Burgoon, Jones and Stewart (1975)
added the impact of linguistic strategies. They claimed that strategic linguistic choices can be significant
predictors of persuasive success. In 1995 Burgoon provided a detailed version of the formulation of the
Language Expectancy Theory.
Core Assumptions and Statements
Language Expectancy Theory is a formalized model about message strategies and attitude and behavior
change. Message strategies include verbal aggressions like fear appeal, explicit opinions and language
intensity which are more combat. Language Expectancy Theory assumes that language is a rule-governed
system and people develop expectations concerning the language or message strategies employed by others
in persuasive attempts (Burgoon, 1995). Expectations are a function of cultural and sociological norms and
preferences arising from cultural values and societal standards or ideals for competent communication.
Language Expectancy Theory assumes that changes in the direction desired by an actor occur when positive
violations of expectancies occur. Positive violations occur (a) when the enacted behavior is better or more
preferred than that which was expected in the situation. Change occurs because enacted behavior is outside
the bandwidth in a positive direction, and such behavior prompts attitude or behavioral change (Burgoon,
1995).
Positive violations occur (b) when negatively evaluated sources conform more closely than expected to cultural
values or situational norms. This can result in overly positive evaluation of the source and change promoted by
the actor (Burgoon, 1995).
Negative violations, resulting from language choices that lie outside socially acceptable behavior in a negative
direction, produce no attitude or behavior change in receivers.




Open Course to look at. How did they do it?
MOOC or Mega-Connectivism Course
George Siemens on Jul 28th 2008 http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?p=53


Two separate individuals – Dave Cormier and Bryan Alexander – have named our upcoming course as
a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). As far as names go, it works for me. We currently have 1200
signed up. As a side note – I post numbers of enrollment to obviously provide a sense of how many
have expressed interest, but also to document progress for subsequent publications. This blog will
serve as field notes.

Last night, in my time zone at least, a group of us got together and discussed the challenges and
dynamics of running an large open course (the recording is now available). Our conversation was
largely focused on the theoretical aspect of the course: the motivation for offering it, logistics of
interaction, challenges expected, what we hope the course will achieve, etc. Even though our meeting
ran 70+minutes, we only scratched the surface of what needed to be addressed. We decided to have
another online discussion sometime in mid-August.

This first comment on the blog page expresses what I’ve been thinking about OER’s as a
continuous unfolding of learning without rest stops for consideration, valuation and
attaching meaning. You can’t step into the same river twice but you can stand back and
consider the river. Ask it questions, compare it to others and appreciate it “riverness”. Why
is it that knowledge has become so ethereal and valued only in its brief novelty? Does the
new disprove the old? What exists in the ever fluid now that won’t soon be then—what did
we miss? Did anyone take notes?


                                                  1. Lorna Costantini Jul 28th 2008 at 01:01 pm 1


As I listen and muse on the conversations evolving, I know what I am looking for in this course is a
charted way to make the unorganized become organized. I see a concerted effort to make sense of
learning in an environment that has no beginning and no end point. A place where everyone is an
expert and still doesn’t know enough. I am very appreciative of everyone’s efforts and can attest that
the process of watching the process evolve is an educational experience in itself.

To here a year later—can there be a class modeled after this ongoing course? Watching
others learn as a form of learning? This becomes a process in time but watched from out of
time in the sense of being after “then” though unimportant when after? Or is this getting
too philosophical? Anyway, seems I was wrong to see no value in a focus on nowness
above. The judgement I made was on the assumption becoming or emerging has no sense
of its past or disrespects its past when in fact it is built of the past but is too busy becoming
to pause and look back.



Archive for July, 2009
Continuing attempt to destabilize courses
George Siemens on Jul 29th 2009 http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?m=200907


CCK08 was an attempt to destabilize the concept of a course.

A course does not need to be confined to a particular set of students, with one (or even two)
instructors. A course is essentially a path through a particular area of information. The path is
generally formed before learners arrive, which means many learners will find parts redundant or
irrelevant. A learner’s existing knowledge and motivation are the two biggest factors in determining
their success. When we prepackage curriculum as a course, we largely overlook this vital aspect…
Alberta-North has more than
85 Community Access Points located
across Alberta and the Northwest
Territories. Each Community Access Point
is managed by a Community Access Point
Coordinator to assist you with your
distance education needs.
Ask your Coordinator for more details
about careers, educational planning,
funding and scholarships, programs and
courses, admissions, schedules, distance
education and more.
Technology Access
We provide computers, Internet and
education technologies for you to use. If
you’re new to using these types of
technologies, there’s no need to worry,
we’re here to help!
Learning Support
We’ll help you contact counsellors for
career, financial and educational
planning, schedule placement tests, and
also assist you in developing skills such as
time management, research, computer
basics and exam preparation.
Exam Supervision
Many courses require supervised tests.
We provide quiet space and supervision
for your exams.
Study Resources
Select from print or online reference
resources, online catalogues and
specialized databases from the libraries
of the seven Alberta-North partners.
  [Lac La Biche here]
Access the best website resources
available for information and tutorials on
life, work and study topics.
http://www.alberta-
north.ca/capsiteslibrary/

This map gives a sense of the area
served by the few post-secondary
institutions in the north. Imagine what
it’s like as a student in each one of these
points.
Creating open educational resources: http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?
id=3636



            Original Copyright © 2008 The Open University. Now made available within the
 Creative Commons framework under the CC Attribution – Non-commercial licence (see http://
 creativecommons.org/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/).


          •   Time:                                 15                                   hours
              Level: Introductory

          •   Are you interested in creating your own open educational resources? This unit
              will help you to write a learning unit and provide you with links to various
              resources for open-learning materials. You will learn about the different
              purposes of self-instruction and receive advice about the techniques and
              strategies to help the learner.

Introduction

This unit looks at the pedagogical issues involved in the creation and selection of self-study
educational resources for a set of intended learning outcomes as exemplified here on
OpenLearn. It is a unit about writing a unit. Although it considers the way that people at The
Open University set about writing open-learning materials, it will not focus specifically on the
University’s particular production system. Nor does it look deeply at the technical issues
involved in producing certain types of media. It distinguishes between the different purposes of
self-instruction and gives advice about techniques and strategies to help the learner when they
are engaging with what we normally consider to be open-learning materials.

Learning outcomes

After studying this unit you will:

     •    be able to state your own motivation for producing self-study Open Educational
          Resources (OERs);

     •    have investigated and analysed some of the research into online learning;

     •    have evaluated some examples of educational resources for active open learning;

     •    be able to plan a structured learning experience using a range of resources;

     •    be able to construct an OpenLearn-style unit by remixing resources;

     •    have considered how to evaluate your teaching resource.

Advantages to OER

     •    Freedom of access; both for yourself and others

     •    Freedom from proprietary systems and corporations

     •    Encourages pedagogical innovation
•   Lowers costs to students

    •   Potential publicity

    •   Contribution to a community

    •   Method of collaboration

    •   Helpful to future educators

    •   Potentially beneficial to developing nations

    •   Avoids ‘vendor lock-in’ or a situation in which you have to use one company's products.

Disadvantages to OER

    •   Varying degrees of time commitment

    •   Teachers sometimes not rewarded by the system for their efforts

    •   Starting large projects can be difficult

    •   Some projects require startup resources

    •   Quality varies

    •   May not meet accessibility requirements for persons with disabilities

    •   Need to check accuracy before use

    •   May need a high degree of customisation (called localisation in the OER community)

    •   Technical requirements vary and some require you to use a particular software

    •   Requires varying degrees of continual financial support

    •   Licensing and obtaining copyright clearance can be difficult

    •   Some institutions may be concerned about ‘giving it away’.

(From http://www.wikieducator.org/OER_Handbook/educator/advantages_and_disadvantages
accessed 17 April 2008) [Old fashioned internal link: LOOK FOR THIS LINK FOR
THE NEX PAGE! : Image courtesy of Chaos in June ]
Constructing online learning can indeed seem rather daunting. How should we go about it? Let
us look at some research.
http://wikieducator.org/OER_Handbook/educator/Introduction/Considerations



Image courtesy of Chaos in June

Open Educational Resources offer some great benefits and opportunities over completely in-
house development and/or the purchase of "closed" (traditionally copyrighted) resources:

    •   OER provide freedom of access for both yourself and others.
    •   Because you can freely adapt them, OER encourage pedagogical innovation.
    •   Because OER are available free of charge, using them can lower costs to students and
        organizations.
    •   You and your organization may benefit from potential publicity.
    •   When you share OER, you are contributing to the global education community.
    •   When you share OER, you open a new method of collaborating with your students and
        colleagues.
    •   Your OER may be helpful to future educators.
    •   Your OER may be beneficial to undeserved individuals in the developed and developing
        world.
    •   Using OER puts you in control and avoids "vendor lock-in" or a situation in which you
        can only use one company's products.
    •   OER are represented in standard formats that can be edited and manipulated with free
        software for a wide variety of reasons including file conversion for access on different
        media (e.g., on paper, CD/DVD, via mobile devices, in multimedia presentations), re-
        purposing for various language and educational levels, etc.

However, when embarking on an OER project, be it a small scale attempt to use OER in a
course, or a large scale institutional initiative to create and share OER, there are many
things to consider:
•   As with Free, Libre and Open Source Software
    (FLOSS)[1], volunteer contributions are significant,
    often by a diversity of people with limited time and
    institutional support.


                         ~END ~

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Object collection

  • 1. OBJECT Collection: The offering below represents my best effort to construct a learning assemblage for the Open Educational Resources course. Structure here is a linear presentation of the various findings that were to sequence together effortlessly into a “lesson.” Prior to starting this project it seemed easy and then the purpose-confounding powers of the this-suggests-that voice I hear on the net took over and into the rocks the project went. A consideration of what this reveals: Contextuality: Fitting these things together may be as hard as finding ones that fit within the whole of the learning project—more time may go into linking the individual pieces to each other than if the whole course was built form scratch. The mind of the collector makes connective leaps that may not be meaningful when applied to a learning project that others view and have to build sense from. [Part of this is my inexperience as a teacher and knowing the difficulties in advance. Which is a learned skill? If so, is it learned by direct contact with live students and how do I acquire valuable feedback “proofing” of context if my only experience is through online instruction? Is teaching even a realm that can be done by applying theory, or does it always rely directly of feedback? How can we be confident that anything just broadcast out there accomplished its purpose? Because we think it’s cool and theoretically sound?] This could turn into an unending discourse. Returning to the structure here: First I started with the idea of researching student interaction and meaning building in an online course space. That idea was too broad so the next proto-subject became a short lesson on the Boreal Forest (just outside my door). This seemed easy and there was lots of information though all of the “free” websites were structured the same. This class is no place to cover new ground but after reading “Three Day Road” and “Through Black Spruce” by Joseph Boyden or “Sacred Ecology” by Fikret Berkes it felt like something so big and rich couldn’t fit into the smallness of a single assignment. The final result below is an illustrated strategy of what I’ve taken from the class. Does it illustrate or demonstrate an acceptable outcome? Don’t know. My comments are in RED. Scott Johnson July 4, 2010 For 98827 Open Educational Resources
  • 2. Welcome to CORE Looks like a wonderful source of full lessons (objects?) http://www.core.org.cn/en/ CORE—China Open Resource for Education--- is a non-profit organization. Her mission is to promote closer interaction and open sharing of educational resources between Chinese and international universities, which CORE envisions as the future of world education. CORE is committed to providing Chinese universities with free and easy access to global open educational resources. Sent picture from my pictures to here via ms office ~ could be opened in PPT now
  • 3. http://www.core.org.cn/sofia/gallery/geography/assignments/assignment06.html Open lesson plan From the Sophia project accessed from CORE http://www.core.org.cn/en/ by searching “forests” and picking a subject of interest. The course itself is interesting and it also demonstrates an instructional design template that I found interesting. Lab 6 - Global Patterns in Green Up and Green Down 100 points - This activity has been adapted from an activity developed through the GLOBE project at SRI International. Directions 1. Read through this handout, then print out the four worksheets. 2. Look carefully at the color visualizations of January and July vegetation vigor, and Global land cover. 3. Cut out and assemble the flip books by cutting out each month; then, assemble the months in order 4. Fill in the worksheets. 5. Answer the questions at the bottom of this sheet and turn in only the answers to these questions. Key Concepts • The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) measures vegetation vigor. NDVI is calculated from satellite data, thus allowing global coverage. • Vegetation growth and decline follows the seasonal cycle with an annual “green up” in the spring and summer and a “green down” (or senescence) in the fall and winter. The cycle of greenup and greendown occurs within ecosystems at all scales. Large- scale regional land covers show characteristic patterns that identify them (e.g., rain forests nearly uniformly high, deserts nearly uniformly low, tundra has a rapid rise that lasts only a short time, etc.). Figures • Vegetation Vigor in January and July • Difference between January and July & Earth vegetation • Student worksheet (4 pages) Background Everyone experiences local changes in vegetation that occur in fall and spring. This activity is designed to connect your local experiences of seasonal change in vegetation with global patterns of change. These global patterns in vegetation growth and decline or “plant waves of green up and green down” follow the annual climate cycle. As a result, what occurs in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is roughly reversed. Just as summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurs during winter in the Southern Hemisphere, so Green-Up occurs in the North while Green-Down occurs in the South. This activity focuses on visualizations of vegetation vigor that were collected by satellites. We have global coverage because the data was collected by satellite. The measure of
  • 4. vegetation vigor is made in terms of a calculated quantity called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (discussed in lecture). NDVI provides a measure of how much sunlight is being used by plants for photosynthesis. These values are unitless, since NDVI is calculated as a ratio of absorbed light in the red wavelengths and reflected light in the near infrared wavelengths. While the measurement does not provide a precise measure of vegetation and is subject to several issues that compromise its consistency, it is very useful. Land Cover Visualization Many of your questions about why individual areas are high or low can be answered by looking at the land cover visualization below. For example, compare the rain forests of South America (the broadleaf evergreen class that is blue-green) and the Saharan desert in Africa (a desert and scrubland class that is tan). The rain forests show high values (bright green) year round while the desert shows low values (pale yellow) year round. Overall, the difference can be explained by the type of ecosystem that occurs there. However, many ecosystems are not constant across the year but change greatly. Figure 2. Landcover Type
  • 5. You can go here and “drive” a tractor to the next object. This is not strictly an OER (difficult to tell by the terms exactly what the conditions are) so we will just borrow the tractor from: About Tom Hutchings Tom Hutchings is a creative partner of fonicLAB, a UK based audio post production company. From his work as a sound designer, Tom has developed a keen interest in providing high quality HD and surround sound library recordings for the next generation of audio post production. Tom's sound design credits include work on feature film productions for Universal, Warp X and for BAFTA award winning UK director Shane Meadows. And not leave and candy wrappers in the cab. http://www.soundsnap.com/tractorint Search for Pro Quality Sound Effects and Loops Advanced Search Login or Register | Help & Faq
  • 6. TractorInt Close Move WAV, 44Khz, 16bit, 1:36 report this sound | my favorites Title: TractorInt User: Tom Hutchings Duration: 1:36 Downloaded: 2 times 2 ratings Category: Other Transpor t (0) Comments Tags: drive, driving, ride, riding, tractor Riding in a tractor. Starting and driving
  • 7. A cautionary tale on the improper use of tools. Throughout my apprenticeship some version of the wrench that broke with blood curdling results was used to persuade us from using an informal breaker bar (steel pipe over the end of the wrench) to increase the leverage of the wrench. We listened and carried a pipe hidden at the bottom of our tool boxes. http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/Search.do? ig=on&R=IMAGES_NMST881047&lang=en
  • 8. Recommended by Robert: http://www.setbc.org/bcudl/ The template looked very useful and should have been used from the start on this project. BCUDL-LOR Lesson Template with Prompts
  • 9. You can use this Lesson Template to write your lesson off-line and then cut and paste to the online form. Do NOT use any tables or html formatting because they interfere with the database. When you are ready to enter the new lesson online, log on to the LOR using your password and under Lessons on the left, click Create New. To edit an existing lesson, click the little pencil icon next to its name. Only you can see your lesson until you decide to share it. Here we have a nice report on the non-rational response to the marginalization experienced by students working in the isolation of online courses. This is serious and can do damage to a person’s willingness to participate by alienating them from the education they should have by right. To be inattentive to this as an educator is unforgivable. WARNING: at the time of access this thesis document was available as a free PDF download on Google Scholar. Now the only version available is here:
  • 10. http://www.stephanieburns.com/products/the_emotional_experience_of_the_adult_learner/ There seems to be a bias towards non-intervention in the form of instructional guidance or social interaction in the OER class just completed that’s hard to square with this handbook being published by the same institution. If this is indeed a shared project then not providing easy student interaction marginalizes a whole class of participants. It is not an overstatement to say that this is the sort of performance that drives people away from education. http://umanitoba.ca/learning_technologies/cetl/HETL.pdf
  • 11. • The traditional role of education as planned enculturation is at odds with the view that knowledge emerges “as human beings participate in the world” 86 Handbook of Emerging Technologies for Learning George Siemens Peter Tittenberger March, 2009 86 Osberg, D., & Biesta, G. (2008). The emergent curriculum: Navigating a complex course between unguided learning and planned enculturation. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(3), 313–328. doi: 10.1080/00220270701610746. From conversations during these engagements, a set of concerns has emerged: 1. Educators express interest in improving their teaching and learning practices, particularly emphasizing the need to improve engagement of learners (online or in-class). 2. While concerned about improving teaching and learning, educators generally resist: a. Advanced pedagogical discussions that are not readily transferable to the online or face-to- face classroom b. Technology-heavy hype and suggestions that the social element of learning can somehow be replaced. (Page 4) Even though technology enables greater learner control and autonomy, learners generally value social contact and faculty guidance, especially when entering a new field or course of study96. A model of learning is required that addresses the apparent dichotomy between faculty guidance and learner self- direction. (page 32) 96 de Laat, M. (2006). Networked learning. Retrieved December 27, 2007, from http://www.e-learning.nl/files/dissertatie %20maarten. From the Flickr openpad’s photostream page: http://www.flickr.com/photos/openpad/ Digital Scholarship Barriers http://www.flickr.com/photos/openpad/page2/ Barriers seem to be focused on institutional / technical and fear-of-change factors. How much
  • 12. of the budget for professional development does techno-skilling draw away from people- skilling? Merlot Good glossary tool ~ too much here to absorb. The MERLOT repository is not only learning materials, but assignments, comments, personal collections and Content Builder web pages, all designed to enhance the teaching experience of
  • 13. an learning material. The learning materials are categorized into 14 different learning material types. A large selection of materials in MERLOT also have assignments and comments attached to them. It is also possible to add any material to a personal collection, to make organizing your teaching materials for each of your courses. MERLOT Learning Materials The materials in MERLOT are categorized as follows: http://taste.merlot.org/learningmaterials.html • Animation: Allows users to view the dynamic and visual representation of concepts, models, processes, and/or phenomena in space or time. Users can control their pace and movement through the material, but they cannot determine and/or influence the initial conditions or their outcomes/results. • Assessment Tool: Assessment tools and activities for measuring outcomes. • Assignment: Activities designed to be used as a task for a student to complete. Could be based on a learning object in MERLOT. • Case Study: Illustrates a concept or problem by using an example that can be explored in depth. • Collection: Any collection of learning materials such as web sites or subject specific applets. • Development Tool: Any tool used for development of web sites, learning objects, or anything used to develop materials. • Drill and Practice: Requires users to respond repeatedly to questions or stimuli presented in a variety of sequences. Users practice on their own, at their own pace, to develop their ability to reliably perform and demonstrate the target knowledge and skills. • Learning Object Repository: A searchable database of at least 100 online resources that is available on the Internet and whose search result displays an ordered hit list of items with a minimum of title metadata. What is not a LOR: a webpage with a list of links. • Online Course: A material that is designed to be used in an online course. • Open Journal - Article: A journal or article in a journal that can be submitted to MERLOT. • Open Textbook: An openly-licensed textbook offered online by its author(s). The open license sets open textbooks apart from traditional textbooks by allowing users to read online, download, or print the book at no additional cost. • Presentation: Any material intended for use in support of in-class lectures/presentations. Lecture notes, audio visual materials, and presentation graphics such as PowerPoint slide shows that do not stand alone are examples. • Quiz/Test: Any assessment device intended to serve as a test or quiz. • Reference Material: Material with no specific instructional objectives and similar to that found in the reference area of a library. Subject specific directories to other sites, texts, or general information are examples. • Simulation: Approximates a real or imaginary experience where users' actions affect their outcomes. Users determine and input initial conditions that generate output that is different from and changed by the initial conditions. • Social Networking Tool: A site that allows users to communicate with others, create bookmark collections, share notices and get connected with others. • Tutorial: Users navigate through electronic workbooks designed to meet stated learning objectives, structured to impart specific concepts or skills, and organized sequentially to integrate conceptual presentation, demonstration, practice and testing. • Workshop and Training Material: Materials best used in a workshop or tutorial for the purpose of teaching others about learning and teaching online.entation, demonstration, practice, and testing. The learning materials in MERLOT are organized into discipline "communities". 2.0 Acceptable Use MERLOT is a free and open resource designed primarily for faculty and students of higher education. MERLOT
  • 14. is built on the collaboration of its partners, community members, registered members, and users. In that spirit, MERLOT allows access to its site and the materials therein for personal and non-commercial uses as set forth in this policy. Links to online learning materials are catalogued in MERLOT, along with other items such as peer reviews and assignments. MERLOT is committed to improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning by expanding access to high quality teaching and learning materials that can be easily incorporated into faculty- designed courses. By using MERLOT, you agree to the terms of MERLOT’S AUP and promise to use any content found on the MERLOT website, whether in whole or in part, for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes only as described in this policy. You also agree to comply with prevailing United States laws regarding copyright and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. http://taste.merlot.org/acceptableuserpolicy.html Opening Up Education Revolutionizing Education through Innovation: Can Openness Transform Teaching and Learning?
  • 15. Catherine M. Casserly and Marshall S. Smith http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/sites/default/files/publications/elibrary_pdf_788.pdf However, open access is not the only feature of OER that distinguishes it from other content on the Web accessible by search engines or from behind a wall that requires status or permission or resources to penetrate. Fully open educational resources provide a license that grants permission to users not only to read the material but also to download, modify, and post it for reuse. Users are empowered to change the materials to meet their own needs. They can mix and remix. The capacity and right to reuse materials is an important step in providing users all over the world the opportunity to actively participate in the open education resources teaching and learning processes. It creates the opportunity for the localization of the materials, where users tailor materials according to their language and culture, and for personalization, where materials can be adapted and modifi ed for individual learners. Reuse also makes possible continuous cycles of improvement of educational materials as users quickly provide critical reactions and evaluations to developers of the quality and effectiveness of the materials. These fast feedback loops of users and developers create an environment for the improvement of content similar to the environment of open source software. Similar to CORE in China
  • 16. The National Repository of Online Courses Available Courses http://www.montereyinstitute.org/nroc/nrocdemos.html NROC course content is an Open Educational Resource (OER) and is available at no cost for individual use here at our website. If your organization would like to integrate NROC content into your institutional curriculum, please contact us for information about NROC Network membership at info@montereyinstitute.org. Supported by a grant from The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Below banner from Non-Majors Biology : http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/Non- Majors%20Biology/nroc%20prototype%20files/coursestartc.html Struggling to find a focus for this assignment:
  • 17. Began with an outline for my chosen subject dealing with human interaction in online learning. Having done a lot of research on this it appeared sufficient material was already on file and I could just dash off a sample learning whatever (the term “object” seems too strict). Then up pops the first question: what does this mess of downloads and suggestive ideas represent? In small pieces as they were collected off the internet they all seemed related and how hard can it be to take a pile of related notions and sequence them into a beginning, middle and endish thing that has any meaning that can be called learning? Presumably, were I an experienced teacher, there might have been an alarm moment when it was obvious that raw quantity and inspirational connectivity were active and exciting but weren’t going to spontaneously produce meaning. Plan B was to construct an outline on something I knew about and was confident could find material on at the last moment. The immediate barrier to this the things I know either aren’t listed on the web or (again) don’t constitute a comprehensive and sequenced front-to-back, top-to-bottom blob of knowledge. Could be it’s all applied knowledge and without a place to apply it, (like a machine to fix or a bit of carpentry) it won’t come out. A lesson is too abstract without a context and the context called “an assignment” has never jumped up and grabbed me. So where does this go? As someone who always starts a painting too big and paints off the side of the canvas it might be that I can collect things, categorize them by suggestive connections but can’t get past 3 blocks high before things fall down? Might be why I’m in the research department and not Instructional Design. Or it could be just my first lesson attempt and starting by having to populate the lesson with OER objects is way harder than it looks? How do you build a web of context resilient enough to contain so many disparate pieces? Maybe you need a base in conflict resolution to make these things cooperate? Useful overviews of various theories of communication
  • 18. University of Twente http://www.utwente.nl/en Theory Clusters http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/index.html Interpersonal Communication and Relations | Organizational Communication | Mass Media | Communication and Information Technology | Communication Processes | Health Communication | Language Theories and Linguistics | Media, Culture and Society | Public Relations, Advertising, Marketing and Consumer Behavior LANGUAGE EXPECTANCY THEORY effects of linguistic variations on persuasive messages History and Orientation Brooks (1970) provided a spark to begin developing the Language Expectancy Theory. He had expectations about what a source might or might not say in persuasive messages. Burgoon, Jones and Stewart (1975) added the impact of linguistic strategies. They claimed that strategic linguistic choices can be significant predictors of persuasive success. In 1995 Burgoon provided a detailed version of the formulation of the Language Expectancy Theory. Core Assumptions and Statements Language Expectancy Theory is a formalized model about message strategies and attitude and behavior change. Message strategies include verbal aggressions like fear appeal, explicit opinions and language intensity which are more combat. Language Expectancy Theory assumes that language is a rule-governed system and people develop expectations concerning the language or message strategies employed by others in persuasive attempts (Burgoon, 1995). Expectations are a function of cultural and sociological norms and preferences arising from cultural values and societal standards or ideals for competent communication. Language Expectancy Theory assumes that changes in the direction desired by an actor occur when positive violations of expectancies occur. Positive violations occur (a) when the enacted behavior is better or more preferred than that which was expected in the situation. Change occurs because enacted behavior is outside the bandwidth in a positive direction, and such behavior prompts attitude or behavioral change (Burgoon, 1995). Positive violations occur (b) when negatively evaluated sources conform more closely than expected to cultural values or situational norms. This can result in overly positive evaluation of the source and change promoted by the actor (Burgoon, 1995). Negative violations, resulting from language choices that lie outside socially acceptable behavior in a negative direction, produce no attitude or behavior change in receivers. Open Course to look at. How did they do it?
  • 19. MOOC or Mega-Connectivism Course George Siemens on Jul 28th 2008 http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?p=53 Two separate individuals – Dave Cormier and Bryan Alexander – have named our upcoming course as a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course). As far as names go, it works for me. We currently have 1200 signed up. As a side note – I post numbers of enrollment to obviously provide a sense of how many have expressed interest, but also to document progress for subsequent publications. This blog will serve as field notes. Last night, in my time zone at least, a group of us got together and discussed the challenges and dynamics of running an large open course (the recording is now available). Our conversation was largely focused on the theoretical aspect of the course: the motivation for offering it, logistics of interaction, challenges expected, what we hope the course will achieve, etc. Even though our meeting ran 70+minutes, we only scratched the surface of what needed to be addressed. We decided to have another online discussion sometime in mid-August. This first comment on the blog page expresses what I’ve been thinking about OER’s as a continuous unfolding of learning without rest stops for consideration, valuation and attaching meaning. You can’t step into the same river twice but you can stand back and consider the river. Ask it questions, compare it to others and appreciate it “riverness”. Why is it that knowledge has become so ethereal and valued only in its brief novelty? Does the new disprove the old? What exists in the ever fluid now that won’t soon be then—what did we miss? Did anyone take notes? 1. Lorna Costantini Jul 28th 2008 at 01:01 pm 1 As I listen and muse on the conversations evolving, I know what I am looking for in this course is a charted way to make the unorganized become organized. I see a concerted effort to make sense of learning in an environment that has no beginning and no end point. A place where everyone is an expert and still doesn’t know enough. I am very appreciative of everyone’s efforts and can attest that the process of watching the process evolve is an educational experience in itself. To here a year later—can there be a class modeled after this ongoing course? Watching others learn as a form of learning? This becomes a process in time but watched from out of time in the sense of being after “then” though unimportant when after? Or is this getting too philosophical? Anyway, seems I was wrong to see no value in a focus on nowness above. The judgement I made was on the assumption becoming or emerging has no sense of its past or disrespects its past when in fact it is built of the past but is too busy becoming to pause and look back. Archive for July, 2009 Continuing attempt to destabilize courses George Siemens on Jul 29th 2009 http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?m=200907 CCK08 was an attempt to destabilize the concept of a course. A course does not need to be confined to a particular set of students, with one (or even two)
  • 20. instructors. A course is essentially a path through a particular area of information. The path is generally formed before learners arrive, which means many learners will find parts redundant or irrelevant. A learner’s existing knowledge and motivation are the two biggest factors in determining their success. When we prepackage curriculum as a course, we largely overlook this vital aspect…
  • 21. Alberta-North has more than 85 Community Access Points located across Alberta and the Northwest Territories. Each Community Access Point is managed by a Community Access Point Coordinator to assist you with your distance education needs. Ask your Coordinator for more details about careers, educational planning, funding and scholarships, programs and courses, admissions, schedules, distance education and more. Technology Access We provide computers, Internet and education technologies for you to use. If you’re new to using these types of technologies, there’s no need to worry, we’re here to help! Learning Support We’ll help you contact counsellors for career, financial and educational planning, schedule placement tests, and also assist you in developing skills such as time management, research, computer basics and exam preparation. Exam Supervision Many courses require supervised tests. We provide quiet space and supervision for your exams. Study Resources Select from print or online reference resources, online catalogues and specialized databases from the libraries of the seven Alberta-North partners. [Lac La Biche here] Access the best website resources available for information and tutorials on life, work and study topics. http://www.alberta- north.ca/capsiteslibrary/ This map gives a sense of the area served by the few post-secondary institutions in the north. Imagine what it’s like as a student in each one of these points.
  • 22. Creating open educational resources: http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php? id=3636 Original Copyright © 2008 The Open University. Now made available within the Creative Commons framework under the CC Attribution – Non-commercial licence (see http:// creativecommons.org/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/). • Time: 15 hours Level: Introductory • Are you interested in creating your own open educational resources? This unit will help you to write a learning unit and provide you with links to various resources for open-learning materials. You will learn about the different purposes of self-instruction and receive advice about the techniques and strategies to help the learner. Introduction This unit looks at the pedagogical issues involved in the creation and selection of self-study educational resources for a set of intended learning outcomes as exemplified here on OpenLearn. It is a unit about writing a unit. Although it considers the way that people at The Open University set about writing open-learning materials, it will not focus specifically on the University’s particular production system. Nor does it look deeply at the technical issues involved in producing certain types of media. It distinguishes between the different purposes of self-instruction and gives advice about techniques and strategies to help the learner when they are engaging with what we normally consider to be open-learning materials. Learning outcomes After studying this unit you will: • be able to state your own motivation for producing self-study Open Educational Resources (OERs); • have investigated and analysed some of the research into online learning; • have evaluated some examples of educational resources for active open learning; • be able to plan a structured learning experience using a range of resources; • be able to construct an OpenLearn-style unit by remixing resources; • have considered how to evaluate your teaching resource. Advantages to OER • Freedom of access; both for yourself and others • Freedom from proprietary systems and corporations • Encourages pedagogical innovation
  • 23. Lowers costs to students • Potential publicity • Contribution to a community • Method of collaboration • Helpful to future educators • Potentially beneficial to developing nations • Avoids ‘vendor lock-in’ or a situation in which you have to use one company's products. Disadvantages to OER • Varying degrees of time commitment • Teachers sometimes not rewarded by the system for their efforts • Starting large projects can be difficult • Some projects require startup resources • Quality varies • May not meet accessibility requirements for persons with disabilities • Need to check accuracy before use • May need a high degree of customisation (called localisation in the OER community) • Technical requirements vary and some require you to use a particular software • Requires varying degrees of continual financial support • Licensing and obtaining copyright clearance can be difficult • Some institutions may be concerned about ‘giving it away’. (From http://www.wikieducator.org/OER_Handbook/educator/advantages_and_disadvantages accessed 17 April 2008) [Old fashioned internal link: LOOK FOR THIS LINK FOR THE NEX PAGE! : Image courtesy of Chaos in June ] Constructing online learning can indeed seem rather daunting. How should we go about it? Let us look at some research.
  • 24. http://wikieducator.org/OER_Handbook/educator/Introduction/Considerations Image courtesy of Chaos in June Open Educational Resources offer some great benefits and opportunities over completely in- house development and/or the purchase of "closed" (traditionally copyrighted) resources: • OER provide freedom of access for both yourself and others. • Because you can freely adapt them, OER encourage pedagogical innovation. • Because OER are available free of charge, using them can lower costs to students and organizations. • You and your organization may benefit from potential publicity. • When you share OER, you are contributing to the global education community. • When you share OER, you open a new method of collaborating with your students and colleagues. • Your OER may be helpful to future educators. • Your OER may be beneficial to undeserved individuals in the developed and developing world. • Using OER puts you in control and avoids "vendor lock-in" or a situation in which you can only use one company's products. • OER are represented in standard formats that can be edited and manipulated with free software for a wide variety of reasons including file conversion for access on different media (e.g., on paper, CD/DVD, via mobile devices, in multimedia presentations), re- purposing for various language and educational levels, etc. However, when embarking on an OER project, be it a small scale attempt to use OER in a course, or a large scale institutional initiative to create and share OER, there are many things to consider:
  • 25. As with Free, Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS)[1], volunteer contributions are significant, often by a diversity of people with limited time and institutional support. ~END ~