India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.

1. Bhoj R Singh
Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

2.  As per recent statistics of 2019 India holds
(https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/pop) 535.78
million livestock to be kept healthy and productive.
 Buffalo= 109.9 million (No. 1 in world)
 Cattle= 192.5 million (No. 1 in the world)
 Yak= 0.1 million (No. 1 in the world)
 Mithun= 0.4 million (No. 1 in the world with 80% of total)
 Sheep = 74.3 million (No. 2 in the world)
 Goat = 148.9 million (No. 2 in the world)
 Pigs = 9.1 million (No. 7 in the world)
 Horses & Ponies= 0.3 million (of >58 million in the world)
 Camel= 0.3 million (No. 9 in the world)
 Mules and Donkeys= 0.2 million (of >50 million in the world).
 Poutry (Duck and chiken)= 851.8 million (No. 4 in the world)

3.  As per National Accounts Statistics-2019, Central Statistical
Organisation, GoI Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national
economy and in the socio-economic development of the
country.
 20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
 It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in
India.
 Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total
Agriculture GDP.
Importance Livestock
… FAO statistics

4. India holds 33.38% of the world's number of
cattle and buffaloes in 2020.
India is number one in
Milk Production (176.3 MMT), No. 1 in buffalo milk but at No. 2 in Cow milk
Carabeef Production (4.25 MMT)
Goat Milk Production (5 MMT)
Number 2 in
Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product),
Fish Production
Number 3 in
Sheep Production,
Egg Production (95.2 billion)
4th in
Chicken Production
5th in
Poultry Meat Production
Poultry Production
Meat production
8th in Duck production and 9th in Wool production (41.5 million Kg)

5. Sector Percentage of total output
Milk and Milk Products 65.05 per cent
Meat and Meat Products 19.83 per cent
Dung 6.93 per cent
Eggs 3.77 per cent
Increment in Livestock 3.35 per cent
Wool and Hair 0.2 per cent
Value Output from Livestock Rearing

6. Type of animal Average yield
Exotic/Cross-bred cow 7.71 kg/day
Indigenous/Non-descript
cow
2.93 kg/day
Buffalo 5.47 kg/day
Goat 0.47 kg/day
Limits
Average Yield per In-Milk Animal in 2017-18
Type of bird Average yield
Desi fowl (Backyard) 107.96 eggs/year
Improved fowl (Commercial) 282.02 eggs/year
Desi duck (Backyard) 109.39 eggs/year
Improved duck (Commercial) 199.84 eggs/year
Average Yield per Year per Bird in 2017-18

7.  Due to FMD, Indian meat market is limited, export of
Carabeef is possible to Vietnam, Malaysia, Egypt,
Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Vietnam accounted for 48
percent of total Indian exports at 840 thousand metric
tons followed by Egypt (9.4 percent), Malaysia (9.3
percent), Indonesia (4.6 percent) and Saudi Arabia
(4.4 percent).
Though India is number 1 in Livestock population, it is at
12th place in as per Livestock production index- 2018
(https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/livestock_production_index/).
India hold about 16.5% of Dairy cows, highest in the
world produces ~50 MMT milk while USA holds 3.4% of
dairy cows produces >87 MMT milk (No. 1 in the world).
India is not even in top 20 countries as per average milk
production per cow and much behind of global average
(2200 Lt/ cow/annum).

8. 1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS),
Brucellosis, Black Quarter (BQ) & Lumpy skin disease in bovines,
Enterotoxaemia, Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) & Sheep-Goat Pox in
sheep and goats and Swine Fever in pigs, which drastically affect the
productivity of animals.
2. The presence of animal diseases also deters domestic and foreign investment in
the livestock sector.
3. The economic impact of the diseases in livestock results from both morbidity
and mortality and the consequent production losses. This includes the direct
losses due to mortality, reduced production in terms of milk, meat, wool, hide
and skins, as well as indirect loss due to abortions, subsequent infertility,
sterility, and deterioration of semen quality.
4. Authenticity of data about disease reporting.
5. Cow Protection Acts
6. Non-involvement of Disease Control Experts and Epidemiologists in
planning and implementation of Disease Control Programs.

9. Brucellosis PPR HS
Classical
Swine Fever BQ Anthrax Glanders
2008-09 0 18328 2627 2916 2037 490 27
2009-10 61 4496 1562 2027 883 916 0
2010-11 94 9271 3729 5267 1109 1627 0
2011-12 88 10188 9170 17002 4707 658 11
2012-13 17 6976 2918 4018 2676 362 3
2013-14 151 4997 1716 16507 1610 1645 4
2014-15 206 8216 6816 176 4285 1878 0
2015-16 502 4905 2135 778 851 254 20
2016-17 46 6432 4202 533 517 319 69
2017-18 79 1303 1372 1055 686 225 197
2018-19 84 4448 1747 679 88 378 200
2019-20 25 26 564 55 0 184 9
2020-21 1 388 376 89 8 64 17

10.  Smallpox was the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease
of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.
 The world was officially declared free from Rinderpest in 2011.
(….79th OIE General Session,2011)
 Many island nations including, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta and the
United Kingdom managed to eliminate rabies during the 20th century,
and recently much of the continental Europe.
(…..OIE)
 India is a Guinea Worm disease free country.
(….WHO, 2000)
 India is also free from CBPP, ASF and BSE
(…FAO)
 Was declared Glanders free in 1993 but from 2007 outbreaks have been
reported in many states.

18. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is
a specialized agency of the United
Nations that is concerned with
international public health.
Established on 7 April 1948,
headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.
Agencies for the Animal
Disease Control
National institute of
veterinary epidemiology and
disease informatics,
established in 2013, placed at
Beangaluru.
CADRAD: Centre for Animal Disease Research and
Diagnosis (CADRAD) (CDDL from 2001-2): Established
on 10-03-1986 with The mandate for disease diagnosis and
development/standardization of diagnostic methods/ kits/ reagents.
5 RDDLs
Bengaluru,
Aundh (Pune),
Jallandhar,
Kolkata,
Guwahati
NIHSAD, Bhopal
NRCE, Hisar

19. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental
organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
Formerly known as Office International des Epizooties, established January 25,
1924, at Paris.
Agencies for the Agencies for the
Animal Disease Control
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) -
now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying &
Fisheries (DADF) is one of the Departments in the Ministry of
Agriculture and came into existence on 1st February, 1991.

20. 14.2
0.0 0.0
14.3
13.6
16.4
1.0
11.5
13.1
14.4
15.6
10.9
6.7
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Number
of
cases
at
Log2
scale Livestock diseases in India Brucello
sis
PPR
HS
CSF
BQ
Anthrax
Glanders
FMD

21. Animal Disease Control
programs in India
Sl.
No.
Component Budget
in Crores
1. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD). Allocation
for 2020-21
438
2. National Project on Rinderpest Surveillance & Monitoring
(NPRSM).
3. Foot & Mouth Disease control Program (FMD-CP) Since 2004 Now
under NADCP
4. Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Program (PPR-CP) Since 2010-
11
5. Brucellosis Control Program (Brucellosis-CP). Since 2010-11, Now
under NADCP
6. Classical Swine Fever Control Program (CSF-CP) since 2014-15
7 National Action Plan for Control and Eradication of Glanders in
India, 2019
8 National Animal Disease Control Program, Launched in 2019 for
FMD & Brucellosis
1300

22. Allocated Budget 438 Crores for year 2020-21

23.  Under this component, assistance is provided to
State/Union Territory Governments for control of
economically important and zoonotic diseases of
livestock and poultry.
 Funds are given for immunization, strengthening State
Veterinary Biological Production Units, Diagnostic
laboratories & in-srervice training of veterinarians and
paravets.
 Funds are also allocated for Canine rabies vaccination
& parasite control in cattle and buffaloes.
Assistance to States for Control
of Animal Disease (ASCAD).

24.  Central Government provide funds for
 Funds are provided for functioning of VCI (100%).
 Funds to Run State Veterinary Councils (50%)
 Funds states for running Continuing Veterinary
Education programs

25.  Formerly known as National Project on Rinderpest
Eradication (NPRE). After India was declared Rinderpest free
country by OIE in 2006, & CBPP free (2007) this program is
statrted to maintain the disease free status through.
 Conrinuous surveillanceand & monitoring for Rinderpest,
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumnia (CBPP) and Bovine
Spongiform Encephalophaty (BSE.
National Project on Rinderpest
Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).

26.  This is web based animal disease reporting system
working up to village/ block level.
 Objective is to record and monitor livestock disease
situation to initiate preventive and curative action in
timely and speedy manner.
 Reporting units are set at block and district level
veterinary units.
 The diseases reported through NADRS are
communicated to OIE and shown in DAHD annual
reports.

27.  Peste des Petits Ruminats (PPR) is an acute highly contagious
disease of sheep and goats present worldwide and causes high
morbidity and mortality that may reach up to 100% and 90%,
respectively.
(Kumar et al., 2006, 2013a; Munir et al., 2013)
 The disease is caused by Morbillivirus of family Paramyxoviridae
 Characterized by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharge, necrotising
and erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and enteritis.
(Singh et al., 2009)
 This disease is also having some specific features like Rinderpest
such as rapid spread in susceptible population, maintenance of
virus in host.
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)

28.  The first report of PPR was from Arasur, Tamil Nadu.
(Shaila et al., 1989)
 The disease is endemic with 33% sero-prevalence in India.
(Pal et al., 2007; Balamurugan et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2013a)
 The reported sero prevalence of PPR virus in India :-
Goats & sheep – 43.56% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
Cattle & buffaloes – 4.58% (Balamurugan et al..2012)
 Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800
million INR annually in India.
(Singh et al…2009)
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)

29. PPR virus prevalence in India
(1998 – 2003)
Singh et.al;2004

30.  PPR Control Program was started in 2010 with 100% central
assistance in vaccination of susceptible animals (sheep and goat)
and three subsequent generations.
 In the first phase, states viz., Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa and Union Territories
like Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry were
covered.
 The program is extended to all the states under the 12th year
Plan.
 Strengthening of ELISA Labs and monitoring of the disease is
also carried on.
 Aim: To make India free of PPR by 2025.
PPR-CP

31.  Classical Swine Fever (commonly called as Swine Fever or
Hog Cholera) is a highly devastating viral disease of the pigs.
 Caused by a Pestivirus from the Flaviviridae family.
 Causes serious economic losses directly due to mortality,
retardation of growth, reproductive problems of affected pigs
and indirectly by bringing restrictions on exports of pork and
pork products.
 The disease is enzootic in most of the pig producing states
and particularly in the North Eastern states of India.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).

32.  During the 10th year Plan, Government of India initiated
National Swine Fever Control Program.
 The program mainly targeted North East India.
 At present the north east Indian states receives 100% funding
for the CSF vaccines, While other states procure vaccines
through ASCAD a 75:25 funding between center and state.
 The national control program with 100% central funding will be
implemented during later part of 12th Plan.
 Depending on the vaccine availability, the scope will be enlarged
to cover entire country subsequently.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).

33.  Started with the entry of H5N1 influenza virus in India in 1986.
 In 2020 a total of 9 outbreaks with 12 epicentres have been reported in
India resulting into culling of about 2 lakh birds.
 Guidelines have been formed to monitor the disease in zoological parks
and migratory birds’ sanctuaries.
 Assitance for Bird flu containment & control is provided under ASCAD
program.
 It is mainly for surveillance & containment of bird flu for transparent
approach of disease reporting and alerting State Governments and
issuing advisories to poultry farmers in timely manner.
 Upgrading laboratories to BSL-III, training of manpower and stockpiling
of necessities for disease containment.
 Birds are culled within 1 km periphery of the epicentre.
 Running Information, Education and Communication campaigns to
sensitize general public about Bird Flu.
 Ban on Import of poultry & poultry products from HPAI having
countries.

34.  Glanders is common in Indian subcontinent and is
caused by Burkholderia mallei (a potential warfare
and bioterrorism agent) earlier known as
Pseudomonas mallei.
 No outbreak was reported in India from 1988 till
August 2006 when it was reported from Maharashtra.
 India was declared free of Glanders long ago in 1993
but outbreaks started again in 2006-7 and now
reported from many different parts of the country. In
recent past Glanders is reported from NCT Delhi, UP,
UK, HP.
 The program objective is Surveillance, Control and
eradication of Glanders.
 Govt. has identified 16 Glanders free Compartments.

35. Legislative status of Glanders

36. Action plan for states inflicted by Glanders
Surveillance: Intensive, physical & Clinical, of all susceptible animals
throughout the year covering all equids in villages, equine moving on
transport routes, fares, shows, stables to find out the carriers.
All animals tested positive using CFT/ ELISA or other
serological test be culled and disposed off following all zoo-sanitary
practices recommended.
All suspected animals (weak, debilitated, with nasal catarrh,
nodular growth in skin) and in-contact animals are to be quarantined till
tested.
Compensation for culling Horse Rs. 25000 and mule & donkeys Rs. 16000

37. With an outlay of Rs. 13343 Crore for 5 years (2019-2024) launched on 11-09-
2019 with objectives to 1) Control FMD with Vaccination by 2025 and
eradication by 2030, 2). Control Brucellosis in Livestock.
Reasons:
FMD causes economical loss to the tune of Rs. 20000 Crore every year.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disaese estmated to cause loss of Rs. 24000 Crore
every year.
Methodology:
1. Along with vaccination tagging of animals for systematic monitoring.
2. Third party telephonic survey of farmers about vaccination of their
animals.
3. Three laboratories for Vaccine quality control: a. IVRI Bangalore, b.
ICFMD, Bhubaneswar, c. CCS-NIAH Baghpat.
4. Systematic Sero-surveillance and sero-monitoring in all states
5. Outreach program for creating awareness among farmers at block level
Rs. 15000/ block/ year and at National level through Prashar Bharti.

38. ROADMAP FOR FMD CONTROL IN
INDIA under FMD-CP

39. FMD in India
434
165
902
422
701
310
238
109
132 124
159
42
7
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
FMD outbreaks in India as per DAHD

40.  Brucellosis is highly contagious disease of cattle, buffalo,
sheep, goats, pig, dogs and human .
 B. abortus biotype-1 in cattle and buffaloes and
 B. melitensis biotype-1 in sheep, goats and man are the
predominant infective biotypes.
(Chand et al., 2012)
 The disease is characterized by abortion, retained placenta,
orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the
organisms in uterine discharges and in milk
(OIE, 2008)
 The first report of brucellosis was in 1942 from India.
 Economic loss due to this disease is close to Rs. 350 million/year in
India. (PD ADMAS 2012)
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

41. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among cattle in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

42. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among Buffaloes in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

43. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among goat in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

44.  Bovine brucellosis is endemic in almost all the states of India.
 Long term serological studies indicates 5% of cattle and 3% of
buffaloes are infected with brucellosis. (Rajasekhar et al…2002)
 Formerly known as National Control Program on
Brucellosis, introduced during the 10th year Plan.
 Renamed as Brucellosis Control Program during the 12th
year Plan.
 It includes the vaccination of female calves between 6-8
months in all states. Adulthood vaccination will also be taken
up covering all un-vaccinated adult female bovines.
 Biannual village level screening of pooled milk samples.
 Mass screening & castration of infected bulls.
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

45.  Vaccination is done using B.abortus S19.
 Bruvax (Indian Immunological Limited), live freeze dried S19
vaccine for cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 2ml
S/C.
 Brucella vaccine (Intervet India), cattle and buffalo calves of age
4 to 8 months, 5ml S/C.
 Periodical survelliance using milk ring test for the pooled milk
samples and ELISA for random or herd screening.
 Through this project not only animal cases are reduced but also
human cases.
….NIVEDI,
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

46.  It is an international program under Blue tongue Network.
 It is a collaborative project aiming to enhance the netrwork by
providing expertise and resources in culicoides biology, vector
control and vaccinations.
 IBVNet is a three year Indo-UK collaborative project jointly
funded by the UK Department for International
Development (DFID), the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Scottish
Government via the Combating Infectious Diseases of
Livestock for International Development (CIDLID)
initiative. It is coordinated by the Entomology group based at
The Pirbright Institute (TPI) and through the Indian
Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)
….www.bvnet.com
ALL INDIA NETWORK
PROGRAM- BLUE TONGUE

47. Blue tongue is endemic in India with 21 of 26 Blue tongue virus serotypes
recorded.
At least seven potential BTV vector species are reported from India.
* Culicoides actoni ….Smith
* Culicoides brevipalpis ….Delfinado
* Culicoides brevitarsis ….Kieffer
* Culicoides fulvus …Sen and Das Gupta
* Culicoides imicola ….Kieffer
* Culicoides oxystoma ….Kieffer
* Culicoides peregrinus ….Kieffer

48.  Increased understanding of which Culicoides species are
involved in BTV transmission and how their ecology and
seasonality varies.
 Develop tools that’s can be utilised to predict the likelihood and
severity of BTC outbreaks.
 Provide a clearer understanding of epidemiology og BTV
outbreaks.
 Installing trap sites using BioQuip UV LED ight sucion traps,
for extensive stud of the Vector.
 Extensive training in Culicoides collection and identification for
all inda.
OBJECTIVES
….www.bvnet.com

49.  Significant animal health issues and other direct and indirect
benefits compel us for eradication of animal diseases.
 Veterinarians, animal health researchers and other para-
veterinary staff will have to take a leadership role in making
suitable control strategies for combating and eradicating
important infectious diseases of animals There is need for a
system for the monitoring as well as surveillance of
occurrence of disease.
 By the firm commitment, will and dedication of animal health
professional the goal can be achieved.
 The development in the field of scientific medical practices has
led to a much greater understanding of disease epidemiology
and will further help in eradication of several important diseases
of livestock and wild life in near future as well.
CONCLUSION