Longwall-Shortwall method; Centreline Method; IS 1200; CPWD Specifications; Determination of Quantities of different Items of Building Works; Earthwork, Brickwork, Masonrywork, Concreting, Centering and Shuttering, Plastering, Painting, woodwork, Levelling, Lead, Lift, Mid-section, Trapezoidal, Prismoidal formula
This document provides an internship presentation on quantity estimation for a building. It includes sections on estimation, essential qualities of a good estimator, types of estimates, methods for detailed estimates, descriptions of measurements for common items, and estimation of a sample building plan including foundations, walls, roof, and more. Calculations are shown for estimating quantities of various building components like brickwork, plastering, concrete work and more. The overall goal is to explain the process of estimating building costs through preparing preliminary and final estimates for a residential structure.
This document summarizes a lecture on quantity surveying. It discusses key tasks of quantity surveyors including preparing bills of quantities and cost estimates. It also covers documentation used like drawings, specifications, take-off sheets and standard method of measurement. Common tools used by quantity surveyors are also listed. Key documents prepared by QS include bills of quantities, take-off sheets, and payment certificates. The role of consultant and contractor QS are compared and it is noted consultant QS work on behalf of the client while contractor QS work for the contractor.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a hostel building with three floors (G+2). It includes the planning and layout of each floor using AutoCAD. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were analyzed using STADD-Pro software and designed according to IS code provisions. Reinforcement details are provided for typical structural elements designed based on limit state method with M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. The conclusion states that a multi-purpose residential building was designed that will benefit people in the area.
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a multispecialty hospital building. It includes the objectives to prepare architectural drawings, analyze the G+2 building using STAAD Pro, and design the building according to IS 456:2000 using the working stress method. It describes analyzing the building's ability to resist lateral loads. Maximum bending moments in beams and columns will depend on their relative rigidity. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases will be designed according to code specifications using the working stress method.
The document describes the planning, analysis, design and detailing of an auditorium building by four civil engineering students. Key aspects include:
1. Designing the auditorium structure using software like STAAD.Pro and AutoCAD, including steel roof trusses, RCC columns, beams, slabs and foundations.
2. Considering acoustics for proper seating layout and design.
3. Analyzing the structure and designing elements like the roof truss, columns, beams, foundation according to codes.
4. Detailing the structural drawings and schedules for construction.
This document describes a project to analyze and design a pre-engineered building for an industrial shed. It provides details of the building dimensions, location, and loading conditions. It outlines the methodology, which includes calculating dead loads, live loads, and wind loads. Load calculations are presented for self-weight, roofing, purlins, sheeting, live loads, and wind loads based on the building's location in Pune, India. The document also includes plans and elevations of the building and tables of material properties and load combinations that will be used in the structural analysis and design using STAAD Pro software.
This document presents the planning, analysis, and design of a proposed blood bank building in Thiruvandarkoil, Pondicherry. It includes the plan, elevation, section drawings created using AutoCAD software. Structural analysis was performed using STAADpro software. The design of structural components like slab, beams, columns, footing were carried out based on IS code provisions. The document discusses the methodology, literature review, design of each structural element, load combinations considered, and concludes mentioning the objectives were achieved by referring design codes and standards.
This document provides an internship presentation on quantity estimation for a building. It includes sections on estimation, essential qualities of a good estimator, types of estimates, methods for detailed estimates, descriptions of measurements for common items, and estimation of a sample building plan including foundations, walls, roof, and more. Calculations are shown for estimating quantities of various building components like brickwork, plastering, concrete work and more. The overall goal is to explain the process of estimating building costs through preparing preliminary and final estimates for a residential structure.
This document summarizes a lecture on quantity surveying. It discusses key tasks of quantity surveyors including preparing bills of quantities and cost estimates. It also covers documentation used like drawings, specifications, take-off sheets and standard method of measurement. Common tools used by quantity surveyors are also listed. Key documents prepared by QS include bills of quantities, take-off sheets, and payment certificates. The role of consultant and contractor QS are compared and it is noted consultant QS work on behalf of the client while contractor QS work for the contractor.
Analysis and design of multi-storey building using staad.Progsharda123
This document presents a minor project report on the analysis and design of a four-storey building (ground plus three floors) using STAAD Pro software. It was submitted by five civil engineering students at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report covers various topics related to structural analysis and design including different analysis methods, design of building elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings. It also discusses assumptions, design codes, loads, and materials used for the building design.
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a hostel building with three floors (G+2). It includes the planning and layout of each floor using AutoCAD. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, and footings were analyzed using STADD-Pro software and designed according to IS code provisions. Reinforcement details are provided for typical structural elements designed based on limit state method with M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. The conclusion states that a multi-purpose residential building was designed that will benefit people in the area.
The document summarizes the planning, analysis, and design of a multispecialty hospital building. It includes the objectives to prepare architectural drawings, analyze the G+2 building using STAAD Pro, and design the building according to IS 456:2000 using the working stress method. It describes analyzing the building's ability to resist lateral loads. Maximum bending moments in beams and columns will depend on their relative rigidity. Structural elements like slabs, beams, columns, footings, and staircases will be designed according to code specifications using the working stress method.
The document describes the planning, analysis, design and detailing of an auditorium building by four civil engineering students. Key aspects include:
1. Designing the auditorium structure using software like STAAD.Pro and AutoCAD, including steel roof trusses, RCC columns, beams, slabs and foundations.
2. Considering acoustics for proper seating layout and design.
3. Analyzing the structure and designing elements like the roof truss, columns, beams, foundation according to codes.
4. Detailing the structural drawings and schedules for construction.
This document describes a project to analyze and design a pre-engineered building for an industrial shed. It provides details of the building dimensions, location, and loading conditions. It outlines the methodology, which includes calculating dead loads, live loads, and wind loads. Load calculations are presented for self-weight, roofing, purlins, sheeting, live loads, and wind loads based on the building's location in Pune, India. The document also includes plans and elevations of the building and tables of material properties and load combinations that will be used in the structural analysis and design using STAAD Pro software.
This document presents the planning, analysis, and design of a proposed blood bank building in Thiruvandarkoil, Pondicherry. It includes the plan, elevation, section drawings created using AutoCAD software. Structural analysis was performed using STAADpro software. The design of structural components like slab, beams, columns, footing were carried out based on IS code provisions. The document discusses the methodology, literature review, design of each structural element, load combinations considered, and concludes mentioning the objectives were achieved by referring design codes and standards.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING contentsila vamsi krishna
This document outlines the process and methods used to analyze and design a multi-story residential building using STAAD Pro software. It includes chapters on software used, literature review of analysis methods, load calculations, design of building elements like beams, columns, slabs and footings. Load combinations are defined according to Indian standards. Material properties and design assumptions are provided. The document then describes the analysis and design of each building element and provides sample output diagrams from STAAD Pro.
M.Tech Thesis Synopsis Entitled "AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL ...RamamSingh
In these experimental studies the effect of the mechanical processing on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of low carbon steels. These carbon steels are widely used in automobile, railways, naval architecture, steel, petroleum industry, etc, applications with exposure to extreme temperature conditions and subjected to stress and exposed to corrosive environment. The most commonly used type of steel are low carbon steel, High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Cold Rolled Steel and Hot Rolled steel (HRS). The mechanical properties like ductility, strength and metallurgical properties like microstructure, grain size, etc, influence the properties of the rolled steels. In this study an effort is made to study the research reported in literature, on the innovations in processing of low carbon steel through grain refinement and heat treatment to produce steel possessing good & comparatively mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Analysis and design of high rise building frame using staad proeSAT Journals
Abstract The Aim of present study “Analysis and design of high rise building by staad pro 2008” is to define proper technique for creating Geometry, cross sections for column and beam etc, developing specification and supports conditions, types of Loads and load combinations. In this study a 30- storey high rise structure is analyzed for seismic and wind load combination using staad pro 2008 and comparison is drawn. Keywords: Analysis, Geometry, Structure, Wind load
Surbhi Krishna Singh - Professional GallerySurbhi Singh
This document contains information about Surbhi Krishna Singh's educational background and professional experience. She received a Master's degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the National University of Singapore and a Bachelor's degree in Metallurgical and Materials Science Engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India. Her professional experience includes research positions at NUS and internships at Seagate Technology and Mu Sigma focused on materials engineering projects.
This industrial training report summarizes the student's training at Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. It provides details of two residential construction projects - Godrej Prakriti Housing Complex III and describes the structures being built. Quality control procedures are outlined including material testing and ensuring specifications are met. Formwork designs, reinforcement details, and estimating quantities are discussed. Plant and machinery used on-site are listed. The report aims to impart the student's practical and theoretical engineering skills.
This industrial training report summarizes the student's training at Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. It provides details of two construction projects - Godrej Prakriti Housing Complex III and details of formwork, quality control measures, site execution, safety procedures, and plant & machinery used. The student gained exposure to various construction activities like formwork, concrete pouring, bar bending, and quality testing of materials. Safety of workers was ensured through use of personal protective equipment.
Irjet v4 i73Cost and Time estimation for Conventional, Aluminium &Tunnel Form...IRJET Journal
This document compares the cost and time of three formwork systems - conventional, aluminum, and tunnel formwork - for constructing buildings. Data was collected from case studies of residential buildings with G+12 floors constructed using each formwork system. The analysis found that tunnel formwork had the lowest cost and shortest construction time of the three systems for building 10,000 sqm of floor area. Aluminum formwork was more cost-effective and faster than conventional formwork. The document concludes that tunnel formwork is the most time- and cost-effective system, while aluminum formwork can also save time and cost for buildings with many repetitions of formwork.
The document outlines the sequence of activities involved in building a house. It begins with designing the house and obtaining financing, which takes 3 months. Next, the foundation is laid after the design is completed, taking 2 months. Various construction activities like framing, electrical work, plumbing etc are then carried out concurrently or sequentially as needed, with an overall construction period of 6 months. The document thus provides a overview of the key steps and their timeline for a house building project.
The document provides details about the design of a G+2 residential building structure located in Delhi for Swati Structure Solutions Pvt. Ltd. It includes information on the design loads as per Indian codes, analysis of the structure using STAAD Pro software, load calculations, seismic design criteria as per IS 1893, and design and detailing of reinforced concrete structural elements. The structure will consist of a column-beam-slab framing system to resist vertical and lateral loads.
Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefitPerwez Ahmad
This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
Analysis of Self Supporting Steel Chimney As Per Indian Standard- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several research papers on the analysis of self-supporting steel chimneys. It discusses how wind loads are typically the governing design loads for chimneys due to their height. Several papers analyze chimney designs using finite element software to determine stresses, deflections, and resonant frequencies under wind loads. The literature review concludes that chimney height, diameter, thickness, and the presence of manholes can significantly impact stresses induced by wind. Proper consideration of critical design parameters is important for chimney analysis and design.
George Playford is conducting a material/system study for a proposed Industrial Heritage & Archives Centre. The document provides research on potential structural materials - rammed earth, concrete, and structural steel. For structural steel, it discusses advantages like cost-effectiveness and resilience, as well as potential disadvantages if unprotected. Justification is provided that structural steel aligns with the building's industrial theme. Details explored further will include structural frame connections, wall construction, and connections between the frame and walls.
Case study of profiles of electrical steelGautham Reddy
This document is a report on a case study of profiles of electrical steel conducted by two students, G Pranay Raj and K Gautham Reddy, at Rourkela Steel Plant in June-July 2013. It provides an overview of the processes involved in manufacturing electrical steel, including the hot strip mill, silicon steel mill, bust line, annealing and pickling line, cold reversing mill, and slitter line. The report includes graphs of profiles measured from 20 coils of steel and an analysis of observations made during the study. The aim was to understand how the steel's profile affects quality and suggest ways to prevent issues like buckling and scratches during processing.
This document provides information about a construction technology and maintenance course, including its code, credit units, contact hours, assessment structure, and lesson plan. The course aims to help students understand construction methods, techniques, and equipment used on construction sites. It covers topics like building, infrastructure, and maintenance stages; temporary and permanent works; construction plants; and latest technologies. The lesson plan lists weekly topics, learning outcomes, and lecture hours across 14 weeks. Students will learn about construction processes, equipment selection, and sustainable development techniques. The course assessments include two tests, assignments, a project report, and group presentations.
This document outlines the design process for a residential housing project in Kristiansand, Norway using cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction. The project aims to provide affordable housing for first-time buyers while redeveloping a vacant industrial area. The design phases include conceptual design, design development, and technical design. Key aspects addressed include structural analysis of the CLT, fire safety, acoustic performance, building services planning, cost estimation, and preparation of construction drawings.
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the seismic performance of RC buildings with different shear wall configurations on both hilly and plain terrain.
2) Five building models are considered: without shear walls, with straight, L-shaped, T-shaped, and channel-shaped shear walls.
3) Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software. Results for fundamental time period, base shear, and story displacements are compared between the models.
1. Structure - Stratified stones are easily dressed while unstratified are hard but durable.
2. Strength - Minimum crushing strength as per IS code is 3.5 N/mm2. Laterite can be used for single storey with safety factor of 10.
3. Texture - Fine grained homogeneous stones are strong, durable and suitable for carving/facing works.
So in summary, structure, strength and texture are the most important properties to evaluate when selecting stones for construction works.
MECHANIZED CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN ROAD BRIDGEEditorIJAERD
As the day’s advancing so is the technology and with the modernization there is an enhancement in
construction and there are several advanced techniques in construction and so are the project acquired in such
dedicated project. As we are conducting a case study of VMC project in Vadodara city so that we can find out the uses of
mechanized equipment’s for today’s construction.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi Storey Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the dynamic behavior of multi-storey steel structures subjected to earthquakes through modeling and analysis in STAAD Pro. It summarizes that steel structures perform better than other materials in earthquakes due to their lower mass and consequent lower seismic forces. A 20-storey steel building is modeled and analyzed using response spectrum analysis to investigate seismic responses at different zones. Results show base shear, displacements and drifts increase with zone and floor level. Dynamic analysis yields lower forces than static analysis, demonstrating steel structures' improved earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview and introduction for a course on advanced reinforced concrete design according to BS8110:Part01:1997. The course will cover structural analysis and design concepts, design code practices, design methods both manually and using PROKON software. Key design components of buildings like slabs, beams, columns and foundations will be examined. The course contents are outlined over 10 chapters, covering topics from structural loadings to column and footing design. Registration details are provided at the end.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING contentsila vamsi krishna
This document outlines the process and methods used to analyze and design a multi-story residential building using STAAD Pro software. It includes chapters on software used, literature review of analysis methods, load calculations, design of building elements like beams, columns, slabs and footings. Load combinations are defined according to Indian standards. Material properties and design assumptions are provided. The document then describes the analysis and design of each building element and provides sample output diagrams from STAAD Pro.
M.Tech Thesis Synopsis Entitled "AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL ...RamamSingh
In these experimental studies the effect of the mechanical processing on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of low carbon steels. These carbon steels are widely used in automobile, railways, naval architecture, steel, petroleum industry, etc, applications with exposure to extreme temperature conditions and subjected to stress and exposed to corrosive environment. The most commonly used type of steel are low carbon steel, High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA), Cold Rolled Steel and Hot Rolled steel (HRS). The mechanical properties like ductility, strength and metallurgical properties like microstructure, grain size, etc, influence the properties of the rolled steels. In this study an effort is made to study the research reported in literature, on the innovations in processing of low carbon steel through grain refinement and heat treatment to produce steel possessing good & comparatively mechanical and metallurgical properties.
Analysis and design of high rise building frame using staad proeSAT Journals
Abstract The Aim of present study “Analysis and design of high rise building by staad pro 2008” is to define proper technique for creating Geometry, cross sections for column and beam etc, developing specification and supports conditions, types of Loads and load combinations. In this study a 30- storey high rise structure is analyzed for seismic and wind load combination using staad pro 2008 and comparison is drawn. Keywords: Analysis, Geometry, Structure, Wind load
Surbhi Krishna Singh - Professional GallerySurbhi Singh
This document contains information about Surbhi Krishna Singh's educational background and professional experience. She received a Master's degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the National University of Singapore and a Bachelor's degree in Metallurgical and Materials Science Engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India. Her professional experience includes research positions at NUS and internships at Seagate Technology and Mu Sigma focused on materials engineering projects.
This industrial training report summarizes the student's training at Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. It provides details of two residential construction projects - Godrej Prakriti Housing Complex III and describes the structures being built. Quality control procedures are outlined including material testing and ensuring specifications are met. Formwork designs, reinforcement details, and estimating quantities are discussed. Plant and machinery used on-site are listed. The report aims to impart the student's practical and theoretical engineering skills.
This industrial training report summarizes the student's training at Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. It provides details of two construction projects - Godrej Prakriti Housing Complex III and details of formwork, quality control measures, site execution, safety procedures, and plant & machinery used. The student gained exposure to various construction activities like formwork, concrete pouring, bar bending, and quality testing of materials. Safety of workers was ensured through use of personal protective equipment.
Irjet v4 i73Cost and Time estimation for Conventional, Aluminium &Tunnel Form...IRJET Journal
This document compares the cost and time of three formwork systems - conventional, aluminum, and tunnel formwork - for constructing buildings. Data was collected from case studies of residential buildings with G+12 floors constructed using each formwork system. The analysis found that tunnel formwork had the lowest cost and shortest construction time of the three systems for building 10,000 sqm of floor area. Aluminum formwork was more cost-effective and faster than conventional formwork. The document concludes that tunnel formwork is the most time- and cost-effective system, while aluminum formwork can also save time and cost for buildings with many repetitions of formwork.
The document outlines the sequence of activities involved in building a house. It begins with designing the house and obtaining financing, which takes 3 months. Next, the foundation is laid after the design is completed, taking 2 months. Various construction activities like framing, electrical work, plumbing etc are then carried out concurrently or sequentially as needed, with an overall construction period of 6 months. The document thus provides a overview of the key steps and their timeline for a house building project.
The document provides details about the design of a G+2 residential building structure located in Delhi for Swati Structure Solutions Pvt. Ltd. It includes information on the design loads as per Indian codes, analysis of the structure using STAAD Pro software, load calculations, seismic design criteria as per IS 1893, and design and detailing of reinforced concrete structural elements. The structure will consist of a column-beam-slab framing system to resist vertical and lateral loads.
Pt slab design philosophy with slides and pictures showing benefitPerwez Ahmad
This document summarizes the history and development of post-tensioned flat slab construction. It began with early research and development of prestressing in Europe in the 1920s-1930s to allow for longer bridge spans. Prestressing was later applied to other structures like aircraft hangars and then to flat slab construction in the 1950s. Post-tensioned flat slabs provide benefits over reinforced concrete flat slabs like reduced cracking, thinner slabs, and increased spans. The document discusses materials, design codes, comparisons to reinforced concrete, and examples of ongoing post-tensioned flat slab projects in Oman.
Analysis of Self Supporting Steel Chimney As Per Indian Standard- A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews several research papers on the analysis of self-supporting steel chimneys. It discusses how wind loads are typically the governing design loads for chimneys due to their height. Several papers analyze chimney designs using finite element software to determine stresses, deflections, and resonant frequencies under wind loads. The literature review concludes that chimney height, diameter, thickness, and the presence of manholes can significantly impact stresses induced by wind. Proper consideration of critical design parameters is important for chimney analysis and design.
George Playford is conducting a material/system study for a proposed Industrial Heritage & Archives Centre. The document provides research on potential structural materials - rammed earth, concrete, and structural steel. For structural steel, it discusses advantages like cost-effectiveness and resilience, as well as potential disadvantages if unprotected. Justification is provided that structural steel aligns with the building's industrial theme. Details explored further will include structural frame connections, wall construction, and connections between the frame and walls.
Case study of profiles of electrical steelGautham Reddy
This document is a report on a case study of profiles of electrical steel conducted by two students, G Pranay Raj and K Gautham Reddy, at Rourkela Steel Plant in June-July 2013. It provides an overview of the processes involved in manufacturing electrical steel, including the hot strip mill, silicon steel mill, bust line, annealing and pickling line, cold reversing mill, and slitter line. The report includes graphs of profiles measured from 20 coils of steel and an analysis of observations made during the study. The aim was to understand how the steel's profile affects quality and suggest ways to prevent issues like buckling and scratches during processing.
This document provides information about a construction technology and maintenance course, including its code, credit units, contact hours, assessment structure, and lesson plan. The course aims to help students understand construction methods, techniques, and equipment used on construction sites. It covers topics like building, infrastructure, and maintenance stages; temporary and permanent works; construction plants; and latest technologies. The lesson plan lists weekly topics, learning outcomes, and lecture hours across 14 weeks. Students will learn about construction processes, equipment selection, and sustainable development techniques. The course assessments include two tests, assignments, a project report, and group presentations.
This document outlines the design process for a residential housing project in Kristiansand, Norway using cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction. The project aims to provide affordable housing for first-time buyers while redeveloping a vacant industrial area. The design phases include conceptual design, design development, and technical design. Key aspects addressed include structural analysis of the CLT, fire safety, acoustic performance, building services planning, cost estimation, and preparation of construction drawings.
Effect of Positioning and Configuration of Shear Walls on Seismic Performance...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes the seismic performance of RC buildings with different shear wall configurations on both hilly and plain terrain.
2) Five building models are considered: without shear walls, with straight, L-shaped, T-shaped, and channel-shaped shear walls.
3) Response spectrum analysis is performed using ETABS software. Results for fundamental time period, base shear, and story displacements are compared between the models.
1. Structure - Stratified stones are easily dressed while unstratified are hard but durable.
2. Strength - Minimum crushing strength as per IS code is 3.5 N/mm2. Laterite can be used for single storey with safety factor of 10.
3. Texture - Fine grained homogeneous stones are strong, durable and suitable for carving/facing works.
So in summary, structure, strength and texture are the most important properties to evaluate when selecting stones for construction works.
MECHANIZED CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN ROAD BRIDGEEditorIJAERD
As the day’s advancing so is the technology and with the modernization there is an enhancement in
construction and there are several advanced techniques in construction and so are the project acquired in such
dedicated project. As we are conducting a case study of VMC project in Vadodara city so that we can find out the uses of
mechanized equipment’s for today’s construction.
Dynamic Analysis of Multi Storey Steel StructuresIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the dynamic behavior of multi-storey steel structures subjected to earthquakes through modeling and analysis in STAAD Pro. It summarizes that steel structures perform better than other materials in earthquakes due to their lower mass and consequent lower seismic forces. A 20-storey steel building is modeled and analyzed using response spectrum analysis to investigate seismic responses at different zones. Results show base shear, displacements and drifts increase with zone and floor level. Dynamic analysis yields lower forces than static analysis, demonstrating steel structures' improved earthquake resistance.
This document provides an overview and introduction for a course on advanced reinforced concrete design according to BS8110:Part01:1997. The course will cover structural analysis and design concepts, design code practices, design methods both manually and using PROKON software. Key design components of buildings like slabs, beams, columns and foundations will be examined. The course contents are outlined over 10 chapters, covering topics from structural loadings to column and footing design. Registration details are provided at the end.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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02_Determination_of_Quantities.pdf
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
ESTIMATION AND COSTING
Determination of Quantities of different Items of
Work in Construction
KIRAN S R
Lecturer in Civil Engineering
Government Polytechnic College
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Government of Kerala
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 1/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Contents
1 Introduction
2 IS 1200
3 Items & its Units
4 Long wall–Short wall Method
5 Centreline Method
6 More about Items of Work
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 2/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Introduction
Why do we determine Quantities?
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 3/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Introduction
Why do we determine Quantities?
We know that, Cost of an item of work is determined from:
Quantity x Rate = Cost
Quantity:
the amount or number of a material estimated by spatial
measurement.
expressed in Length, Area or Volume, determined by standard
mensuration procedures/formula.
Rate:
Cost of unit quantity of an item.
Referenced from Delhi Schedule of Rates (DSR) or Local Market
Rates (LMR).
Therefore, it is mandatory to determine quantites, for estimation of
cost.
For preparing Detailed Estimate, it is a necessity for the Estimator
to determine the quantities of each item of work involved in the
project.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 3/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Introduction
Basic Steps involved in Quantification of Items:
1 All items relevant to the work shall be identified from following
sources:
building plans, detailed architectural & structural drawings,
preliminary lay-out drawings of the various services,
detailed specifications etc.
2 Further, each item of the project should be broken down into its
parts and its dimensions (Length, Breadth, Height, Diameter etc.)
measured.
3 Quantities (in terms of running metres, area or volume) are then
determined using standard formulas of mensuration, in tabular
form, as shown below.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 4/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Introduction
In booking dimensions, the order shall be consistent and in the
sequence of Length (L), Width (B) and Height/depth/thickness (H).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 5/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
IS 1200
IS 1200 (Indian Standard Methods of Measurement of Building and
Civil Engineering Works) was published by Bureau of Indian
Standards, with the intend to bring uniformity in the methods of
measurement of Civil Engineering works and to standardize the
same.
Therefore, the methods of measurement and determination of
quantities shall strictly adhere to IS 1200.
IS 1200 has 28 parts – one for each item of work. A list of all parts
is given herewith.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 6/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Parts of IS 1200
Part 1: Earthwork
Part 2: Concrete works
Part 3: Brickwork
Part 4: stone masonry
Part 5: Form work
Part 6: Refractory work
Part 7: Hardware
Part 8: Steel work and iron work
Part 9: Roof covering (including cladding)
Part 10: Ceiling and linings
Part 11: Paving, floor finishes dado and skirting
Part 12: Plastering and Pointing
Part 13: Whitewashing, colour washing, distempering and painting
of building surfaces
Part 14: Glazing
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 7/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Parts of IS 1200
Part 15: painting, polishing, varnishing etc
Part 16: laying of water and sewer lines including appurtenant items
Part 18: demolition and dismantling
Part 19: Water Supply, Plumbing and Drains
Part 20: laying of gas and oil pipelines
Part 21: wood-work and joinery
Part 22: materials
Part 23: piling
Part 24: well foundations
Part 25: tunneling
Part 26: Acid resistant lining
Part 27: Earthwork done by mechanical appliances
Part 28: Sound insulation works
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 8/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
Consider the following plan of a proposed building (a load bearing
structure). Study the figure carefully. Identify all relevant items of
work and units of measurement.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 9/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3
)
12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3
)
12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2
)
13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
etc. (m3
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3
)
12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2
)
13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
etc. (m3
)
14 White washing / Cement Primer /
Emulsion paints on walls (m2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
1 Earthwork in excavation (m3
)
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation (m3
)
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and
basement (m3
)
4 Damp-proof Course (m2
)
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6 (m3
)
6 Centering & Shuttering for RCC works
(m2
)
7 TMT bars (Fe500 grade) (kg)
8 RCC 1:1.5:3 (m3
)
9 Cement Plaster 12mm thick on walls (m2
)
10 Cement Plaster 6mm thick on ceiling (m2
)
11 PCC 1:2:4 on floors (m3
)
12 Flooring (tiles etc.) (m2
)
13 Woodwork in frames of Doors, Windows,
etc. (m3
)
14 White washing / Cement Primer /
Emulsion paints on walls (m2
)
15 Priming coat / Synthetic Enamel Paint on
woodwork (m2
)
Etc.....
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 10/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
Note that the following items of
work are distributed along the
Centreline of walls of the
building.
This is because, the building is a
load bearing structure.
1 Earthwork in excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in
foundation and basement.
4 Damp-proof Course
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 11/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Items & its Units
Such items of work, which are distributed along the Centreline of walls
of a Load-bearing Structure, can be quantified by any on the following
methods:
1 Long wall–Short wall method
2 Centreline method
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 12/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Definition:
This method identifies the walls of the building as Long Walls & Short
Walls, such that:
Long Walls refer to all walls of that building in a single direction,
and are predominantly longer;
Short Walls refer to all other walls of that building, which are
perpendicular to the direction of Long Walls.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 13/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Definition (Contd..):
Here the term ”wall” refers to the legs/sides of any the following
items and not just by its literal meaning.
1 Earthwork in excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
4 Damp-proof Course
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
This is because, all these items have same shape in plan, but
differ only in their width (see next slide).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 14/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 15/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Definition (Contd..):
Also note that, all these items have the same Centreline length,
irrespective of their difference in width (see next slide).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 16/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 17/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Since the length of Centrelines of all these items are same, it shall
suffice to compute its magnitude from the Plan of BRICKWALL
as shown here.
Therefore, the Centreline length of Longwall and Shortwall for
other items – Earthwork, PCC, RR masonry, DPC and Lintel band
RCC – is the same as computed above.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 18/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Definition (Contd..):
Long Walls are expressed in terms of its out-to-out length;
Short Walls are expressed in terms of its in-to-in length.
(See next slide)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 19/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 20/89
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Introduction IS 1200 Items & its Units Long wall–Short wall Method Centreline Method More about Items of Work
Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Therefore, the Out-to-out Length of Long walls and the In-to-in Length
of short walls for each of the item may be computed as follows:
1 Earthwork in excavation and PCC 1:4:8 in foundation:
Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.80 = 7.80m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.80 = 7.80m
GH: 3.10 + 0.80 = 3.90m
Total = 19.50m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
BE: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
CF: 4.10 - 0.80 = 3.30m
DG: 2.10 - 0.80 = 1.30m
EH: 2.10 - 0.80 = 1.30m
Total = 12.50m
Total Length = 32.00m
Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
DG = EH = 2.10m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 21/89
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Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
2 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation:
Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.60 = 7.60m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.60 = 7.60m
GH: 3.10 + 0.60 = 3.70m
Total = 18.90m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
BE: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
CF: 4.10 - 0.60 = 3.50m
DG: 2.10 - 0.60 = 1.50m
EH: 2.10 - 0.60 = 1.50m
Total = 13.50m
Total Length = 32.40m
Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
DG = EH = 2.10m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 22/89
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3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in Basement and Damp-proof Course:
Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.45 = 7.45m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.45 = 7.45m
GH: 3.10 + 0.45 = 3.55m
Total = 18.45m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
BE: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
CF: 4.10 - 0.45 = 3.65m
DG: 2.10 - 0.45 = 1.65m
EH: 2.10 - 0.45 = 1.65m
Total = 14.25m
Total Length = 32.70m
Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
DG = EH = 2.10m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 23/89
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Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
4 Brick masonry in CM 1:6 and RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band:
Longwalls:
ABC: 7.00 + 0.30 = 7.30m
DEF: 7.00 + 0.30 = 7.30m
GH: 3.10 + 0.30 = 3.40m
Total = 18.00m
Shortwalls:
AD: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
BE: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
CF: 4.10 - 0.30 = 3.80m
DG: 2.10 - 0.30 = 1.80m
EH: 2.10 - 0.30 = 1.80m
Total = 15.00m
Total Length = 33.00m
Centreline Length of:
ABC = DEF = 7.00m
GH = 3.10m
AD = BE = CF = 4.10m
DG = EH = 2.10m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 24/89
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The Items thus quantified are tabulated as follows:
Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
1 Earthwork in 1 32.00 0.80 0.80 20.48m3
excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in 1 32.00 0.80 0.20 5.12m3
foundation
3 RR masonry in
CM 1:6 in
(a) foundation 1 32.40 0.60 0.60 11.66m3
(b) basement 1 32.70 0.45 0.45 6.62m3
Total 18.28m3
4 D.P.C 1 32.70 1.35 44.15m2
B=0.45+0.45+0.45=1.35m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 25/89
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Long wall–Short wall Method (or ”Out-to-out & In-to-in Method”)
Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
5 Brickmasonry 1 33.00 0.30 2.85 28.22m3
in CM 1:6
H=2.00+0.85=2.85m
Deductions:
D 1 1.00 0.30 2.00 -0.60m3
D1 2 0.80 0.30 2.00 -0.96m3
W1 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 -1.80m3
W2 2 1.50 0.30 1.50 -1.35m3
Total 23.51m3
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 1 33.00 0.30 0.15 1.49m3
in Lintel band
Note: The Item No. 5 referred to as Brickmasonry in superstructure has few sub-items with
negative quantities, to account for wall openings (such as Doors, Windows, Ventilators, etc.) and hence,
whose volumes are duly deducted from the gross volume (computed without considering the effect of wall openings)
of Brickwork.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 26/89
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Centreline Method
Definition:
This method involves determination of Centreline length of all
walls of a building.
As in the previous method, this method also bases itself to the fact
that the Centreline length of all the following items remain the
same.
1 Earthwork in excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
3 RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
4 Damp-proof Course
5 Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 27/89
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Centreline Method
Procedure:
1 Here, the walls of the building are identified as Outer Walls and
Inner Walls.
2 The Centreline Length of Outer Walls and Inner Walls are
worked out separately, and thus obtained as say, CLouter and
CLinner respectively.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 28/89
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Centreline Method
Procedure:
3 If CLouter and CLinner are known, then Net Length of item is
computed as follows:
Case Type of Building Net Length of the Item
1 Single Roomed Building CLouter+CLinner
(with only 2-wall intersections)
2 Building with 3-wall CLouter+CLinner – (No. of T-junctions x W idth of Item
2 )
intersections (T-junctions)
3 Building with 4-wall CLouter+CLinner – (No. of T-junctions x W idth of Item
2 )
intersections (cross-junctions)
in addition to T-junctions – (No. of cross-junctions x Width of Item)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 29/89
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Centreline Method
Procedure:
Therefore, Centreline Method can be easily used to determine the Net
Length (L) of any of the following items.
Earthwork in excavation
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation and basement.
Damp-proof Course
Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 30/89
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Centreline Method
Centreline method can be used to determine quantities of such
items as follows:
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 31/89
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Centreline Method
No. of T-junctions in plan = 2
No. of cross-junctions in plan = 1
Net length of:
Earthwork in excavation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.80
2
) - (1 x 0.80) = 32.00m
PCC 1:4:8 in foundation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.80
2
) - (1 x 0.80) = 32.00m
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in foundation
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.60
2
) - (1 x 0.60) = 32.40m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 32/89
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Centreline Method
Net length of:
RR masonry in CM 1:6 in basement
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.45
2
) - (1 x 0.45) = 32.70m
Damp-proof Course
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.45
2
) - (1 x 0.45) = 32.70m
Brickmasonry in CM 1:6
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.30
2
) - (1 x 0.30) = 33.00m
RCC 1:1.5:3 in Lintel band
L= 26.40 + 7.20 - (2 x 0.30
2
) - (1 x 0.30) = 33.00m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 33/89
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The Items thus quantified are tabulated as follows:
Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
1 Earthwork in 1 32.00 0.80 0.80 20.48m3
excavation
2 PCC 1:4:8 in 1 32.00 0.80 0.20 5.12m3
foundation
3 RR masonry in
CM 1:6 in
(a) foundation 1 32.40 0.60 0.60 11.66m3
(b) basement 1 32.70 0.45 0.45 6.62m3
Total 18.28m3
4 D.P.C 1 32.70 1.35 44.15m2
B=0.45+0.45+0.45=1.35m
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 34/89
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Sl. Details of Item No. L B H Quantity
No. (m) (m) (m)
5 Brickmasonry 1 33.00 0.30 2.85 28.22m3
in CM 1:6
H=2.00+0.85=2.85m
Deductions:
D 1 1.00 0.30 2.00 -0.60m3
D1 2 0.80 0.30 2.00 -0.96m3
W1 4 1.00 0.30 1.50 -1.80m3
W2 2 1.50 0.30 1.50 -1.35m3
Total 23.51m3
6 RCC 1:1.5:3 1 33.00 0.30 0.15 1.49m3
in Lintel band
Note that we yielded the same quantities as obtained previously by
Long wall–Short wall method.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 35/89
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1 Earthwork:
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3
)
Measurement:
Each dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3
.
For the above cases, Volume is determined by:
Volume = Length x Width x Depth
where, for wall foundation, the Length of earthwork in excavation is
determined by Longwall–Shortwall/ Centreline Method.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 36/89
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2 Concrete Work:
Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed concrete works shall each be
measured separately.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3
)
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m, except for the
thickness of slab which shall be measured to nearest 0.005 m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3
.
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
for openings ≤0.1m2
.
for the volume occupied by the steel reinforcements.
for volume occupied by pipes, conduits, etc of cross-sectional area
≤100cm2
for PCC and ≤25cm2
for RCC.
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤500cm2
.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 37/89
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2 Concrete Work:
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 38/89
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3 Centering and Shuttering (Formwork):
Formwork shall include all temporary or permanent forms or moulds
required for forming the concrete which is cast-in-situ, together with
all temporary construction required for their support.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Area (m2
), in terms of area of
surfaces in contact with concrete.
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m2
.
Exemptions:
If there are any openings in formwork, no deductions shall be made
for openings ≤0.4m2
.
In grid beam system, where Secondary beams intersect Main
beams, no deduction shall be made from the formwork of the Main
beam, where secondary beams intersect it.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 39/89
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3 Centering and Shuttering (Formwork):
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 40/89
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4 Stone Masonry:
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3
)
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3
.
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
for openings ≤0.1m2
.
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤0.1m2
.
Cement concrete blocks for holdfasts, holding-down bolts etc.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 41/89
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5 Brick Masonry:
Bricks are of following types.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3
)
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m3
.
Walls of thickness ≤ half brick shall each be measured separately in
square metres (m2
) stating thickness.
Half brick thickness = 100mm (for modular bricks) ; 115 mm (for
non-modular bricks).
Walls of thickness > half brick, as usual, are measured in m3
.
Exemptions: No deduction shall be made for the following cases:
for openings ≤0.1m2
.
for volume occupied by ends of disssimilar materials (eg. steel
beams, posts, etc) of cross-sectional area ≤0.1m2
.
Cement concrete blocks for holdfasts, holding-down bolts etc.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 42/89
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6 Steel Reinforcement:
Based on IS 2502 (Code of Practice for Bending and Fixing of bars
for Concrete Reinforcement)
To quantify Reinforcing steel, Bar Bending Schedule shall be
prepared.
It is a tabular representation showing details of reinforcement bars
used for a given RCC work.
It is prepared after the design of an RCC structural element.
It helps to estimate the quantity of reinforcing steel required for
construction.
Further, it enables one to bend Bars in accordance with the
appropriate dimensions shown in the schedule.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 43/89
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6 Steel Reinforcement:
Quantity: Generally, measured in Mass (kg)
Measurement:
Reinforcement (including bends, hooks and laps) shall be measured
in Length, measured to nearest 0.01m, separately for different
diametres.
Then, their weight (in kg) is calculated on the basis of standard unit
weight, given below (IS 1786).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 44/89
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6 Steel Reinforcement:
Bends & Hooks in bars: Generally, Bends and Hooks in bars are
designated by Diameter of bar (d), Internal Radius (R), Hook
allowance (H) and Bend allowance (B).
Properties For MS bars For HYSD bars
d≤25mm d>25mm d≤25mm d>25mm
Internal Radius (R) 2d 3d 4d 6d
Hook Allowance (H) 9d 11d 13d 17d
Bend Allowance (B) 5d 5.5d 6d 7d
1 Minimum value of H and B shall be 75mm.
2 H and B values determined as above, shall be rounded off to the nearest 5mm.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 45/89
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6 Steel Reinforcement:
Lap Splicing of Bars:
The standard length of
bars available from mills
is generally 12 m.
Due to non-availability
of longer bars, splicing
of bars is required.
According to IS 456, Lap
splices may be used for
bar dia ϕ ≤ 36 mm.
Lap length should at
least be equal to the
development length
(Ld).
From table,
Lap Length ≈ 50d
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 46/89
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6 Steel Reinforcement: Formula for determination of Length of
bars for different cases.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 47/89
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7 Plastering:
Quantity: Generally measured in Area (m2
)
Measurement:
Length and breadth shall be measured correct to 0.01m.
Area shall be calculated correct to 0.01m2
.
Plastering on roofs, ceilings and walls shall be measured separately.
Wall plaster is computed as:
Quantity = Length of Wall surface x Height of Wall surface.
Length is measured between the walls or partitions (the dimensions
before the plaster shall be taken).
Height is measured between top of floor surface/skirting to the
ceiling.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 48/89
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7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area ≤0.5m2
:
(i) No deductions shall be made.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 49/89
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7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 1: If both faces of walls are plastered with same plaster,
(i) deductions shall be made for one face only.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 50/89
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7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 2: If two faces of wall are plastered with different types of
plaster,
(i) deduction shall be made only from the plaster on that side of wall
on which width of reveal is less than that on the other side,
(ii) no deduction shall be made on the other side with greater width
of reveal.
(iii) If widths of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of
50 % of area of opening shall be made on each face of wall.
(iv) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 51/89
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7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 3: If only one face is plastered and the other face is not,
(i) deduction shall be made from plaster, if width of reveal on
plastered side is less than that on unplastered side
(ii) if widths of reveal on both sides are equal or width of reveal on
plastered side is more, no deduction shall be made.
(iii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 52/89
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7 Plastering:
Deductions in measurement for Openings:
For openings of area >3m2
:
(i) deduction shall be made for opening on each face
(ii) Addition of area of jambs, soffits and sills shall be made. Note
that, deduction shall not be made for the area of jambs/soffit/sill in
contact with the frames of doors, windows etc.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 53/89
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8 Painting:
Quantity: Generally measured in Area (m2
)
Measurement:
Length and breadth shall be measured correct to 0.01m.
Area shall be calculated correct to 0.01m2
.
Painting, except the priming coat, shall generally be taken in hand
after practically finishing all other building work.
The primer for wood work, iron work or plastered surface shall be as
specified below (also measured in Area (m2
)).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 54/89
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8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area ≤0.5m2
:
(i) No deductions shall be made.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 55/89
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8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 1: If both faces of walls are provided with same finish,
(i) deductions shall be made for one face only.
(ii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 56/89
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8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 2: If two faces of wall are provided with different types of
finish,
(i) deduction shall be made only from the finish on that side of wall
on which width of reveal is less than that on the other side,
(ii) no deduction shall be made on the other side with greater width
of reveal.
(iii) If widths of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of
50 % of area of opening shall be made on each face of wall.
(iv) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 57/89
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8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >0.5m2
and ≤3m2
:
Subcase 3: If only one face is treated and the other face is not,
(i) deduction shall be made from finish, if width of reveal on treated
side is less than that on untreated side
(ii) if widths of reveal on both sides are equal or width of reveal on
treated side is more, no deduction shall be made.
(iii) No additions shall be made for jambs/soffit/sill of that opening.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 58/89
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8 Painting:
Deductions in measurement for Wall Openings:
For openings of area >3m2
:
(i) deduction shall be made for opening on each face
(ii) Addition of area of jambs, soffits and sills shall be made. Note
that, deduction shall not be made for the area of jambs/soffit/sill in
contact with the frames of doors, windows etc.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 59/89
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8 Painting:
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed. (Contd...)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 60/89
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8 Painting:
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed.(Contd...)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 61/89
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8 Painting:
In measuring areas of uneven surfaces of painting, varnishing, etc.
of woodwork, steel work etc., the following coefficients shall be
used to obtain the actual area payable. The coefficients shall be
applied to the areas measured flat and not girthed.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 62/89
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9 Woodwork:
(a)In Frames of Doors, Window & Ventilators
Quantity: Generally, measured in Volume (m3
)
Measurement:
Length shall be measured to nearest 0.01m. Width & thickness shall
be measured to nearest 0.001m.
Volumes shall be worked out to the nearest 0.001m3
.
Wooden members of uniform rectangular cross-section shall be
measured for finished dimension without any allowance for the
wastage.
For such members having mouldings, roundings, rebates, varying
sections, etc., finished dimensions shall be taken as the sides of the
smallest rectangle from which such a section can be cut.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 63/89
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9 Woodwork:
(b)In Glazed/Panelled Shutters of Doors, Window & Ventilators
Framework and panelling of shutters shall be measured separately.
Quantity: Generally, measured in Area (m2
)
Measurement:
Dimensions shall be measured to nearest 0.01m.
Area shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01m2
.
Framework:
Overall length and width of the framework of the shutters shall be
measured.
No deduction shall be made to account the effect of panel openings.
Panelling:
Length and width of opening for panels/ glazed panels is measured.
The portions of the panel/ glazed panel inside the grooves or rebates
shall not be measured.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 64/89
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9 Woodwork:
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9 Woodwork:
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10 Land Levelling (Part of Earthwork):
Land leveling is the process of modifying the surface relief by
smoothening it.
It is the process of flattening or modifying existing (natural) slopes
or undulations and thereby creating a level surface.
Normally land leveling requires excavation and movement of earth
from higher elevations to lower elevations.
Land grading is modifying the slope of land to a planned grade
(slope) and specifications for different purposes (e.g. irrigation
planning).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 67/89
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Consider a natural terrain that needs to be converted into a level
1-1’ for a construction project, as shown in Figure.
For this, some portions of the terrain need cutting, while some
portion demands filling.
In certain situations, the earth from cutting is loaded to fill a
depression or a dipping area as shown. This process is hauling.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 68/89
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This may be idealized as follows for the purpose of study:
There arise the necessity to define two important terms – Lead & Lift
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 69/89
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1 Lead:
Average straight horizontal distance through which the earth can be
carried from the source to the place of deposit or filling.
It is not necessarily the route actually followed.
Measured in units/multiples of:
(i) 50m (for distances ≤250m)
(ii) 250m (for distances >250m and ≤500m)
(iii) 500m (for distances >500m and ≤5km)
(iv) 1km (for distances >5km)
Items shall include loading and unloading.
Carriage by manual labour shall be reckoned in units of 50 metres.
Carriage by animal and mechanical transport shall be reckoned in 1
km unit.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 70/89
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2 Lift:
Average straight vertical distance through which the earth can be
lifted from the source to the place of deposit or filling.
The vertical distance for removal with reference to the ground level.
Excavation up to 1.5 m depth below ground level and depositing
excavated material on the ground shall be included in the item of
earthwork for various kinds of soil.
Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5 m or part thereof.
Obvious lifts shall only be measured; i.e., lifts inherent in the lead
due to ground slope shall not be measured.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 71/89
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Generally, for the construction of pavements, there involves earthwork in
cutting or filling, which shall have cross-sections of the shape of
trapezium. Such a solid may be called ”Prismoid”, as shown.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 72/89
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Roads are generally constructed at the desired gradient, the level
corresponding to which is called Formation level.
To obtain this level, it may sometimes require to raise the original
ground (by filling) or depress the original ground (by cutting).
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The dimensions of the cut and fill are shown here.
B = top (crest) width of fill / bottom (trough) width of cut
= Formation Width
d = depth of fill / cut, which may vary along the longitudinal axis
N:1 = side slope, expressed as horizontal : vertical
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 74/89
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Since the depth of the prismoid varies along its longitudinal axis,
inorder to determine the volume of earthwork,
we consider intermediate sections along the longitudinal axis, as shown.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 75/89
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Note that,
all the cross-sections, including the end-sections, are truly vertical.
Formation Level has only longitudinal slope and no transverse
slope.
Ground surface has only longitudinal slope and no transverse
slope.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 76/89
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Note that,
For prismoidal earth in filling,
every section is trapezoidal shape with the trough width a
function of formation width (B) and depth (d).
For prismoidal earth in cutting,
every section is trapezoidal shape with the crest width a
function of formation width (B) and depth (d).
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 77/89
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Therefore, for any cross-section
width of the side opposite to Formation level B is obtained as:
= B + 2Nd
Hence, the area of the cross-section becomes:
A = Bd + Nd2
Since Formation width (B) and side slope (N) are constants, as
the depth of the section increases, the width of the opposite side of
the prismoid (i.e., trough in fill and crest in cut) also increases.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 78/89
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As we divided the prismoidal earth into several equally-spaced sections,
we shall now consider each segments of prismoid separately.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 79/89
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Case 1: Formation level parallel to Original Ground
=⇒ d= constant, for all sections
If k = number of prismoidal segments
= number of sections – 1
then, total volume of earthwork = kL(Bd + Nd2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 80/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
Here, d varies linearly between adjacent sections, as shown.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 81/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
Volume of Earthwork may be determined by any of the following
methods.
1 Mid-section Formula
2 Average End-area formula (Trapezoidal Formula)
3 Prismoidal Formula
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 82/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
1 Mid-section Formula: based on mean depth of the segment,
determined by averaging the depth of preceding and succeeding
sections of that segment.
Mean depth of 1st
segment = dm1 =
d1 + d2
2
=⇒ Volume of 1st
segment = V1 = L(Bdm1 + Ndm1
2
)
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 83/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
1 Mid-section Formula
Mean depth of 2nd
segment = dm2 =
d2 + d3
2
=⇒ Volume of 2nd
segment = V2 = L(Bdm2 + Ndm2
2
)
........................can be determined upto kth
segment.
Volume of earthwork V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ..... + Vk
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 84/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
2 Average End-Area Formula (Trapezoidal Formula): based on
mean area of the segment, determined by averaging the area of
preceding and succeeding sections of that segment.
Mean area of 1st
segment = Am1 =
A1 + A2
2
=⇒ Volume of 1st
segment = V1 = L Am1
Volume of 2nd
segment = V2 = L Am2
........................can be determined upto kth
segment.
Volume of earthwork V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ..... + Vk
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 85/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
2 Average End-Area Formula (Trapezoidal Formula):
If there are ′
k′
segments, the above equation may be simplified to
obtain:
V =
L
2
(A1+Ak+1+2(A2+A3+.......Ak))
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 86/89
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Case 2: Formation level inclined to Original Ground in the longitudinal
direction
3 Prismoidal Formula:
This is applicable only in cases of odd number of sections or even
number of segments.
In case of even number of sections, the end segment shall be treated
separately.
According to this, if there are ′
k′
segments, volume of earthwork:
V =
L
3
(A1+Ak+1+4(A2+A4+.......Ak)+2(A3+A5+.......Ak−1))
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 87/89
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For the same building shown in figure, determine the quantities of
remaining items of work, based on the recent discussions.
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 88/89
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THANK YOU
KIRAN S R, Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engineering 89/89