Digital Surveillance in China: From the Great Firewall to the Social Credit System
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Organized by AU Data Lab: http://datalab.au.dk/currently/events/show/artikel/come-join-us-for-the-first-lunch-talk-in-2017/ Abstract: As part of the Great Firewall of China, the Golden Shield Project, a massive surveillance and censoring system was initiated in the 1990s in China. The recent initiative of China’s social-credit system will assign a ‘social credit’ rating to every citizen based on their professions, social behaviors, online shopping habits and many others. This credit scoring system will collect data points through running algorithms and analyzing big data, which is connected to the entire rewards and punishment system. This presentation will discuss the Golden Shield Project and its relation to the latest social credit system. Few artistic and journalistic digital projects will be presented to examine how creativity could emerge from and through this highly controlled digital environment and how citizens may work against the internet censorship.
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Digital Surveillance in China: From the Great Firewall to the Social Credit System
- 1. Digital Surveillance in China: From the Great Firewall to the social credit system Winnie Soon | 24.Jan.2017 Aarhus University www.siusoon.net
- 2. Research perspective as a Hong Kongese… https://www.facebook.com/localstudiohongkong/posts/911512712220379?utm_source=DesignTAXI&utm_medium=DesignTAXI&utm_term=DesignTAXI&utm_content=Desi gnTAXI&utm_campaign=DesignTAXI
- 3. https://www.facebook.com/localstudiohongkong/posts/911512712220379?utm_source=DesignTAXI&utm_me dium=DesignTAXI&utm_term=DesignTAXI&utm_content=DesignTAXI&utm_campaign=DesignTAXI Share a similar language system (the same base Chinese alphabet)…
- 4. Digital Surveillance in China https://www.apc.org/en/node/14821
- 5. 0 200 400 600 800 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 MILLION Initiative on social-credit system Internet Penetration in China and key milestones on technological development/related policies real name Registration + enhanced VPN blocking join meeting about social credits system at provincial levelThe term “Great Firewall” was coined Initiative on Golden Shield Project Golden Shield Project in operation Launched Google.cn Guidelines on social-credit system Target completion of social-credit system Google.cn redirected to HK Online Publishing Services Permit + ICP licence Clean up campaign on unauthorized VPN providers
- 6. Michel de Certeau (1984) The Practice of Everyday Life [A] tactic is determined by the absence of power just as a strategy is organized by the postulation of power. (De Certeau, 1984, p. 38. Italics in original)
- 7. Strategies are operations: - Defining how things work/operate (such as law, policy, firewall creation) - Regarding Internet as an institutional space of authority - Allowing work to build upon previous work (De Certeau, 1984, p. xix) Tactics are resistance acts: - Resistance stems from daily life practice - Tactics are improvisational and opportunistic (De Certeau, 1984, p. xix) - Tactical practices operate within “the space of the other” (De Certeau, 1984, p. xix) - Creative consumption - “A tactic is an art of the weak” (De Certeau, 1984, p. 37).
- 8. China’s state law - 1996 Measures on the Regulation of Public Computer Networks and the Internet Article 10: …No unit or individual may use the Internet to retrieve, replicate, create, or transmit information that harms national security, threatens social stability …. Strategies… China’s state law - 1996 Temporary Regulations Governing Computer Information Networks and the Internet No. 195: The State is in charge of overall planning, national standardization, graded control, and the development of all areas related to the Internet. ... No group or individual may establish or utilize any other means to gain Internet access.
- 9. The Golden Shield Project (2003 – present) Operated by the Ministry of Public Security Controlling the flow of information through a censorship system, including: • IP blocking • DNS Filtering and Redirection • URL and Packet Filtering • VPN/SSH Traffic Recognition • Speech and Face recognition Strategies…
- 10. China Channel, 2008 | by Aram Bartholl, Evan Roth and Tobias Leingruber [Browser add-on] Tactics…
- 11. CANNOT (2010) by Winnie Soon [5x Digital prints with screen shots] Tactics…
- 12. Hundred degree can not search your thirty degree smile, 2016 by Miao Ying LAN Love Poem-Holding a kitchen knife cut internet cable, a road with lightning sparks, 2014 by Miao Ying Flowers all fallen, Birds far gone, 2015 by Miao Ying LAN Love Poem-To be Missed is Another kind of Beauty, 2014 by Miao Ying >> Interview with Ying Miao: https://vimeo.com/162455923 Tactics…
- 13. The Golden Shield Project (2003- present) Operated by the Ministry of Public Security It is more than a mere technological project: - Not only to control the access of ‘foreign’ information - But also discover the need to censor local contents (user generated content) e.g P2P and internal/local servers Strategies…
- 14. The Golden Shield Project (2003- present) Operated by the Ministry of Public Security It is more than a mere technological project: - Not only to control the access of ‘foreign’ information - But also discover the need to censor local contents (user generated content) e.g P2P and internal/local servers > 50-cent party members to influence Internet discussion > A culture of self-censorship (from individuals to companies) > Internet policing (estimated to contain over 200,000 workers) Strategies…
- 16. Censored Censorship, 2010 | by Kim Asendorf [Net Art] Tactics…
- 17. Weiboscope (2011-present) and WeChatscope (under pilot study) by Fu King Wa and his team @ HKU Tactics…
- 18. Tactics are procedures that gain validity in relation to the pertinence they lend to time-to the circumstances which the precise instant of an intervention transforms into a favorable situation, to the rapidity of the movements that change the organization of a space, to the relations among successive moments in actions, to the possible intersections of durations and heterogeneous rhythms, etc. (De Certeau, 1984, p. 38)
- 19. Specific event: Tiananmen Square Protest | 1989 Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxDd82Myqis
- 20. Censored from sina weibo during 2013 - 2014 Tactics…
- 23. 占占点 占占人 占点占 6+4 6+4 8的平方 square of eight viiv viiv (Roman numerals 6 and 4) 65-1 65-1 五四+一个月 May Fourth + one month https://qz.com/698990/261-ways-to-refer-to-the-tiananmen-square-massacre-in-china/ Strategies… Sensitive keywords
- 24. What will happen soon?
- 25. Social Credit System (2020) “construct a social credit environment of sincerity, self- discipline, trust-keeping and mutual trust.” (State Council, 2014)
- 26. Social Credit System (2020) Basic info: Official announcement: 2014 Target implementation: 2020 Citizen: 1.3 billion+ Identification: credit/citizen score (based on id number) Coverage: Individual, companies and institutions (*sectoral credit information systems) Scope of the system: Politics, Business, Society, Justice Consequences: Rewards: incentivise trust-keeping (*rewards for reporting individuals) Punishment: punish trust-breaking (*establish blacklist systems, market withdrawal mechanisms, policy support, administrative approval, public service market access etc)
- 27. Black Mirror: Nose Dive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgLYHM6evt8&t=34m20s
- 28. Key insights: - Tactics are resistance acts, emerging from every day practice and accompanying by the asymmetrical balance of power. - Tactics are targeted, capturing the opportunistic time/space. - An urgency to develop an archive of tactical practices (in relation to digital surveillance in China).
- 29. Ref: • Planning Outline for the Construction of a Social Credit System (2014- 2020):https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/planning-outline-for-the- construction-of-a-social-credit-system-2014-2020/ • Government Requests Report (Facebook): https://govtrequests.facebook.com/ • State Council releases guidelines on establishing individual credit system: http://english.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2016/12/30/content_281475528903041.htm • A brief history of China’s campaign to enforce real-name registration online: https://www.techinasia.com/history-chinas-campaign-enforce-realname-registration-online • Annual Report on the Development of China’s Special Economic Zone (2016) • Measurers on the regulation of public computer networks and the Internet (1996): http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/motropcnati718/ • A history of Google in China: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/faf86fbc-0009-11df-8626- 00144feabdc0.html?ft_site=falcon#axzz4VwNKKQR5 • Miao Ying: http://rhizome.org/editorial/2015/jul/08/artist-profile-miao-ying/ • Background of Jun fourth: https://botanwang.com/node/10883 • China’s Golden Shield: Is Cisco Systems Complicit? http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2015/03/china%E2%80%99s-golden-shield-cisco- systems-complicit • China Imposes Broad New Restrictions on Publication of Internet Content: http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=fa85e3a8-21d4-445c-85bb-2d7b66b57262 • China’s Censorship 2.0: How companies censor bloggers by Rebecca Mackinnon http://firstmonday.org/article/view/2378/2089 • 工业和信息化部关于清理规范互联网网络接入服务市场的通知: http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1652858/n1652930/n3757020/c5471946/content.html
- 30. Appendix
- 32. Tactics…
- 33. Weibo Credit (2011-present) [Weibo, social media] Strategies…
- 34. Sesame Credit Scores (2015-present) [Payment App] Ant Financial Services Group, an affiliate of the Chinese Alibaba Group Strategies…
- 35. Social Credit System (2014-2020) “All levels’ People’s Governments must first and foremost strengthen their own sincerity construction, and drive the establishment of an sincerity consciousness in all of society and an increase in the levels of sincerity through honest governing by governments. Take the lead in using credit information and credit products in administrative permission, government procurement, tendering and budding, labour and employment, social security, scientific research management, cadre promotion and appointment, management and supervision, application for government financial support and other such areas, and foster the development of a credit services market.” (State Council Notice, 2014) Strategies…
- 36. Social Credit System (2014-2020) “When people's behavior isn't bound by their morality, a system must be used to restrict their actions” - Chinese Academy of Social Science, 2015 “Especially given the speed of the digital economy it is crucial that people can quickly verify each other’s creditworthiness. The behavior of the majority is determined by their world of thoughts. A person who believes in socialist core values, is behaving more decent.” - Professor Wang Shuqin, 2015 “It is clearly an attempt to create a new citizen” -Researcher Rogier Creemers, 2015 Strategies…
- 37. Recording the individual credit records Improving individual information security Promoting sharing of individual credit information Perfecting the incentive and punishment mechanisms of individual credit (e.g joint punishment) Guidelines of the social credit system (2016) http://english.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2016/12/30/content_281475528903041.htm http://www.chinalawtranslate.com/creditmechanisms/?lang=en
Notas del editor
- Regard as a autonomous region and operate largely independently of China, having its own passport, flag, currency, law system and official language. Hong Kong as part of China but having “One Country two systems”. Rule of man over rule of law, highly centralized system and the political system is dominated by CCP A lot of the rules and systems follow Great Britian. For example, traffic/driving system, education system, government organization and law. I grew up under this highly westernized environment, but also I witness the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, as well as still being sensitive to the post-handover environment in Hong Kong such as the how the two-system work/not work, shrinking freedom, facing increasing pressure from China.
- Before 1956 / 1964 (using the same traditonal chinese characters) – the cultural revolution Pictorial Chinese characters chinese symbols were based on pictographs ..later then incorporate elements like phenetics, abstract concepts Several thousands commonly used chinese characters Introduced by People republic of china, iIN 1954 PROMOTES mass literacy introduce simplified chinese character Simplified means: simplier brushstrokes, a smaller collection of symbols Having this concept is important when we talk about some of the works that sneak around internet censorship.
- As the most general and basic level: You cannot access some of the websites in China such as Facebook and Google. Sensitive keywords will be censored in Social Media. Surveillance is highly centralized but executed in a very distributed manner – which means all the media companies and institutions need to comply with the standard in China. Rencently (just last year), according to current and former Facebook s employees, there is a development on going which is to create censorship tool to enter China. comply with government requests I know the social credit system is a topic that get many people excited on how it is being implemented, the details, and the potential consequences. It is still unfolding..the focus of this talk is not the social credit and it is more to give you a background of the surveillance culture in china.
- Hainan should be taken as the demonstration zone for the construction of a national social credit system
- Using the concept of strategy and tactics -> examine power and control. Strategy persumes control, tactics as the puriview of non-powerful. As an adaptation of environment which has been created by the strategies of the powerful. Control is never perfect , the strategy construction is always changing
- http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/china-rates-its-own-citizens-including-online-behaviour~a3979668/
- VPN: new government tool can learn, discover and block traffic going through VPNs. Cut off business as well A strategy… postulates a place that can be delimited as its own and serve as the base from which relations with an exteriority composed of targets or threats can be managed. (De Certeau, 1984, pp. 35-36)
- - “home setting” as a representational space Error space (page error) becomes an aesthetic language of representation.
- End- 1: 25 Since our daily lives play out within spaces of economic, social, political, and institutional control, de Certeau sees tactical practices as an integral part of our everyday existence, and important operations of agency (de Certeau 1984, xiv-xv).
- - What maes its so successful is not only its complex technology but also the culture that the system engenders – a culture of self censorship
- - What maes its so successful is not only its complex technology but also the culture that the system engenders – a culture of self censorship
- Specific to content
- Lines of text, drawn from a variety of China media sources scans across the screen and scrolls upwards A word is blacked out , hidden from us Human mind creates narrative where there is none. >> Playfully reconfigure space by laying the blocks on certain texts.
- Focus on time…the speed of spreading and sensorship
- What I am going to show you next is how De Certeau describes as tactics that are related to time, the successive moments in actions It is an important incident not only because of many students were being killed. This event has become a censorship bar from the ways how Hong Kongese looked at. Whenever there is elections, we will ask the politicians on how they think about Tiananmen Square Umbrella movement (2014), a fear whether government would send PLA (People Liberation Army) tanks again fear: we can still hold Tiananmen Memorial Events in Hong Kong Also an indicator It becomes a measurement for us, a measurement for the freedom of expression
- Plays with the chinese character which has a pictorial root, in which the author only pick up the characters that look like the tank and the man. It is not necessarily related to the meaning (semantics) of the text
- Some of the tactical approach, citizen chooses to augment the characters. Instead of getting the semantics of the text, they play with the image of the text.
- Control is never perfect , the strategy construction is always changing. The entire surveillance system has learn and adapt. We are trying to understand how strategies and tactics are played out / negotiated in the digital surveillance of China.
- Strategy and Tactics
- “Focus on the areas of industry and commerce, tax payment, pricing, import and export, production safety, product quality, environmental protection, food and drugs, medicine and healthcare, intellectual property rights, logistical services, project construction, e-commerce, traffic and transportation, contract fulfilment, human resources, social security, education and research, and perfect sectoral credit record and employee credit files.”
- - Extension of space --------- Announcement: notice to all provincial, autonomous region and Called “The Planning outline for the construction of a Social Credit System (2014-2020)” -> for public circulation “Focus on the areas of industry and commerce, tax payment, pricing, import and export, production safety, product quality, environmental protection, food and drugs, medicine and healthcare, intellectual property rights, logistical services, project construction, e-commerce, traffic and transportation, contract fulfilment, human resources, social security, education and research, and perfect sectoral credit record and employee credit files.”
- The earliest written Chinese symbols were based on pictographs, where the characters highly resembled their denoted meanings. Such was the case for oracle bone script (甲骨文 jiǎgǔwén). As time wore on, the Chinese writing system developed and began incorporating elements like phonetics, abstract concepts, and radicals. Eventually it evolved into a logographic system, words represented by symbols. IN chinese, we have over 50,000 characters ..to able to read a newspaper, it is about 3000
- In 2013, Jason Ng wrote the book about sensitive and censored text text Research Fellow at the University of Toronto's Citizen Lab Interested in internet censorship and digital activism
- Background: Popular chinese Twitter-like microblogging site Sina Weibo (2009) facebook + Twitter | 2015 requires real name registration Over 212 million active users (2015) Weibo credit is a user credit system -> safeguard a good atmosphere within in the Weibo community Reports of untrue information, invasions of privacy, personal attacks, plagiarized content, harassment of others Punishment: no featured post, cannot being follow, other cannot forward your post, cannot post…> deleted account Credit caculation: credit score = starting credit points + reward points – credit deductions Logic: credit recovery system from low credit points after a certain period of time tie an ID card or mobile phone number to their accounts before they were allowed to post (2012) (ref: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_e5309e110102v3py.html)
- Background: popular third-party payment app with over 350 million users First system in china to incorporate online and offline data to generate credit scores Operate independently from the government’s social credit system 5 categories: 1/ purchases (volume, price – not content ) from Alibab’s Tmall and Taobao ecommerce platforms 2/ household status (job/income) 3 + 4 / timely payment on bills and credit cards 5/ friends around (quantity) Jobbies and friends ..> if friends have a poor lending reputation, this reflects badly on the person Starting from 2015, people shares their credit scores on social media
- Announcement: notice to all provincial, autonomous region and Called “The Planning outline for the construction of a Social Credit System (2014-2020)” -> for public circulation Government driven, highly centralized, and not for profit It also urged concentrating the registration efforts in key sectors such as food and drugs, work safety, environmental protection, work security and engineering construction. To help ensure that the information is accurate, the main subjects will be lawyers, teachers, civil servants and real estate brokers.
- 1/ CASS: Affliated with the PRC’s state council, they are helping the develop the model 2/ Wang Shuqin >> working on this new system at Capital Normal University 3/ Creemers, university of oxford Nationwide level Promoting socialist core values such as patriotism, respecting the elderly, working hard and avoiding extravagant consumption
- 1/ information registration in internet, delivery, telecom, financial sectors) 2/ Concentrate on key sectors to ensure the accuracy of information (lawyers, teachers, civil servants, real estate brokers) Fourth is perfecting the incentive and punishment mechanisms of individual credit. People who have good credit scores would be offered more social conveniences, especially more opportunities in education, employment, and entrepreneurship. Joint punishment such as Limits on engaging in particular industries or projects, Limits on government support or subsidies, Limits on occupational qualifications , Limits on special market transactions, Limits on high spending and related consumption, travelling,