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- 1. The rise of restoration ecology: a relatively new science, a major global role Katharine Suding University of Colorado USA
- 2. Bonn Challenge: restore 150 million hectares worldwide by 2020
- 3. New York Declaration: 350m hectares under restoration by 2030
- 4. The 20 x 20 initiative: to bring 20 million hectares of degraded land into restoration by 2020. “This is a challenge that we face with determination and effort, and we are certain that our efforts will bring effective results in order for us to achieve our international goals” -- Minister Sarney Filho, Brazil
- 5. “With more countries building synergies between global restoration commitments and initiatives, we can capture these win-win opportunities: wins for biodiversity, wins for carbon, wins for people, wins for the economy, wins for women, and wins for our planet.” --Inger Andersen, Director General IUCN
- 6. This is exciting… …and scary
- 7. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Publications/year Year 1987 Bradshaw: “an acid test” of ecological understanding Ecology, keyword “restoration” ISI, Web of Knowledge Where are we in the science of restoration? Can we deliver? EcosystemFunction Ecosystem Structure
- 8. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Publications/year Year 2009 Special issue, SCIENCE: The rise of restoration ecology Where are we in the science of restoration? Can we deliver? Ecology, keyword “restoration” ISI, Web of Knowledge 1987 Bradshaw: “an acid test” of ecological understanding “Our planet’s future may depend on the maturation of the young discipline of ecological restoration” --SCIENCE editors, 2009
- 9. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Publications/year Year Where are we in the science of restoration? Can we deliver? Ecology, keyword “restoration” ISI, Web of Knowledge 2017 SER meeting, Brazil 2009 Special issue, SCIENCE: The rise of restoration ecology 1987 Bradshaw: “an acid test” of ecological understanding
- 10. A systematic evaluation of restoration: • 89 Studies • Range of ecosystem types • Global coverage • Cited over 1,000 times
- 11. Restoration increased biodiversity by 44%, but values remained lower than reference conditions -14% vs. degraded vs. reference +44% Rey Benayas et al 2009
- 12. Restoration increased biodiversity by 44%, but values remained lower than reference conditions -14% vs. degraded vs. reference +44%
- 13. What do we mean by restoring biodiversity? How risky is our enterprise? How do we benchmark our success? How does science guide policy and expectations? 1 2 3 4
- 14. What do we mean by restoring biodiversity? 1
- 15. Time since disturbance Speciesdiversity +44% -14% How should restoration affect diversity? degraded restored reference We often assume a increasing trajectory
- 16. Time since disturbance Speciesdiversity Biodiversity could change in many ways in a “successful” restoration +44% -14% Classic successional work. restoreddegraded reference
- 17. +44% degraded restored reference -14% When we say diversity, do we really mean diversity? Plant growth and survival Total abundance Behavior (% vigilance) Microbial biomass … OTHER MEASURES INCLUDED IN BIODIVERSITY RESPONSE Species richness Evenness Shannon-Weiner BIODIVERSITY INDICES 49% N=89studies Rey Benayas et al 2009 51%
- 18. One suggestion: Compositional similarity Laughlin et al 2017 • Multivariate technique • Based on the same datasets as diversity calculations
- 19. One suggestion: Compositional similarity Laughlin et al 2017 degraded restoration reference • Rey Benayas et al (2009): 0/89 studies • More recent metanalysis(Crouzeilles et al 2016): 13/221 • Multivariate technique • Based on the same datasets as diversity calculations
- 20. How risky is our enterprise? 2
- 21. Restoration increased biodiversity by 44% but values remained lower than reference conditions -14% vs. degraded vs. reference +44% Rey Benayas et al 2009
- 22. Restoration is a bit of a gamble -14% vs. degraded vs. reference +44% Rey Benayas et al 2009 -70% +1000% -77% +27%
- 23. Why such high variable outcomes? A. Our Metrics: Outcomes would be less variable if we would standardized metrics. B. Our techniques: We are failing too often, need to improve technological aspects of our practice [might indicate success in innovation too] C. Our context: There are some places where restoration is far more challenging than others [we should focus on where it is easiest] D. Our ecology: Ecological recovery is expected to be stochastic, with transient dynamics and priority effects [don’t expect otherwise]
- 24. Laughlin et al 2017 Ecological processes with more complex controls should show greater variability Morepredictable More variable BIOMASS RICHNESS COMPOSITION
- 25. Site Year Despite identical: site preparation seed species mixes planting techniques planting timing Stuble et al 2017Species composition Ecological dynamics are expected to be stochastic in disturbed systems as they assemble
- 27. How do we benchmark our success? 3
- 30. Why so few studies?Degraded Restoration Reference A. We are doing it this way, but not publishing our work. B. We should do it this way, and are not listening to advice. C. There are many ways to benchmark success D. All of the above.
- 31. The crisis of shifting baselines Changing Climate
- 32. The crisis of shifting baselines Changing Climate + Invasion of non-native species
- 33. The crisis of shifting baselines Changing Climate + Invasion of non-native species + Changing land use + Changing disturbance regimes…
- 40. Nitrogen inputs StipaRestoration InvadedNative Reference benchmarks at low levels of nitrogen pollution, but we losing these at high N Nitrogen inputs StipaRestoration InvadedNative Larios et al 2017
- 41. As rates of environmental change increase, different types of benchmarks are needed Nitrogen inputs Let recover Change benchmark Actively restore StipaRestoration InvadedNative Different functional mix of natives Different genotypes Different set of species
- 42. One suggestion: triggers and trajectories Areas with rapid change might be the places to set goals re: process and innovate
- 43. How does our science guide policy and expectations? 4
- 44. How do our goals, principles, best practices, standards, reflect our science? “Since it arose from political negotiations, the precise scientific definition is lacking” -- L. Montanarella, EU Commission
- 45. How do our goals, principles, best practices, standards, reflect our science? International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration, SER 2016Suding et al, 2015, Science
- 46. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2ResponseRatio Plantdiversityinrestored/reference Five Star Standard > 80% diversity of reference Crouzeilles et al 2016 As a science, are we ready to set such expectations? Study comparisons, ordered by response ratio
- 47. What do we mean by restoring biodiversity? How do we benchmark our success? How risky is our enterprise? How does science guide policy and expectations? 1 2 3 4
- 48. What do we mean by restoring biodiversity? How do we benchmark our success? How risky is our enterprise? How does science guide policy and expectations? 1 2 3 4
- 52. Thank you!
Notas del editor
- 2016, the government of Brazil committed to restoring 12 million hectares of deforested land under the Bonn Challenge, joining 38 other countries, associations and companies in the global restoration effort. The announcement was made by Brazil’s Minister of the Environment José Sarney Filho at the Thirteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 13) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Cancun, Mexico, “The Government of Brazil has the pleasure to announce its voluntary contribution to the Bonn Challenge and the 20x20 Initiative. We will reforest, restore forests and promote the regeneration of 12 million hectares of forested areas by 2030. This is a challenge that we face with determination and effort, and we are certain that our efforts will bring effective results in order for us to achieve our international goals,” says Minister Sarney Filho. "It is a pride for Correos of El Salvador to contribute to such an important global initiative, with this postal issue we are ratifying the commitment of the country and especially of the Government with the rescue of our ecosystem," said Elsa Margarita Quintanar, General Director of Correos of El Salvador.
- Pakastan Billion Tree Tsunami
- This is an area larger than Uruguay. “Land restoration in the region is an essential element to promote equity, poverty reduction, alternatives for development in poor rural areas as well as a mechanism to achieve a low carbon, more resilient future,” said Minister of Environment Gabriel Vallejo, Colombia.
- At COP13, IUCN also drew attention to the contribution of FLR to achieving several Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Inger Andersen stresses the crucial role of the Bonn Challenge as an implementation vehicle for existing international commitments, saying:
- Since it arose from political negotiations, the precise scientific definition is lacking
- - I want to start here: in 2009 Rey Benayas and collegues published a high profile review of restoration in Science. It has been cited over 1,000 times and systematically evaluated the effectiveness of restoration. What did it find?
- The big take home message was that restoration increased biodiversity by 44% and ecosystem services by 25%, but values remained lower than reference conditions. Pretty cool finding, and helped solidify the idea that restoration can be a solution.
- The big take home message was that restoration increased biodiversity by 44% and ecosystem services by 25%, but values remained lower than reference conditions. Pretty cool finding, and helped solidify the idea that restoration can be a solution.
- We measure a lot of things in restoration, but often hang it on diversity. And what does 44% increase in biodiversity really mean? Is it a good metric? Out of a n=89, only 45 used a diversity measure to assess success. Other types of measures included in this biodiveristy response: growth, abundance, behavior (%vigilance), microbial biomass. 11/25
- We measure a lot of things in restoration, but often hang it on diversity. And what does 44% increase in biodiversity really mean? Is it a good metric? Out of a n=89, only 45 used a diversity measure to assess success. Other types of measures included in this biodiveristy response: growth, abundance, behavior (%vigilance), microbial biomass. 11/25
- We measure a lot of things in restoration, but often hang it on diversity. And what does 44% increase in biodiversity really mean? Is it a good metric? Out of a n=89, only 45 used a diversity measure to assess success. Other types of measures included in this biodiveristy response: growth, abundance, behavior (%vigilance), microbial biomass. 11/25
- The big take home message was that restoration increased biodiversity by 44% and ecosystem services by 25%, but values remained lower than reference conditions. Pretty cool finding, and helped solidify the idea that restoration can be a solution.
- Despite identical site preparation, seed species mixes, and restoration planting techniques and timing, we found substantial variability in species composition driven both by site effects and year effects, as well as their interaction
- Why so few? Could it be that many restorations really don’t use this comparison to gauge success? This low number indicates: that they should, or that there are many ways to benchmark our success and this is just one of them. 1%
- Why so few? Could it be that many restorations really don’t use this comparison to gauge success? This low number indicates: that they should, or that there are many ways to benchmark our success and this is just one of them. 62 studies
- Why so few? Could it be that many restorations really don’t use this comparison to gauge success? This low number indicates: that they should, or that there are many ways to benchmark our success and this is just one of them.
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