Adverse effect of Phenytoin
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It is a non sedating oral antiepileptic drug. Fosphenytoin : Used in status epilepticus water soluble prodrug of phenytoin i.V administration
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This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an overview of cardiac electrophysiology and mechanisms of arrhythmias. It then classifies antiarrhythmic drugs and discusses their mechanisms and uses for treating various arrhythmias. The document focuses on sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, and drugs that prolong the action potential. It provides details on specific drugs like quinidine, amiodarone, and sotalol.
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This document provides information on antianxiety drugs. It discusses that anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state associated with unease from an unknown threat. Treatment is needed when anxiety is disproportionate or excessive. It then describes various classes of antianxiety drugs including benzodiazepines, azapirones, barbiturates, beta blockers, and antidepressants. The document focuses on benzodiazepines, explaining their mechanism of action by enhancing GABA through binding sites on GABA receptors. It discusses their therapeutic uses for anxiety disorders, seizures, muscle disorders and as amnesia for medical procedures. Potential adverse effects and drug interactions are also summarized.
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This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
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Adrenoceptors are membrane bound receptors located throughout the body on neuronal and non-neuronal tissues where they mediate a diverse range of responses to the endogenous catecholamines- noradrenaline and adrenaline.
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Binding of catecholamine to the receptor is responsible for fight or flight response.
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This document discusses the physiology of cardiac muscle and the electrophysiology of normal cardiac rhythm. It covers topics like the cardiac action potential, impulse formation and conduction, heterogeneity of action potentials in the heart, and mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. The roles of ion channels and the control of rhythmicity by nerves are described. Factors that can precipitate arrhythmias are also listed.
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This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an overview of cardiac electrophysiology and mechanisms of arrhythmias. It then classifies antiarrhythmic drugs and discusses their mechanisms and uses for treating various arrhythmias. The document focuses on sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, and drugs that prolong the action potential. It provides details on specific drugs like quinidine, amiodarone, and sotalol.
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This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation and arrhythmia recognition. It begins with the basic steps for ECG interpretation, including calculating rate, analyzing rhythm, axis, P waves, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, and T waves. It then covers various types of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, junctional tachycardias, and heart blocks. Finally, it discusses STEMI patterns and intraventricular conduction blocks. The document serves as a guide for methodically analyzing ECGs and recognizing various arrhythmias and cardiac conditions based on ECG findings.
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Pharmacology of Dopamine
Dopamine is a sympathomimetic amine used to treat low blood pressure and cardiac issues. It works by stimulating different receptor types in a dose-dependent manner. Low doses (2-5 ug/kg/min) dilate blood vessels and increase kidney function. Moderate doses (5-10 ug/kg/min) increase heart rate and function. High doses (10-20 ug/kg/min) cause vasoconstriction and raise blood pressure. Dopamine is administered intravenously and has a short half-life of 2 minutes. It can cause side effects like nausea, arrhythmias, and toxicity at high doses.
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This document discusses antihypertensive drugs. It begins by defining hypertension and describing the types and outcomes of hypertension. It then covers the normal blood pressure regulation mechanisms. The document classifies antihypertensive drugs into several categories including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, and others. For each drug class, it provides examples, discusses the mechanism of action, desirable properties, and drawbacks. It concludes by discussing the current treatment approaches and guidelines for selecting antihypertensive drugs.
Adrenergic receptors
Adrenoceptors are membrane bound receptors located throughout the body on neuronal and non-neuronal tissues where they mediate a diverse range of responses to the endogenous catecholamines- noradrenaline and adrenaline.
They are G protein coupled receptors.
Binding of catecholamine to the receptor is responsible for fight or flight response.
Cardiac electrophysiology
This document discusses the physiology of cardiac muscle and the electrophysiology of normal cardiac rhythm. It covers topics like the cardiac action potential, impulse formation and conduction, heterogeneity of action potentials in the heart, and mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. The roles of ion channels and the control of rhythmicity by nerves are described. Factors that can precipitate arrhythmias are also listed.
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This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat irregular heart rhythms. It begins by defining different types of arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and heart block. The causes of arrhythmias are then explained as enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, reentry, and fractionation of impulses. Common arrhythmia conditions seen clinically are also outlined. The document then discusses the Vaughan-Williams classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs and provides details on representative drugs from each class, including their mechanisms of action and uses.
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The document discusses general anesthetics and their mechanisms of action. It describes the four stages of anesthesia identified by Guedel using ether as an example. The two main theories for how general anesthetics work are the lipid theory and ionic theory. It also discusses inhalational and intravenous anesthetics, including examples like thiopentone sodium, propofol, benzodiazepines, ketamine and fentanyl. Finally, it covers preanesthetic medication and examples of drugs commonly used.
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2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
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Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
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for undergraduates.
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This document discusses the adrenergic system. It describes the origins and divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It then focuses on the adrenergic system, summarizing the neurotransmitters involved, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. It outlines the steps in catecholamine synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism. It also describes the different types of adrenergic receptors, including alpha and beta receptors, and provides examples of agonists and antagonists for each. Finally, it categorizes different types of adrenergic drugs.
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The heart is a hollow muscular organ composed of two pumps - the right heart pumps blood through the lungs while the left heart pumps blood through the body. The heart's rhythm is controlled by a conduction system that generates electrical impulses, causing the muscles to contract. These electrical impulses can be monitored by an electrocardiogram (ECG), which shows distinct waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers during each heartbeat. The P wave corresponds to atrial depolarization, the QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization, and the T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization.
Local anesthetic agents
The document outlines local anesthetic agents used in surgery. It discusses the definition of local anesthetics, the ideal properties, and brief history. It then covers classification based on biological sites/mechanism of action and chemical structure. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of neurons involved in nerve conduction and the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction. It discusses pharmacokinetics including uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It also covers factors affecting drug action and applications of local anesthetics in different surgical procedures.
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This document provides an overview of antiepileptic drugs. It discusses the types and classification of epilepsy, the neurophysiology and pathophysiology of seizures, and the major mechanisms of action of various antiepileptic drugs. Specific drugs discussed in detail include phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, valproic acid, clonazepam, lamotrigine, gabapentin and their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects.
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This document discusses salivary gland disorders and xerostomia (dry mouth). It classifies salivary gland disorders and describes the functions of saliva. Xerostomia is defined as a dry mouth due to reduced saliva production. Causes of xerostomia include temporary causes like psychological stress, duct stones, and drug use, as well as permanent causes like radiation therapy, developmental abnormalities, and systemic diseases. Clinical features of xerostomia include a dry mouth, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and increased risk of oral infections. Management involves preventive care like fluoride therapy, symptomatic relief using saliva substitutes, and treating any underlying systemic disorders.
Oral submucous fibrosis
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues). As the disease progresses, the jaws become rigid to the point that the person is unable to open the mouth.
The condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing, is practiced predominantly in Southeast Asia and India, dating back thousands of years.
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This document discusses the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines. It notes that benzodiazepines augment the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors. They can be selective for different GABA receptor subunits involved in sleep, anxiety, or addiction. The hypnotic and anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines are explained by their actions on GABA receptors in the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamic regions involved in sleep/wake regulation. Adverse effects and issues with dependence and withdrawal are also covered. Novel approaches to anxiolytic drugs targeting GABA receptors without addiction liability are mentioned.
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This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat irregular heart rhythms. It begins by defining different types of arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and heart block. The causes of arrhythmias are then explained as enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, reentry, and fractionation of impulses. Common arrhythmia conditions seen clinically are also outlined. The document then discusses the Vaughan-Williams classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs and provides details on representative drugs from each class, including their mechanisms of action and uses.
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Introduction to psychoses, schizophrenia and various approaches to its management and treatment. Along with pharmacology and ADR.
Opioid receptors & opioid analgesics
This document discusses opioid receptors and opioid analgesics. It begins by introducing opioids and their interaction with opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. It then describes the three main types of opioid receptors - mu, kappa, and delta - and their locations in the brain and spinal cord. The document outlines various classes of opioid analgesics and antagonists based on their receptor interactions. It explains the mechanisms of action of opioids like morphine at opioid receptors, including their analgesic, sedative, and other effects. The pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of representative opioids like morphine and semi-synthetic derivatives are summarized. Finally, the mechanisms and applications of opioid antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone
Vasodilators
This document discusses various vasodilators used to treat conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. It describes different classes of vasodilators including direct-acting vasodilators like calcium channel blockers and drugs that increase cyclic nucleotides, and indirect vasodilators that interfere with the sympathetic nervous system or renin-angiotensin system. Specific vasodilators discussed in detail include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide, nitric oxide, and natriuretic peptides. Their mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, uses, and adverse effect profiles are summarized.
Local anaesthetics by aga umar
This document provides information on various local anaesthetics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, durations of effect, concentrations used, metabolism and side effects. It discusses aminoester and aminoamide local anaesthetics such as procaine, lignocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and etidocaine. It also briefly mentions dibucaine as having the longest duration of action of any local anaesthetic.
General Anesthetics
The document discusses general anesthetics and their mechanisms of action. It describes the four stages of anesthesia identified by Guedel using ether as an example. The two main theories for how general anesthetics work are the lipid theory and ionic theory. It also discusses inhalational and intravenous anesthetics, including examples like thiopentone sodium, propofol, benzodiazepines, ketamine and fentanyl. Finally, it covers preanesthetic medication and examples of drugs commonly used.
Neuromuscular blocker
This presentation was given by me during my M.pharm.
It contains description, classification, mechanism of actions and therapeutic uses of Neuromuscular blockers.
Antipsychotics
The document discusses drug treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. It provides information on:
1) Different types of psychosis and how schizophrenia is a particular type characterized by clear sensorium but marked thinking disturbance.
2) Various drugs that can cause psychosis like stimulants and how antipsychotics work to reduce dopamine synaptic activity in the brain.
3) Theories around dopamine and its role in schizophrenia pathology and treatment with antipsychotics.
Opioid Agonists And Antagonists
This document summarizes various opioid agonists and antagonists. It discusses natural and synthetic opioids like morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, fentanyl, meperidine, methadone, and diphenoxylate. It also covers opioid receptors, endogenous opioid peptides, pharmacokinetics, effects, tolerance, toxicity, and antagonists like naloxone and naltrexone. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are also briefly mentioned.
Antiarrhythmics
Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified according to their mechanism of action and effects on cardiac electrophysiology. Class I drugs block sodium channels, while Class II are beta blockers, Class III block potassium channels, and Class IV block calcium channels. The main classes used are Class Ia (quinidine, procainamide), Class Ic (flecainide, propafenone), Class III (amiodarone, sotalol), and calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem). Each drug has therapeutic uses for specific arrhythmias as well as adverse effects that must be considered.
Vasopressin PHARMACOLOGY
Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
Argipressin
ornipressin
Desmopressin: It is a selective V2-receptor agonist and is more potent than vasopressin as an antidiuretic. It has negligible vasoconstrictor action. It is administered by oral, nasal and parenteral routes. Lypressin: It acts on both V1- and V2-receptors. It is less potent but longer acting than vasopressin. It is administered parenterally. Terlipressin: It is a prodrug of vasopressin with selective V1 action. It is administered intravenously. Felypressin: It is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin. It is mainly used for its vasoconstrictor (V1 ) action along with local anaesthetics to prolong the duration of action. Felypressin should be avoided in pregnancy because of its oxytocic (uterine stimulant) activity.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder associated with the use of dopamine receptor antagonists like antipsychotics. It is characterized by a tetrad of symptoms including hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. Treatment involves immediate withdrawal of the offending agent, aggressive supportive care, and in severe cases, pharmacological interventions like dantrolene or bromocriptine. Prognosis is generally good if diagnosed and treated early, but mortality can result from complications and occurs in around 10% of cases.
Supervasmol
Super-vasmol hair dye poisoning is a major cause of suicidal poisoning in India, as its main toxic ingredient, paraphenylene diamine (PPD), is cheap and readily available. PPD poisoning can cause multi-organ dysfunction and failure through two phases - an initial acute presentation with angioedema and airway obstruction within 4-6 hours, followed by a subacute phase involving rhabdomyolysis, acute renal failure, hepatitis, and metabolic acidosis. Aggressive management is focused on airway protection, steroids to reduce angioedema, fluid resuscitation to prevent renal failure, and dialysis as needed.
Heparin
heparin in detail : mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effect and contraindication of heparin and low molecular heparin.
for undergraduates.
Adrenergic system
This document discusses the adrenergic system. It describes the origins and divisions of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It then focuses on the adrenergic system, summarizing the neurotransmitters involved, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. It outlines the steps in catecholamine synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism. It also describes the different types of adrenergic receptors, including alpha and beta receptors, and provides examples of agonists and antagonists for each. Finally, it categorizes different types of adrenergic drugs.
Heart- Physiology and Electrophysiology
The heart is a hollow muscular organ composed of two pumps - the right heart pumps blood through the lungs while the left heart pumps blood through the body. The heart's rhythm is controlled by a conduction system that generates electrical impulses, causing the muscles to contract. These electrical impulses can be monitored by an electrocardiogram (ECG), which shows distinct waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers during each heartbeat. The P wave corresponds to atrial depolarization, the QRS complex corresponds to ventricular depolarization, and the T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization.
Local anesthetic agents
The document outlines local anesthetic agents used in surgery. It discusses the definition of local anesthetics, the ideal properties, and brief history. It then covers classification based on biological sites/mechanism of action and chemical structure. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of neurons involved in nerve conduction and the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction. It discusses pharmacokinetics including uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It also covers factors affecting drug action and applications of local anesthetics in different surgical procedures.
Antiepileptic drugs
This document provides an overview of antiepileptic drugs. It discusses the types and classification of epilepsy, the neurophysiology and pathophysiology of seizures, and the major mechanisms of action of various antiepileptic drugs. Specific drugs discussed in detail include phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, valproic acid, clonazepam, lamotrigine, gabapentin and their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects.
Hp Crisis
Hypertensive crisis refers to severely elevated blood pressure that can lead to organ damage and is categorized as hypertensive urgency or emergency depending on the presence of end-organ damage; treatment of urgency involves gradual oral medication while emergency requires immediate intravenous drugs to reduce blood pressure to prevent further damage; careful diagnosis and monitoring of blood pressure and organs is needed along with selecting appropriate drugs based on the situation.
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SALIVARY GLAND DISORDER AND XEROSTOMIA
This document discusses salivary gland disorders and xerostomia (dry mouth). It classifies salivary gland disorders and describes the functions of saliva. Xerostomia is defined as a dry mouth due to reduced saliva production. Causes of xerostomia include temporary causes like psychological stress, duct stones, and drug use, as well as permanent causes like radiation therapy, developmental abnormalities, and systemic diseases. Clinical features of xerostomia include a dry mouth, difficulty speaking and swallowing, and increased risk of oral infections. Management involves preventive care like fluoride therapy, symptomatic relief using saliva substitutes, and treating any underlying systemic disorders.
Oral submucous fibrosis
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues). As the disease progresses, the jaws become rigid to the point that the person is unable to open the mouth.
The condition is remotely linked to oral cancers and is associated with areca nut or betel quid chewing, a habit similar to tobacco chewing, is practiced predominantly in Southeast Asia and India, dating back thousands of years.
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This document discusses hereditary spherocytosis and G6PD deficiency, two causes of hemolytic anemia. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a defect in the red blood cell membrane that results in spherical shaped red blood cells. G6PD deficiency results in hemolytic anemia during times of oxidative stress due to the lack of an enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that protects red blood cells. The document describes the clinical presentations, treatments, and diagnostic testing for each condition.
Endocrine Disturbances in Relation to Dentistry
This document discusses various endocrine disturbances and their oral manifestations. It covers conditions such as pregnancy, adrenocortical diseases like Cushing's disease and Addison's disease, thyroid diseases including hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and renal diseases. For each condition, it describes the underlying causes, systemic signs and symptoms, and relevant oral changes such as dry mouth, gingival hyperplasia, and increased risk of oral infections. Management considerations for dental treatment of patients with endocrine and renal disorders are also outlined.
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Bells palsy
Bell's palsy is an acute onset of non-suppurative inflammation of the facial nerve above the stylomastoid foramen, causing unilateral facial paralysis. It has an incidence of 23 per 100,000 people and affects men and women equally of all ages. Common causes include HSV type 1 and varicella zoster virus. Symptoms include drooping of the mouth corner, inability to close the eyelid on the affected side, and loss of taste sensation. Most patients recover facial function within 3 months, though 10-15% may have some permanent weakness or contractures. Treatment focuses on eye protection and facial exercises, with corticosteroids sometimes used to reduce inflammation and swelling.
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This document discusses drug-induced gingival enlargement. It begins by defining gingival enlargement and classifying it. It then focuses on drug-induced enlargement, describing how certain drugs like phenytoin, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers can cause it. The diagnosis, symptoms, clinical presentation, histopathology, and risk factors are outlined. Treatment involves improving oral hygiene, changing medications, or surgery. Recurrence is common if the underlying causes are not addressed. Good oral hygiene and plaque control can help prevent drug-induced gingival enlargement.
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Green discoloration
Drug Induced Hyperplasia
Phenytoin
Nifedipine
Cyclosporine
1479713317-hypocalcemia.ppt
This document discusses hypocalcemia (low calcium levels in the blood). It defines hypocalcemia and describes its clinical manifestations such as muscle cramps and seizures. It lists various causes of hypocalcemia including parathyroid hormone deficiency, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and vitamin D deficiency. The document provides details on evaluating the etiology of hypocalcemia and its treatment including calcium supplementation. It also discusses related conditions like rickets, which is the lack of bone mineralization in children.
Oral manifestation of bleeding disorders
Oral manifestation of bleeding disorders and dental management of the same
also for more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make ppt on some topic do let me know on the comment section of my youtube channel
Approach to anemia in children
1. The document provides guidance on evaluating and diagnosing anemia in children. It outlines key signs, symptoms, and pointers that suggest a child may have anemia.
2. Laboratory tests that can help determine the severity and type of anemia include complete blood count, hematocrit, reticulocyte count, blood indices, and peripheral smear.
3. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab work are needed to assess if a child is anemic, determine the severity, and identify the potential cause and type, such as blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
vitamins.pptx
The document discusses the roles and oral manifestations of various vitamins. It begins by introducing vitamins and their essential functions. It then classifies vitamins as fat-soluble or water-soluble and discusses each group. For each vitamin, the document outlines its functions, deficiency manifestations, recommended daily intake, food sources, and potential oral health impacts such as bleeding gums, ulcers, or enamel defects. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance for healthcare professionals to understand the oral implications of vitamin deficiencies to provide comprehensive patient care.
gingival enlargement
1. Gingival enlargement has many potential causes including inflammatory, drug-induced, systemic diseases, and neoplasms.
2. Drug-induced gingival enlargement can be caused by anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, and calcium channel blockers through various mechanisms like stimulating fibroblast proliferation.
3. Conditioned gingival enlargements are magnified responses to existing inflammation and can be seen in hormonal conditions like pregnancy and nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin C deficiency.
gingival enlargement
Gingival enlargement has many potential causes and presentations. It can be classified based on etiology into inflammatory, drug-induced, disease-associated, and neoplastic types. Phenytoin, cyclosporine, and calcium channel blockers are common drugs that can cause gingival enlargement. The enlargement starts at the interdental papilla and spreads to the marginal gingiva. Treatment options include changing medications, nonsurgical treatments like scaling and root planing, and surgical procedures.
Management of common dyselectrolytaemias in obstetrics.pptx
Electrolyte levels undergo changes during pregnancy to support fetal growth and development. Sodium levels decrease slightly due to increased fluid retention driven by hormones. Bicarbonate levels also decrease mildly due to respiratory alkalosis. Magnesium requirements increase and deficiencies can impact placental development and fetal growth. Calcium transfer to the fetus is actively mediated by placental hormones against a concentration gradient. Deviations from the normal electrolyte ranges can impact both mother and fetus, so identifying abnormal changes is important for prevention and treatment.
Tongue in health and disease
The tongue is made up of papillae and muscles that contain different types of taste buds. Appearances such as color, size, ulcers, and tremors can provide clues to underlying diseases or deficiencies. Common tongue conditions include hairy tongue, leukoplakia, candidiasis, fissures, and geographic tongue. Diseases like anemia, scurvy, cancer, and infections can cause changes to the tongue's color, surface, movements, and size. A thorough exam of the tongue is important for diagnosis.
electrolyte।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।.pptx
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Similar a Adverse effect of Phenytoin (20)
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Treatment of encephalitis
This document discusses the treatment and management of encephalitis. The main aims are to maintain vital functions, provide symptomatic management, ensure adequate nutrition, and prevent neurological sequelae. Specific treatments are outlined for different causes of encephalitis, including acyclovir for herpes simplex encephalitis, doxycycline for rickettsia, and amphotericin B or fluconazole for cryptococcal infections. Complications can include personality changes, speech and language problems, memory issues, and epilepsy. The prognosis depends on the cause, with an overall 5% mortality rate and two-thirds of survivors usually recovering fully.
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
Symptomatic therapy:
Raised intracranial pressure- 20% Mannitol i.v 0.5 g/kg every 4-6 hr for maximum 6 doses.
Convulsions-Diazepam i.v followed by phenytoin.
Dyselectrolytemia-Maintenance fluids.
Hydrocephalus and persistent decerebration-Ventriculocaval shunt.
Acute central nervous system infection
Encephalopathy => cerebral dysfunction due to circulatory toxins, poisons, abnormal metabolites.
Intrinsic biochemical disorder affecting neurons without inflammatory response
Inflammation of meninges – meningitis
Involvement of brain parenchyma – meningoencephalitis
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
Tuberculous Meningitis,
Meningitis is a complication of childhood TB
More common at the age of 6 and 24 months of age
There is usually a focus of primary infection or miliary tuberculosis.
If untreated, high frequency of neurological sequelae and mortality occurs.
Investigations of encephalitis
VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised (80-150 mm of H20)
LEUCOCYTES : few-1000 cells/mm3 - Initially poly morpho nuclear later mononuclear cells predominate
PROTEIN : Usually 50 -200 mg/dL
GLUCOSE : Normal or slightly reduced
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised
LEUCOCYTES: 100 cells/mm3, lymphocytosis
PROTEIN : Mildly elevated
GLUCOSE : Normal
Investigations of acute bacterial meningitis
csf findings:
Elevated pressure , turbid.
Elevated cell count >1000/mm3 , mostly polymorphic neutrophil.
Protiens are elevated above 100mg/dl.
Sugar is reduced below 50% of blood sugar level or below 40mg /dl.
Microspic examination of sediments with gram stain helps to identify organisms.
Collect CSF for culture.
In partially treated cases CSF is clear with more lymphocytes, culture is usually sterile.
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
signs and symptoms:
Projectile vomiting
Shrill cry
Bulging fontanel
Altered sensorium
Seizures
Photophobia
Hypertonia
Neck rigidity
Kernig sign and Brudzinki sign positive
FUNDUS: Congestion, Pappilloedema
investigation of tuberculous bacterial meningitis
CSF analysis:
Elevated csf pressure (30-40cm h20)
Appearance clear or xanthochromic
Lymphocytic pleocytosis(100-500 cells/mm3)
Protein (>40mg/dl),mild hypoglycorrhachia
Chloride(>600mg/dl)
Low glucose concentration (<2.2mmol/L)
Encephalitis - clinical presentation
Is an inflammatory process of brain parenchyma.
Occurs most often in the first year of life
M/C in world and in INDIA _ Japanese encephalitis
In immunocompetent host- Vaicella , EBV, herpes
treatment of acute bacterial meningitis final
OUTLINE:
*INITIAL STABILIZATION
*ANTIBIOTICS THERAPY
*STEROIDS
*ICP MANAGEMENT
*SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY
*PROGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
INITIAL STABILIZATION
•
Airway, breathing and circulation must be
maintained
•
Correct shock, respiratory distress , multiple
organ system failure
•
Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) until the
child is stable.
•
Monitoring of pulse rate, BP and respiratory rate
•
Frequent neurologic assessment
Cranium- anatomy of basi-cranium, dural venous sinus
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
ovary - Anatomy, histology and embryological development of ovary
Overview
*Anatomy
Location
Peritoneal relation
External features
*Blood supply
*Lymphatics drainage
*Nerve supply
*Embryology
*histology
Organic nitrates - pharmacology
These agents are simple nitric and nitrous acid esters of polyalcohols. Otherwise called, Nitro-vasodilators
Nitroglycerin may be considered the prototype of the group.
Important molecular donors of exogenous nitric oxide.
Denitration of the organic nitrates to liberate nitric oxide.
Relax smooth muscle (especially vascular smooth muscle, but also other types including oesophageal and biliary smooth muscle).
Classification breast tumour
This document outlines the classification of breast tumours according to histopathology, grade, stage, receptor status, and DNA. It describes the WHO histological classification including epithelial and stromal tumours of the breast, as well as tumours of the male breast and nipple. Benign and malignant epithelial lesions are defined. Malignant lesions include carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Molecular subtypes and specific tumour types such as lobular carcinoma are also detailed. The classification of stromal tumours, tumours of the male breast, and nipple are summarized.
anatomy of Para nasal sinus with clinical anatomy
Paranasal sinuses are a group of air containing spaces that surround the nasal cavity and directly open into the nasal cavity through their ostia.
Lined by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Paget's disease
pathological aspects of paget's disease of nipple with excellent animation for progress of paget's disease. all the points derived from standard reference books.
Diabetic foot ulcer
proper clinical presentation of diabetic foot with photographic picture. each point analysed from surgical manual of Das.
Femoral hernia with umbilical hernia
This document provides information on femoral triangle anatomy, femoral hernia, and umbilical hernia. It describes the boundaries of the femoral triangle and sheath. It then discusses the presentation, types, investigations, and surgical treatments of femoral hernia using various approaches like Lockwood, Lotheissen, and McEvedy. For umbilical hernia, it outlines the causes in children versus adults and various surgical repair techniques like Mayo's repair and mesh repair options based on hernia size and location.
Más de Ramagopalan Surenthiran (18)
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
Cranium- anatomy of basi-cranium, dural venous sinus
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ovary - Anatomy, histology and embryological development of ovary
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Adverse effect of Phenytoin
- 2. Introduction: • It is a non sedating oral antiepileptic drug. • Fosphenytoin : a. Used in status epilepticus b. water soluble prodrug of phenytoin c. i.V administration
- 3. Adverse effects: 1.At therapeutic level 2.At high plasma levels
- 4. At therapeutic levels: Gum hypertrophy: • Commonest • Due to overgrowth of gingival collagen fibres • ↓ oral hygiene Hirsutism: • Abnormal hair growth • Pigmented hair Coarse facies: • constellation of facial features • Large lips • Flat bridged nose Acne:
- 5. At therapeutic levels: Foetal hydantoin syndrome: • Microcephaly • Cleft palate • Hypoplastic phalanges Megaloblastic anaemia: • ↓ folate absorption • ↑ excretion Osteomalacia: • Interferes with vit-D activation • ↓ calcium absorption and metabolism Hyperglycaemia: • Inhibit insulin secretion Hypersensitivity reaction: • Rashes, DLE, lymphadenopathy
- 6. At high plasma levels: Cerebellar and vestibular manifestation: • Nausea • Vertigo • Diplopia • Nystagmus CNS manifestation: • Mental confusion • Hallucinations • Ataxia GIT and CVS manifestation: • Disorientation • Vomiting • Epigastric pain • Rigidity • Fall in BP • Arrhythmias
- 7. At high plasma levels: • Cerebellar & vestibular effect 1. Ataxia 2. Vertigo 3. Diplopia 4. Nystagmus • CNS side effect • Epigastric pain • Nausea • Vomiting • Vascular injury • arrhythmias At therapeutic levels: • Gum hypertrophy • Cosmetic side effects 1. Hirsutism 2. Coarse facies 3. Acne • Hypersensitivity • Megaloblastic anaemia • Osteomalacia • Hyperglycaemia • Foetal hydantoin syndrome