what are the theories related to aging?

1. 1
BiologicalTheoriesofAging
has two types:
Stochastic(internaland
external factor), non stochastic
(result from complex
predetermined process)
Explanation
Cross linked theory Cellular division is threatened as a
result of radiation of chemical
reactions attached to DNA. This
affect collagen in the heart, lungs,
blood vessels affecting tissue
elasticity.
Free radicals and lipofuscion theories Free radicals resulting from oxygen
metabolism reacts with other free
radicals from ozone and pollutants
damages in the body. It could lead to
genetic disorders.
-antioxidants as beta carotene and V.
C and V. E protect against free
radicals
-positive relationship between age
and lipofuscin in the body
Wear and Tear Theory The body will function less
efficiently with prolonged use and
use of smoking, poor diet and
substance abuse and stress.
Evolutionary Theory Mutation Accumulation theory:
genetic mutations affecting children
will eventually be eliminated because
the body will not continue to
reproduce it.
Antagonistic pleiotrophy theory:
particular gens have negative and
positive effect. Eg.: it would have
positive effect in the early life for
tissue growth it would have negative
effect in later life causing tissue
generation.
The disposable soma theory: aging is
related to use of body energy unlike
the other theory. These energy is
used for metabolism, reproduction
and maintenance of functions and
repair.

2. 2
Biogerontology Bacteria, virus or fungi are thought to
be responsible for certain
physiological changes during aging
process. Longer life has been tried by
controlling pathogens by
immunization and antimicrobial
agents.
Nonstochastic Theory:
Apoptosis: Cells are programmed for death due
to biochemical changes meaning the
cell would shrink. It is part of
normal development of cell as it is
programmed cell death .
Genetic theory The human is borne with genetic
program or biological clock that
predetermined the life span. The
body has limited cell division, the
longer the life span the greater the
cell divisions.
The error theory: propose that genetic
determines aging process.
Autoimmune Reactions: The immune response decline after
young adulthood. The thymus and
bone marrow affected by aging.
Hormones become less, the bone
marrow stem cells perform less
efficiently. This leads to more
incidences of infections with aging.
-some theories explains this the cells
which changed as an effect with
aging the body would identify it as a
forgeion body and develop antibody
attacks it leading to cell death.
Neuroendocirne and Neurochemical
Theories
Suggest that aging result from
changes in the brain and endocrine
glands. E.g: anterior pituitary gland
promote aging and impaired brain
chemicals impairs healthy cell aging.
Radiation theory Research on rates shows doses of
radiation leads to decrease life span.
In human, exposure to sun leads to
skin wrinkling results form
replacement of collagen by elastin.

3. 3
Nutrition theory Although it is not well understood.
However, V. E, bee pollen, ginseng
promote healthy long life.
Environmental theories Ingestion of mercury, radioactive
isotope and certain pesticides,
smoking and pollutant can produce
pathologic changes and influence
human being.
Sociological theories of Aging
Disengagement theory It review aging as the individual and
community withdraw from each
other. For the old person becomes
concentrating on themselves and free
form society roles. And for the
society the power will be give to
younger people to continue
functioning after the old person. It is
not necessary to be expected from all
the aged people.
Activity thoery The old person should continue
middle aged lifestyle, denying the
existence of old age as long as
possible. i.e: replacing the job and
replacing the friends. Sometime it
create conflicts with the elderly that
how the old person maintain active
middle aged lifestyle when their
income is low.
Continuity theory Personality and basic patterns of
behaviors are said to remain
unchanged as the individuals ages.
E.g Being active and engaged would
continue in later life.

4. 4
Subculture theory They have their own believes,
expectations, habits, and issues
makes them different from other
group. But they are more excepted by
the same group, this theory argue to
empower this age group so their
rights and needs respected..
Age stratification theory Suggests that community is stratified
by different age group. Each group
has similar experience, belief,
attitudes, there is interdepends
between different age group and
society.
Psychological theories of aging Developmental tasks: healthy
psychological aging result from
successful fulfillment of
developmental task. E.g Erikson
developmental task ( trust,
autonomy, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Gerotranscendence: as people age,
they are less concerned with their
physical bodies, meaningless
relationship, instead their desire in
discovering themselves.
Read box 2-1 and 2-2 in page 20