1. Tata Kelola InternetTata Kelola Internet
GlobalGlobal
Kuliah umum, Universitas IndonesiaKuliah umum, Universitas Indonesia
20 November 201520 November 2015
Shita Laksmi
Anggota Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) di PBB
untuk Internet Governance Forum
@slaksmi, shitalaksmi.com
4. 13 DNS root server: 10 di Amerika,1 di Swedia, 1 di Belanda
dan 1 di Jepang
5. Siapa yang berperan?Siapa yang berperan?
ICANN – Internet
Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers
IETF – Internet
Engineering Task Force
Lembaga non profit yang
tugas paling kelihatan adalah
pengaturan domain name
system dan root servers.
ICANN berdiri tahun 1998
dan berada dibawah
Department of Commerce,
Amerika Serikat
•Menentukan standard
Transmission Control
Protocol/ Internet Protocol*
*alamat unik yang harus
dimiliki oleh setiap alat untuk
terhubung dengan Internet
6. Kebijakan InternasionalKebijakan Internasional
• Kerangka kebijakan internasional di Tata Kelola
Internet (dan juga telekomunikasi):
PBB: World Summit on Information Society
(berserta turunannya, Internet Governance
Forum)
PBB: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
PBB: Sustainable Development Goals (sejak 2015)
Kesepakatan Internasional lain, seperti Trans Pacific
Partnership, Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN
• Multi dimensi dan penuh negosiasi
7. Titik penting WSISTitik penting WSIS
Peran Amerika yang begitu sentral dan mulai
“menganggu” banyak negara lainnya.
WSIS adalah,
A clash between two models of global governance:
one based on agreements among sovereign territorial
states; the other based on private contracting among
transnational non state actors, but relying in some
respects on the global hegemony of a single state.
Milton L. Mueller, Networks and States
8. World Summit on InformationWorld Summit on Information
Society (WSIS)Society (WSIS)
• Diluncurkan secara “halus” di International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)* – tahun 1998
*ITU: anggota adalah negara yang berdaulat
• Mengemuka tahun 2000an, kemudian dibuat dua
kali pertemuan:
Geneva, 2003
Tunis, 2005
9. OutputsOutputs paling penting:paling penting:
• Multistakeholder (pemangku kepentingan
majemuk) diakui: pemerintah, kelompok bisnis, civil
society organizations dan technical communities.
• Tidak ada satu negara yang bisa ambil keputusan
terkait kebijakan Internet
• Muncul definisi Internet Governance
• Civil society mengusung perlunya dialog
multistakeholder melalui Internet Governance
Forum
11. Isu hangatIsu hangat
Snowden revelation: security, encryption dan trust
Privacy dan perlindungan data pribadi
Kebebasan berekspresi dan akses
Net neutrality dan zero rating
Transisi ICANN dengan menggunakan prinsip
multistakeholder – tidak lagi dibawah Amerika
WSIS+10 Review tahun ini
12.
13. Tantangan kedepanTantangan kedepan
•Open and Secure Internet
•Kelanjutan multistakeholder (Pemerintah,
Komunitas Teknis, Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil,
Sektor Private) dalam proses kebijakan Internet
•Keseimbangan antar negara
14. ReferensiReferensi
• Kurbalija, Jovan: An Introduction to Internet
Governance
• L. Mueller, Milton M: Networks and States, The
Global Politics of Internet Governance
• Geneva Internet Platform: Highlight of the Internet
Governance Forum 2015
15. Internet GovernanceInternet Governance
• Internet Governance is the development and
application by Governments, the private sector and
civil society in their respective roles of shared
principles, norms, rules, decision making procedures
and programmes that shape the evolution and use
of Internet
16. Safe HarbourSafe Harbour
On October 6, the European Court of Justice ruled
that the 15-year-old agreement that allowed
companies to ship customer data between the E.U.
and the U.S. without prior customer permission
violated the privacy rights of those customers.
In its bombshell decision, the court cited that the U.S.
does not provide sufficient protections for personal
data and scrapped the agreement. The parties were
given three months to come up with something new.
Tick tock.
Barb Darrow, Fortune: November 17, 2015