Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme

A Study on the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme
in Human Settlement Development Pattern of
Jaffna Peninsula.

Thulasivarman. K
072361 J
A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J

Introduction Literature Review Jaffna Lagoon Analysis & Conclusion
Scheme Discussion

BACKGROUND
• The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is a solution for the problem of the
quality of freshwater that has occurred due to salinization and
salt water intrusion.

• With the increase of the availability of fresh water, there is a
potential for the increasing water catchment areas to 195 sq
miles and agricultural lands to 17.5 sq miles

• At present, 20,000 acres of land is being cultivated

• After the project, there will be additional 11,000 acres extent
of land for cultivation in another 15 years.

• It is expected that this project will make bigger impacts on the
human settlement development pattern.
(Jaffna Lagoon Scheme 1982; District Annual report 2009)

Scheme Discussion

Research question

• When the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is implemented, will there be
any new changes in the settlement pattern in Jaffna peninsula?

• If there will be changes, what will be the new settlement
pattern?

• If the plan is not being prepared, what will be the pattern of the
settlement?


Scheme Discussion

Objective

•Study the effects of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme on human
settlement development Pattern.

•Identify the future settlement patterns with and without the
Jaffna Lagoon Scheme.


Scheme Discussion

Flow of Study
Study of the human settlement pattern Study the Jaffna Lagoon
and the determining factors Scheme

Expected impacts on the human
Concepts related to human settlement pattern
settlement development

Analyzing Techniques Identified the changes of human settlement pattern

Derived settlement development pattern alternatives
based on the analysis

Scheme Discussion

Literature Review


Scheme Discussion

•Concept of Human Settlement
•Elements of Human Settlement
•Human Settlement Development
•Factors Influencing on Human Settlement
•Type of Settlements
•Settlement Patterns


Scheme Discussion

Understanding the concept of Human Settlements
“Human settlements means the totality of the human community -
whether city, town or village - with all the
social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that
sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical
elements and services to which these elements provide the material
support.”
(UNHABITAT, 1976)

The human settlements are constructed by all sedentary societies over
several millenniums in each continent of the world in order to provide
secure living conditions and guarantee sustenance

Bairoch, 1988

Scheme Discussion

Elements of Human Settlements

“…Human settlements consists several elements:
Networks nature, the earth and the natural site on which they are
built; man who creates and inhabits them; Society which is
formed mainly in them and whose Networks functions
allow them to survive and grow; and Shells
Nature Shells (Structures), which are built to transform the first and to
house the other three elements.
Man, Society and Networks are the contents of the
elements and Nature and Shell form the container. It is the
Interrelationship of these five elements which forms human
settlements. …”
Man Society
(C.A.Doxiadis ,1970)


Scheme Discussion

Human settlement development

Mental Health Physical Health

Administration of justice
crime and safety Health Visual perception
and scenic Quality Nuisance

Housing Security Physical
Environment Climate The human settlement development leads to a
Personal economic security
and standard of living Pollution
definite improvement of quality of life. The
Quality quality of life consist several components
Individual development through of Life Natural Resource
learning
Natural Goods
Lawrence, 2000
Personal Resources, Goods
Development and services
Social Infrastructure
Individual development through and services
recreation and leisure

Community Political
Community
structure Participation
Development

Social networks and
group relations


Scheme Discussion

Factors influencing Human settlement

There are various factors and conditions responsible for different types of rural
settlements.

 Physical features – Nature of terrain, Altitude, Climate and availability of
water

 Cultural and ethnic factors –Social structure, Caste and Religion

 Security factors – defense against thefts and robberies.

(Hudson, 1969)


Scheme Discussion

Human Settlement

Urban Settlement Rural Settlement

Life support or basic economic
Processing of raw materials and
needs from land based primary
manufacturing of finished goods
economic activities

(Sarkar, 2010)


Scheme Discussion

Rural settlements

Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated Dispersed or isolated

Figure 2.3 a) Clustered Settlement b) Linear Settlement Reproduced from: Settlements Pattern
and Functional Distribution in Emerging Communities. Figure 2.4 widely dispersed settlements on land subject to
complete inundation in south eastern bakarganj Reproduced
from: The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. (Ahmad, 1956)
(Silberfein, 1989)

Scheme Discussion

Case studies on Similar Project in the
National and International Context

•Mahaweli – Sri Lanka •Three gorge Dam – China •Powers Lake - USA

Scheme Discussion

Mahaweli Development Project

Before the Mahaweli development project

• The settlement pattern was a Dispersed Pattern.
• Lot of arable lands were under forest cover.

After the Mahaweli development project

•The settlement pattern is transformed to clustered with
hierarchy of towns.
• Arable land extent was increased by the irrigation schemes.

Thus, the Mahaweli development programme has impacted the settlements positively.
(WJG Mendis, 1973)


Scheme Discussion

Three Gorges Dam Project In China
• The main goal is power generation.
• Dams are built across the Yantze River in China.

•Programme is covered huge extent of agricultural
land and residential land.
•Peoples are relocated by government without
proper resettlement plans and forced to migrate
them.

•This project is negatively affected the human
settlement development

(Seeber.C et al, December 2010)


Scheme Discussion

Crops & Grazing lands Around the Lake
Powers Lake Project

Powers Lake is located on the edge of
the City of Powers Lake in USA.

This project is improved
• Crop land (16 000 acres),
• Grass seeding lands (870 acres)
• Grazing lands (4100 acres).

(Powers Lake Watershed Project)

Marshy & Scrub lands Around the
polluted Lake


Scheme Discussion

Analyzing Techniques

1. Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure

2. Nearest Neighbor Analysis


Scheme Discussion

Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure:

In this method, a points system is devised for allocation to certain defined categories of services
offered by each settlement.
The categories are actually chosen and the relative importance of the sub services within these
categories.
•Local and central government Administration, Protective services and Judiciary services
•Social services:
•Communication and transportation
•Commerce and major public works initiations
•Industry and public utility services (Electrical and water supply).
(WJG Mendis, 1973)


Scheme Discussion

Nearest Neighbor Analysis
The method is used to assess if there is any degree of physical dispersion or clustering
of settlements in the areas.
Where
The nearest neighbor is the observed mean distance between each
statistic is given by— settlement and its nearest neighbor.

is the expected mean distance for the
settlements given a random pattern.

Distance between settlement I and its
nearest settlement

n Correspond the total number of settlements

A Total study area.

(Sarkar. 2010)

Scheme Discussion

CASE STUDY


Scheme Discussion

•Jaffna Lagoon System
•Study Area
•Settlement Identification
•Present Land Use
•Water Quality
•Soil Salinity
•Salinization Issues
•Proposals


Scheme Discussion

Jaffna lagoon System

Internal lagoons

•Upparu Lagoon
•Vadamaradchi Lagoon

External Lagoon

•Elephant Pass Lagoon


Scheme Discussion

Study Area
Based on:
•Potential reclaimable agricultural
land
•Areas where the ground water is
affected
•GN Division Boundary

Area Covered:
•Thenmaradchi
•Vadamaradchi
•Part of Valikamam

Study Area Extent is 727 Sq km


Scheme Discussion

Settlement Identification

GN Division Population Density

Population Density > 500 Persons per Sq km

Total Number of Settlements 159


Scheme Discussion

Description No of Plots Area (Ha)
Built Up Area 88 245.7402
Present Land use in Study area Coconut 173 5749.3964
Garden 2026 19659.8642
Grassland 35 1217.6884
Jeep or Cart Track 622 4444.3978
In Study Area Lagoon 3 44803.5094
Main Road - Class A 1 546.4271
Main Road - Class B 2 985.2998
•Arable Land ≈ 20 600 acres Marsh 46 2835.8670
Minor Road 77 1420.8758
•Non Arable Land ≈ 19 300 acres Other Plantation 162 1528.8031
Paddy 634 13314.5067
Sand or Beach 50 5065.7490
Scrub 315 16287.9509
Tank with Bund - Working 136 1239.3031
Transport and Utilities 3 2.7696
Water Hole 494 585.9963

Land uses in Study area and its Extent in Hectares. Source
Survey Department GIS Data set.


Scheme Discussion

Water Quality:

Irrigation Department
Investigations shows close
proximity area salinity level is
moderate and liable to
increase.


Scheme Discussion

Soil Salinity

Due to the soil salinity

•Presently 11000 acres
of land is Non Arable

•20000 acres of land
productivity is less


Scheme Discussion

Problems & Its Root Causes

Daily Use of
Bracklsh Well Water
Problems in
routine life
Salinization Drinking water
Low Productivity
Agriculture lands Social problems

Reducing
Unstable water Agriculture lands
level in Lagoon Low Income
Unstable fishing
oppertunities in
lagoon
Unstable salinity
level in Lagoon


Scheme Discussion

Proposals
Elephant pass lagoon –Provide a
closure bund of 4700 feet with a
spill cum causeway of 7000 feet
along the eastern end of the
lagoon.
Vadamaradchi lagoon – Provide a
barrage Thondamanaru.
Upparu Lagoon – Screw
operating Barrage in Ariyalai.

Link canal 2.5 miles long , provide
an inlet regulator – cum-bridge
and provide a roadway along the
link canal.


Scheme Discussion

Impacts On The Human Settlement Pattern
After The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme Implementation


Scheme Discussion

•Potential Agriculture Based Settlements
•Existing Human Settlement Pattern
•Expecting Human Settlement Pattern


Scheme Discussion

The Potential Agriculture
Based Settlements

•11 000 acres of agriculture
Land

•20 000 acres land Productivity
increasing by 50%

•Irrigation Based Cultivation

Like Mahaweli Settlements


Scheme Discussion

The Potential Fishing
Based Settlements

•Water Level Stabilized

•Salinity level stabilized

•Land for Development

•Fresh water Availability


Scheme Discussion

The Potential Tourism
Based Settlements

•Stabled Lagoon water Level

•Fresh Water Availability

•Accessibility

•land for New Development

Like Powers Lake In USA


Scheme Discussion

Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows
that the settlements are
Clustered-based.


Scheme Discussion

Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows
that the potential settlements will
be Random-based.


Scheme Discussion

Conclusion
Presently Settlements are clustered in 3 areas

•Close of Jaffna town
Urban Activities

•Chavakacheri and surrounding
Agriculture Activities

•Point Pedro and adjacent
Fishing Activities


Scheme Discussion

After the Project Implementation

Since the potentials of job opportunities will be dispersed, the settlement pattern will
be changed to Random.

Before the Project After the Project

Cluster-based Random-based


Scheme Discussion
Works Cited

Ahmad, N. (1956, July). The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. Geographical Review , pp. 388-398.

Ahmed, Y. A. (2009). Settlements Pattern Functional Distribution in an Emerging Communities. The Social Science , pp. 256-263.

Anish Joshi et all. (2009). Report on Impact of Settlement Pattern, LandUse Practice and Options in High Risk Areas. UNDP.

Doxiadis, C. A. (1970). Ekistics, the Science of human settlement. Ekistics , 345-355.

Hudson, J. C. (1969, Jun). A Location Theory for Rural Settlement. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , pp. 365-381.

Kawashima T ; Korcell P. (1982). Human Settlement Systems: Spatial Pattern and Trends. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

Lawrence, R. J. (2000). Sustaining Human Settlement. Urban International Press.

Perera, L. S. (1991). Some issues in human settlement Development.

Report on Jaffna Lagoon Scheme. (1982).

Sarkar, A. (2010). Analysis of Human Settlement Patterns. The On-Line Indian Journal of Spatial Science .

Silberfein, M. (1989, November). Settlement from and Rural Development :Scattered versus Clustered Settlement. Economic and Social
Geography , 80 (5), pp. 258-268.

UNHABITAT. (1987). Global Report of Human Settlement. United Nations Center for Human Settlement.


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