2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
The student teacher able to,
Defines cerebral palsy.
lists out symptoms of cerebral palsy.
Explains causes of cerebral palsy
Elucidate Treatments and Intervention Services for cerebral
palsy.
Identify the children with cerebral palsy
3. INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders
that affect movement and muscle tone
or posture. It's caused by damage that
occurs to the immature brain as it
develops, most often before birth.
4. INTRODUCTION
Signs and symptoms appear during infancy
or preschool years. In general, cerebral palsy
causes impaired movement associated with
abnormal reflexes, floppiness or rigidity of
the limbs and trunk, abnormal posture,
involuntary movements, unsteady walking, or
some combination of these.
5.
6. SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms can vary greatly. Movement and
coordination problems associated with cerebral palsy
include:
• Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too
stiff or too floppy
• Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity)
• Stiff muscles with normal reflexes (rigidity)
• Lack of balance and muscle coordination (ataxia)
• Tremors or involuntary movements
• Slow, writhing movements
7. SYMPTOMS
Delays in reaching motor skills milestones, such
as pushing up on arms, sitting up or crawling
Favouring one side of the body, such as
reaching with one hand or dragging a leg while
crawling
Difficulty walking, such as walking on toes, a
crouched gait, a scissors-like gait with knees
crossing, a wide gait or an asymmetrical gait
Excessive drooling or problems with swallowing
9. SYMPTOMS
• Difficulty with sucking or eating
• Delays in speech development or difficulty
speaking
• Learning difficulties
• Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as
buttoning clothes or picking up utensils
• Seizures.
10. CAUSES
Cerebral palsy is caused by an abnormality
or disruption in brain development, most
often before a child is born. In many cases,
the cause isn't known. Factors that can lead
to problems with brain development include:
Gene mutations that lead to abnormal
development
Maternal infections that affect the
developing fetus
11. CAUSES
• Fetal stroke, a disruption of blood supply to
the developing brain
• Bleeding into the brain in the womb or as a
new-born
• Infant infections that cause inflammation in
or around the brain
12. CAUSES
• Traumatic head injury to an infant from a
motor vehicle accident or fall
• Lack of oxygen to the brain related to
difficult labour or delivery, although birth-
related asphyxia is much less commonly a
cause than historically thought
13. TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY
Doctors classify CP according to the main
type of movement disorder involved.
Depending on which areas of the brain are
affected, one or more of the following
movement disorders can occur:
• Stiff muscles (spasticity)
• Uncontrollable movements (dyskinesia)
• Poor balance and coordination (ataxia)
16. SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY
The most common type of CP is spastic CP. Spastic CP
affects about 80% of people with CP.
People with spastic CP have increased muscle tone. This
means their muscles are stiff and, as a result, their
movements can be awkward. Spastic CP usually is
described by what parts of the body are affected:
• Spastic diplegia/diparesis―In this type of CP, muscle
stiffness is mainly in the legs, with the arms less affected
or not affected at all. People with spastic diplegia might
have difficulty walking because tight hip and leg muscles
cause their legs to pull together, turn inward, and cross at
the knees (also known as scissoring).
17. SPASTIC CEREBRAL PALSY
• Spastic hemiplegia/hemiparesis―This type of
CP affects only one side of a person’s body;
usually the arm is more affected than the leg.
• Spastic quadriplegia/quadriparesis―Spastic
quadriplegia is the most severe form of spastic
CP and affects all four limbs, the trunk, and the
face. People with spastic quadriparesis usually
cannot walk and often have other
developmental disabilities such as intellectual
disability; seizures; or problems with vision,
hearing, or speech.
18.
19. DYSKINETIC CEREBRAL PALSY
People with dyskinetic CP have problems
controlling the movement of their hands, arms,
feet, and legs, making it difficult to sit and walk.
The movements are uncontrollable and can be
slow and writhing or rapid and jerky. Sometimes
the face and tongue are affected and the person
has a hard time sucking, swallowing, and
talking. A person with dyskinetic CP has muscle
tone that can change (varying from too tight to
too loose) not only from day to day, but even
during a single day.
21. ATAXIC CEREBRAL PALSY
People with ataxic CP have problems with
balance and coordination. They might be
unsteady when they walk. They might have a
hard time with quick movements or
movements that need a lot of control, like
writing. They might have a hard time
controlling their hands or arms when they
reach for something.
23. DIAGNOSIS
Brain scans
Brain-imaging technologies can reveal areas
of damage or abnormal development in the
brain. These tests might include the
following:
• MRI. An MRI scan uses radio waves and a
magnetic field to produce detailed 3D or
cross-sectional images of child's brain. An
MRI can often identify lesions or
abnormalities in your child's brain.
24. DIAGNOSIS
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
If child is suspected of having seizures, an EEG
can evaluate the condition further. Seizures can
develop in a child with epilepsy. In an EEG test,
a series of electrodes are attached to your
child's scalp.
The EEG records the electrical activity of child's
brain. It's common for there to be changes in
normal brain wave patterns in epilepsy.
25. DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory tests
Tests on the blood, urine or skin might be
used to screen for genetic or metabolic
problems.
26. TREATMENTS AND INTERVENTION SERVICES
There is no cure for CP, but treatment can
improve the lives of those who have the
condition. It is important to begin a treatment
program as early as possible.
Muscle or nerve injections
Oral muscle relaxants
27. THERAPIES
Physical therapy
For the first one to two years after birth, both
physical and occupational therapists provide
support with issues such as head and trunk
control, rolling, and grasping. Later, both
types of therapists are involved in wheelchair
assessments.
28. THERAPIES
Occupational therapy. Occupational therapists
work to help your child gain independence in daily
activities and routines in the home, the school and
the community. Adaptive equipment recommended
for your child can include walkers, quadrupedal
canes, seating systems or electric wheelchairs.
29. THERAPIES
Speech and language therapy. Speech-
language pathologists can help improve
child's ability to speak clearly or to
communicate using sign language. They can
also teach the use of communication
devices, such as a computer and voice
synthesizer, if communication is difficult.
Speech therapists can also address
difficulties with eating and swallowing.
31. THERAPIES
Recreational therapy. Some children benefit from
regular or adaptive recreational or competitive
sports activities, such as therapeutic horseback
riding or skiing. This type of therapy can help
improve your child's motor skills, speech and
emotional well-being.
