1) The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) cipher was selected by NIST in 2001 to replace the older DES standard. AES uses 128-bit blocks and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
2) AES operates on a 4x4 column-major order state and undergoes 10-14 rounds of transformations including byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding a round key.
3) The Rijndael cipher was selected as the AES standard. It was chosen for its security, performance, and design simplicity compared to other finalists like Serpent and Twofish.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized, which derives the round keys from the main encryption key.
The document describes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. AES is a symmetric block cipher that encrypts data blocks of 128 bits using a key of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on a 4x4 matrix through a series of transformations including byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding a round key. The algorithm consists of 10, 12, or 14 rounds depending on the key size. AES provides security, efficiency, and flexibility for encryption.
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which was selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2000 to replace the older Data Encryption Standard (DES). It describes the origins and development of AES, including the evaluation process where Rijndael was selected as the winning algorithm. The summary also provides a high-level overview of how AES works, including its conceptual scheme, encryption rounds, key scheduling, and security against known attacks.
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, which is used for encryption and involves several processes applied to a rectangular array called the state. AES uses a variable number of rounds depending on the key size, with each round consisting of sub bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key transformations except for the last round which excludes mix columns. The Rijndael cipher which was selected as the AES algorithm operates on a 4x4 byte state and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES's origins as a replacement for DES, outlines the structure and steps of AES including substitution bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key. It also covers AES's key expansion process and notes AES can be efficiently implemented using table lookups and byte operations.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES's origins as a replacement for DES, outlines the structure and steps of AES including substitution bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key. It also covers AES's key expansion process and notes AES can be efficiently implemented using table lookups and operations on 32-bit words.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized.
The document summarizes cryptographic algorithms DES and AES. It describes the basic concepts of encryption, the history and workings of DES including key generation and encryption/decryption processes. It then explains the AES cipher which was selected to replace DES, including the cipher structure involving substitution, shifting, mixing and adding round keys in multiple rounds of processing. The key expansion process is also summarized, which derives the round keys from the main encryption key.
The document describes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. AES is a symmetric block cipher that encrypts data blocks of 128 bits using a key of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on a 4x4 matrix through a series of transformations including byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding a round key. The algorithm consists of 10, 12, or 14 rounds depending on the key size. AES provides security, efficiency, and flexibility for encryption.
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which was selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2000 to replace the older Data Encryption Standard (DES). It describes the origins and development of AES, including the evaluation process where Rijndael was selected as the winning algorithm. The summary also provides a high-level overview of how AES works, including its conceptual scheme, encryption rounds, key scheduling, and security against known attacks.
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, which is used for encryption and involves several processes applied to a rectangular array called the state. AES uses a variable number of rounds depending on the key size, with each round consisting of sub bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key transformations except for the last round which excludes mix columns. The Rijndael cipher which was selected as the AES algorithm operates on a 4x4 byte state and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES's origins as a replacement for DES, outlines the structure and steps of AES including substitution bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key. It also covers AES's key expansion process and notes AES can be efficiently implemented using table lookups and byte operations.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES's origins as a replacement for DES, outlines the structure and steps of AES including substitution bytes, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key. It also covers AES's key expansion process and notes AES can be efficiently implemented using table lookups and operations on 32-bit words.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes how AES was selected by NIST as a replacement for DES. AES (Rijndael cipher) uses a block size of 128 bits, with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on data in rounds that include byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding the round key. The key is expanded into an array of words used for each round.
This document discusses techniques for optimizing the area usage of a masked Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) engine implemented on an FPGA. It proposes mapping operations from GF(28) to GF(24) to reduce the number of mapping and inverse mapping operations in the SubBytes step. It also describes moving the mapping and inverse mapping operations outside the round function to further reduce area by 20%. The document outlines the key steps of a standard AES implementation and describes how the proposed optimizations are applied to the masked SubBytes, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey transformations to implement them efficiently over GF(24).
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES as an iterative block cipher based on Rijndael that was selected through a competition in 2000 to replace the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES). The AES cipher uses 10 rounds of processing for 128-bit keys consisting of byte substitution, shifting rows of the internal block representation, mixing columns, and XORing with a round key. Keys are expanded using a key schedule to generate round keys.
Block Ciphering
Confusion and Diffusion Theory
Understand the algebra of AES e.g. finding inverse etc.
AES and its importance in security
Efficient implementation of AES.
Implementation of AES
FPGA Implementation of Mix and Inverse Mix Column for AES Algorithmijsrd.com
advanced encryption standard was accepted as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) standard. In order to reduce the area consumption and to increase the speed mix and inverse mix column transformation can be used as a single module .This paper contains design of new architecture, its simulation and implementation results and comparison with previous architecture.
FPGA Implementation of an Area Optimized Architecture for 128 bit AES AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This paper aims at FPGA Implementation of an Area Optimized Architecture for 128 bit AES Algorithm. The
conventional designs use a separate module for 32 bit byte substitution and 128 bit byte substitution. The 32 bit
byte substitution is used in round key generation and the 128 bit byte substitution is used in the rounds. This
report presents a modified architecture of 128 bit byte substitution module using a single 32 bit byte substitution
module to reduce area.The AES encryption and decryption algorithm were designed using Verilog HDL. The
functionality of the modules were checked using ModelSim. The simulations were carried out in ModelSim and
Quartus II. The algorithm was implemented in FPGA and achieved a 2% reduction in the total logic element
utilization
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes AES as a symmetric block cipher selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001 to replace the Data Encryption Standard (DES). AES uses a variable block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The cipher operates on a 4x4 column-byte state and has 10, 12, or 14 rounds depending on the key size. Each round consists of byte substitution, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key transformations.
Modified aes algorithm using multiple s boxeschuxuantinh
The document proposes a modified AES algorithm using multiple substitution boxes (S-Boxes) to improve performance. It describes the standard AES algorithm and then proposes modifications. Specifically, it suggests using two S-Boxes - the original Rijndael S-Box along with a new S-Box constructed by XORing each value of the original S-Box with 7F and applying an affine transformation. Evaluation results showed that the modified algorithm with two S-Boxes improved speed performance compared to standard AES, while slightly weakening security. The modified algorithm is also more efficient to implement using low-cost processors and minimal memory.
modified aes algorithm using multiple s-boxeschutinhha
The document proposes a modified AES algorithm using multiple substitution boxes (S-Boxes) to improve performance. It describes the standard AES algorithm and then proposes modifications. Specifically, it suggests using two S-Boxes - the original Rijndael S-Box along with a new S-Box constructed by XORing each value of the original S-Box with 7F and applying an affine transformation. The evaluation results show that the modified algorithm with two S-Boxes increases speed compared to standard AES while slightly decreasing security. It is concluded that the modified algorithm is more efficient to implement with low memory requirements on simple processors.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Presentation for UG REsearch on Security.
Presented to Faculty in Charge of Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
This is the first Presentation
“Optimized AES Algorithm Core Using FeedBack Architecture” Nirav Desai
This document describes an optimized AES algorithm core using a feedback architecture. It proposes a new design scheme for the AES-128 encryption algorithm that applies feedback technology to maintain encryption speed while modifying the data transmission mode to reduce chip size. The key details are dividing the 128-bit plaintext, key, and ciphertext into four 32-bit units controlled by a clock. This allows significantly decreasing the number of chip pins and optimizing the chip area.
- The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and its selection as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It describes the selection process conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
- Rijndael, designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, was selected as the AES after evaluation of 15 candidate algorithms. It uses 128/192/256-bit keys and 128-bit blocks.
- The AES cipher, based on Rijndael, consists of 10-14 rounds depending on key size. Each round performs byte substitution, shift rows, mix columns, and adds a round key. It can be efficiently implemented in both software and hardware.
The document discusses the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its encryption process. It then summarizes the Rijndael cipher, which was selected as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in 2001. The AES uses a block cipher structure of iterative rounds involving byte substitution, shifting rows of bytes, mixing columns of bytes, and adding round keys.
1. AES was developed as a replacement for DES and published by NIST in 2001 to be more secure against attacks.
2. AES uses a block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Each round consists of four functions: byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding the round key.
3. The Rijndael cipher was selected as the basis for AES due to its resistance to attacks, efficient implementation on CPUs, and simple design.
This document proposes and evaluates several designs for implementing the AES encryption algorithm in hardware. It presents new composite field constructions for the AES S-box that improve on prior work in terms of implementation area and speed. It also introduces a novel fault-tolerant AES model that incorporates Hamming error correction codes to detect and correct single event upsets, making it suitable for use in space-based applications. The designs are implemented on an FPGA and evaluation shows improvements in area requirements, timing, and power consumption compared to previous implementations.
The document provides an overview of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. It defines key terms like block, state, and XOR used in AES. It then describes the AES algorithm which works by repeating rounds that include byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding a round key. The number of rounds depends on the key size, being 10 for a 16-byte key and 14 for a 32-byte key. Encryption and decryption are similar processes performed in reverse order.
This document summarizes a presentation on fault detection in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. It begins with an introduction to AES, which is a symmetric key algorithm that operates on 128-bit blocks using 128, 192, or 256-bit keys. It then discusses related work on improving AES performance and fault detection. The proposed system describes the AES algorithm and its transformations in more detail. A fault detection scheme is proposed that calculates parities of blocks in the AES S-box and inverse S-box. Implementation results show the proposed scheme achieves high error coverage for single and multiple faults with low area and delay costs.
No, those assignments would not be allowed without casting because of the potential for loss of data or change in representation.
- byte to int is allowed because int can hold all values of byte without loss of data.
- int to byte would require casting because some int values may not fit in a byte without being truncated.
- char to int is allowed because char is internally stored as an integer.
- short to char would require casting because the numeric values of char and short are different.
- Incrementing/adding to char requires casting because char is a character, not a number. Incrementing could change the character value.
So in summary, casting is required when assigning values between primitives that may
Git is a version control system that uses a three tree architecture of the working copy, staging area, and repository. The staging area allows for finer control over commits by staging files before committing them. Branching in Git is lightweight and allows developers to work independently on different versions of code. Merging branches can result in conflicts if the same code sections are modified in different branches. The .gitignore file specifies files that should be ignored and not committed to the repository.
The document discusses external sorting techniques used in database management systems. It describes the external merge sort algorithm, which divides the data into sorted runs in the first pass and then merges runs in subsequent passes to completely sort the data. The number of passes depends on the number of buffer pages available. Using a clustered B+ tree index to retrieve records in sorted order is more efficient than external sorting, but an unclustered B+ tree would require one I/O per data record and is generally not efficient for sorting.
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes how AES was selected by NIST as a replacement for DES. AES (Rijndael cipher) uses a block size of 128 bits, with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on data in rounds that include byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding the round key. The key is expanded into an array of words used for each round.
This document discusses techniques for optimizing the area usage of a masked Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) engine implemented on an FPGA. It proposes mapping operations from GF(28) to GF(24) to reduce the number of mapping and inverse mapping operations in the SubBytes step. It also describes moving the mapping and inverse mapping operations outside the round function to further reduce area by 20%. The document outlines the key steps of a standard AES implementation and describes how the proposed optimizations are applied to the masked SubBytes, MixColumns, and AddRoundKey transformations to implement them efficiently over GF(24).
The document summarizes the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher. It describes AES as an iterative block cipher based on Rijndael that was selected through a competition in 2000 to replace the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES). The AES cipher uses 10 rounds of processing for 128-bit keys consisting of byte substitution, shifting rows of the internal block representation, mixing columns, and XORing with a round key. Keys are expanded using a key schedule to generate round keys.
Block Ciphering
Confusion and Diffusion Theory
Understand the algebra of AES e.g. finding inverse etc.
AES and its importance in security
Efficient implementation of AES.
Implementation of AES
FPGA Implementation of Mix and Inverse Mix Column for AES Algorithmijsrd.com
advanced encryption standard was accepted as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) standard. In order to reduce the area consumption and to increase the speed mix and inverse mix column transformation can be used as a single module .This paper contains design of new architecture, its simulation and implementation results and comparison with previous architecture.
FPGA Implementation of an Area Optimized Architecture for 128 bit AES AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This paper aims at FPGA Implementation of an Area Optimized Architecture for 128 bit AES Algorithm. The
conventional designs use a separate module for 32 bit byte substitution and 128 bit byte substitution. The 32 bit
byte substitution is used in round key generation and the 128 bit byte substitution is used in the rounds. This
report presents a modified architecture of 128 bit byte substitution module using a single 32 bit byte substitution
module to reduce area.The AES encryption and decryption algorithm were designed using Verilog HDL. The
functionality of the modules were checked using ModelSim. The simulations were carried out in ModelSim and
Quartus II. The algorithm was implemented in FPGA and achieved a 2% reduction in the total logic element
utilization
The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). It describes AES as a symmetric block cipher selected by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001 to replace the Data Encryption Standard (DES). AES uses a variable block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The cipher operates on a 4x4 column-byte state and has 10, 12, or 14 rounds depending on the key size. Each round consists of byte substitution, shift rows, mix columns, and add round key transformations.
Modified aes algorithm using multiple s boxeschuxuantinh
The document proposes a modified AES algorithm using multiple substitution boxes (S-Boxes) to improve performance. It describes the standard AES algorithm and then proposes modifications. Specifically, it suggests using two S-Boxes - the original Rijndael S-Box along with a new S-Box constructed by XORing each value of the original S-Box with 7F and applying an affine transformation. Evaluation results showed that the modified algorithm with two S-Boxes improved speed performance compared to standard AES, while slightly weakening security. The modified algorithm is also more efficient to implement using low-cost processors and minimal memory.
modified aes algorithm using multiple s-boxeschutinhha
The document proposes a modified AES algorithm using multiple substitution boxes (S-Boxes) to improve performance. It describes the standard AES algorithm and then proposes modifications. Specifically, it suggests using two S-Boxes - the original Rijndael S-Box along with a new S-Box constructed by XORing each value of the original S-Box with 7F and applying an affine transformation. The evaluation results show that the modified algorithm with two S-Boxes increases speed compared to standard AES while slightly decreasing security. It is concluded that the modified algorithm is more efficient to implement with low memory requirements on simple processors.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Presentation for UG REsearch on Security.
Presented to Faculty in Charge of Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
This is the first Presentation
“Optimized AES Algorithm Core Using FeedBack Architecture” Nirav Desai
This document describes an optimized AES algorithm core using a feedback architecture. It proposes a new design scheme for the AES-128 encryption algorithm that applies feedback technology to maintain encryption speed while modifying the data transmission mode to reduce chip size. The key details are dividing the 128-bit plaintext, key, and ciphertext into four 32-bit units controlled by a clock. This allows significantly decreasing the number of chip pins and optimizing the chip area.
- The document discusses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and its selection as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It describes the selection process conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
- Rijndael, designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen, was selected as the AES after evaluation of 15 candidate algorithms. It uses 128/192/256-bit keys and 128-bit blocks.
- The AES cipher, based on Rijndael, consists of 10-14 rounds depending on key size. Each round performs byte substitution, shift rows, mix columns, and adds a round key. It can be efficiently implemented in both software and hardware.
The document discusses the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its encryption process. It then summarizes the Rijndael cipher, which was selected as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in 2001. The AES uses a block cipher structure of iterative rounds involving byte substitution, shifting rows of bytes, mixing columns of bytes, and adding round keys.
1. AES was developed as a replacement for DES and published by NIST in 2001 to be more secure against attacks.
2. AES uses a block size of 128 bits and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Each round consists of four functions: byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding the round key.
3. The Rijndael cipher was selected as the basis for AES due to its resistance to attacks, efficient implementation on CPUs, and simple design.
This document proposes and evaluates several designs for implementing the AES encryption algorithm in hardware. It presents new composite field constructions for the AES S-box that improve on prior work in terms of implementation area and speed. It also introduces a novel fault-tolerant AES model that incorporates Hamming error correction codes to detect and correct single event upsets, making it suitable for use in space-based applications. The designs are implemented on an FPGA and evaluation shows improvements in area requirements, timing, and power consumption compared to previous implementations.
The document provides an overview of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. It defines key terms like block, state, and XOR used in AES. It then describes the AES algorithm which works by repeating rounds that include byte substitution, shifting rows, mixing columns, and adding a round key. The number of rounds depends on the key size, being 10 for a 16-byte key and 14 for a 32-byte key. Encryption and decryption are similar processes performed in reverse order.
This document summarizes a presentation on fault detection in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. It begins with an introduction to AES, which is a symmetric key algorithm that operates on 128-bit blocks using 128, 192, or 256-bit keys. It then discusses related work on improving AES performance and fault detection. The proposed system describes the AES algorithm and its transformations in more detail. A fault detection scheme is proposed that calculates parities of blocks in the AES S-box and inverse S-box. Implementation results show the proposed scheme achieves high error coverage for single and multiple faults with low area and delay costs.
No, those assignments would not be allowed without casting because of the potential for loss of data or change in representation.
- byte to int is allowed because int can hold all values of byte without loss of data.
- int to byte would require casting because some int values may not fit in a byte without being truncated.
- char to int is allowed because char is internally stored as an integer.
- short to char would require casting because the numeric values of char and short are different.
- Incrementing/adding to char requires casting because char is a character, not a number. Incrementing could change the character value.
So in summary, casting is required when assigning values between primitives that may
Git is a version control system that uses a three tree architecture of the working copy, staging area, and repository. The staging area allows for finer control over commits by staging files before committing them. Branching in Git is lightweight and allows developers to work independently on different versions of code. Merging branches can result in conflicts if the same code sections are modified in different branches. The .gitignore file specifies files that should be ignored and not committed to the repository.
The document discusses external sorting techniques used in database management systems. It describes the external merge sort algorithm, which divides the data into sorted runs in the first pass and then merges runs in subsequent passes to completely sort the data. The number of passes depends on the number of buffer pages available. Using a clustered B+ tree index to retrieve records in sorted order is more efficient than external sorting, but an unclustered B+ tree would require one I/O per data record and is generally not efficient for sorting.
The document discusses external sorting techniques for large datasets that do not fit in memory. It describes the problem with standard in-memory sorting algorithms and introduces external merge sort as a solution. External merge sort works by sorting pages of data on disk in multiple passes, merging runs of sorted pages in each pass to reduce the number of disk I/Os needed. Various optimizations are discussed like using more buffers to process more pages per pass, blocking I/Os to improve sequential access, and double buffering to overlap I/O and computation. When data is indexed by a clustered B+ tree, it may already be sorted, avoiding the need for external sorting.
A computer system consists of various interconnected components that work together, including hardware devices and software programs. It allows users to input data using devices like a keyboard and mouse, processes the data, and outputs the results through devices like a monitor. The main internal hardware components are the system unit, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. External or peripheral devices include input devices to send data to the computer and output devices that provide output from the computer to the user. A computer system runs using both system software like the operating system, and application software that performs specific tasks for users.
This document contains lecture notes on data structures that discuss programming performance, space complexity, time complexity, asymptotic notations, and searching and sorting algorithms. The key points covered are:
- Programming performance is measured by the memory and time needed to run a program, which can be analyzed or experimentally measured.
- Space complexity accounts for memory needed and includes instruction, data, and environment stack spaces. Time complexity accounts for time needed and includes compilation and execution times.
- Common asymptotic notations like Big-O, Omega, and Theta are used to describe time and space complexity behaviors.
- Searching algorithms like linear and binary search are used to find elements. Sorting algorithms like bubble, quick, selection and heap sorts
The document discusses stacks and queues as linear data structures. A stack follows LIFO (last in first out) where the last element inserted is the first to be removed. Common stack operations are push to add an element and pop to remove an element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. A queue follows FIFO (first in first out) where the first element inserted is the first to be removed. Common queue operations are enqueue to add an element and dequeue to remove an element. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Circular queues and priority queues are also discussed briefly.
Enumeration follows scanning and seeks to reveal detailed information about a network through both manual and automated methods. It gathers data beyond just services and open ports, aiming to uncover network resources, users, applications, and other information through protocols like SNMP, NetBIOS, and NULL sessions. The goal is to develop a comprehensive picture of the target system before attempting exploitation.
This document provides an overview of subnetting IP networks and addressing schemes. It covers subnetting IPv4 networks, including how to calculate subnets for a /24, /16, and /8 prefix. It also discusses variable length subnet masking (VLSM) and how to implement addressing schemes to meet network requirements. Finally, it discusses some design considerations for implementing IPv6 in a business network.
This document discusses the retrofit of the crude oil storage tank T-107 at Petroleum Development Oman. It addresses questions about the roof support system, emergency drain system, floating roof seals, vents, and other components. The roof support uses a locking sleeve assembly to support the roof in both operating and maintenance positions without damaging the lining. The emergency drains are positioned above the maximum water level and drain directly to the stored product. The number and size of drains are sufficient to drain rainfall at the specified design rate. The floating roof seals are maintenance-free under normal operating conditions.
This document provides an overview of the topics and activities covered in Week 1 of an introduction to research methods class. The agenda includes introductions from the professor and students, an overview of the syllabus and open textbook, and interactive classroom activities focused on attitudes towards research, cognitive biases, objective vs. subjective truths, and applying the evidence-based practice process. Students complete an optional extra credit Worksheet 0 to explore potential research topics and apply course concepts. The goal of the flipped and interactive classroom approach is for students to make progress on their individual research proposals through scaffolded worksheets completed each week.
This document discusses the four main parts of a computer system: hardware, software, data, and users. It defines each part and provides examples. Hardware includes mechanical and electrical parts like processors, memory, storage, and input/output devices. Software includes operating systems, applications, and utilities that tell the hardware what to do. Data are pieces of information stored and processed by the computer. Users are people who operate the computer and provide instructions on what tasks to complete. The document also describes the basic information processing cycle that computers follow to input, process, output, and store data.
The document provides information about the key components and development of the first IBM personal computer (PC) in 3 paragraphs. It discusses that IBM needed an 8-bit processor that could support over 256KB of memory, a single-user operating system that could work with floppy disks. It then describes that Intel released the 8086 processor but it failed in the market, so they modified it into the 8-bit 8088 processor, which IBM used for the first PC configuration along with 256KB of RAM, 2 floppy disk drives, MS-DOS operating system, and other components.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts including:
- Routers use information in packets and routing tables to determine the best path and forward packets towards their destination.
- Basic router configuration is demonstrated including interface configuration, routing protocols, and verification commands.
- The routing table structure is explained, showing how directly connected networks, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols populate the table.
The document discusses troubleshooting static and default routes. It describes how routers process packets using static routes, examining the routing table to determine the next hop. Common troubleshooting steps are explained, such as using ping, traceroute, and show commands to verify routes and isolate issues. The document provides an example of troubleshooting a connectivity problem between routers by examining the routing table and correcting an incorrect static route.
The document discusses troubleshooting static and default routes. It describes how routers process packets using static routes, examining the routing table to determine the next hop. Common troubleshooting steps are explained, such as using ping, traceroute, and show commands to verify routes and isolate issues. The document provides an example of troubleshooting a connectivity problem between routers by examining the routing table and correcting an incorrect static route.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
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2. Origins of AES
replacement for DES was needed
have theoretical attacks that can break it
have demonstrated exhaustive key search attacks
can use Triple-DES – but slow, has small blocks
US NIST issued call for ciphers in 1997
15 candidates accepted in Jun 98
5 were shortlisted in Aug-99
Rijndael was selected as the AES in Oct-2000
issued as FIPS PUB 197 standard in Nov-2001
3. AES Requirements
• private key symmetric block cipher
• 128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit keys
• stronger & faster than Triple-DES
– DES 168 bit key (56*3)
– Slow in software 16* 3 rounds + key expansion!
– Designed for 70’s hardware
• provide full specification & design details
• both C & Java implementations
• NIST have released all submissions &
unclassified analyses
4. AES Evaluation Criteria
• initial criteria:
– security – effort for practical cryptanalysis
– cost – in terms of computational efficiency
– algorithm & implementation characteristics
• final criteria
– general security
– ease of software & hardware implementation
– implementation attacks
– flexibility (in en/decrypt, keying, other factors)
5. AES Shortlist
• After testing and evaluation, shortlist in August 1999:
1. MARS (IBM) - complex, fast, high security margin
2. RC6 (USA) - very simple, very fast, low security
margin
3. Rijndael (Belgium) - clean, fast, good security margin
4. Serpent (Euro) - slow, clean, very high security
margin
5. Twofish (USA) - complex, very fast, high security
margin
6. • Then subject to further analysis and comment.
• Saw contrast between algorithms with
few complex rounds verses many simple rounds
which refined existing ciphers verses new proposals
AES Shortlist
7. AES Shortlist
• The finalists and their scores were as follows:
1. Rijndael (from Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, 86
votes).
2. Serpent (from Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars
Knudsen, 59 votes).
3. Twofish (from a team headed by Bruce Schneier, 31 votes).
4. RC6 (from RSA Laboratories, 23 votes).
5. MARS (from IBM, 13 votes).
8. The AES Cipher - Rijndael
designed by Rijmen-Daemen in Belgium
has 128/192/256 bit keys, 128 bit data
an iterative rather than feistel cipher
processes data as block of 4 columns of 4 bytes
operates on entire data block in every round
designed to be:
resistant against known attacks
speed and code compactness on many CPUs
design simplicity
9. AES is a non-Feistel cipher that encrypts and decrypts a
data block of 128 bits. It uses 10, 12, or 14 rounds. The
key size, which can be 128, 192, or 256 bits, depends on
the number of rounds.
AES has defined three versions, with 10, 12, and 14 rounds.
Each version uses a different cipher key size (128, 192, or
256), but the round keys are always 128 bits.
Rounds
11. The AES Cipher - Rijndael
• Processes data as 4 groups of 4 bytes (state)
• Has 9/11/13 rounds in which state undergoes:
Byte substitution (1 S-box used on every byte)
Shift rows (permute bytes between groups/columns)
Mix columns (subs using matrix multiply of groups)
Add round key (XOR state with key material)
• Initial XOR key material and incomplete last round.
• All operations can be combined into XOR and table
lookups - hence very fast and efficient.
16. Changing plaintext to state
Plain text: AESUSESAMATRIX
A E S U S E S A M A T R I X Z Z
41 45 53 55 53 45 53 41 4D 41 54 52 49 58 5A 5A
PLAIN TEXT (CHARACTER )
PLAIN TEXT (HEXADECIMAL )
A
A
D
5
52
41
55
5
54
53
53
58
41
45
45
49
4
53
41
STATE
19. Substitution
AES, like DES, uses substitution. AES uses two
invertible transformations.
1. SubBytes
The first transformation, SubBytes, is used at the
encryption site. To substitute a byte, we interpret the byte
as two hexadecimal digits.
The SubBytes operation involves 16 independent
byte-to-byte transformations.
20. Byte Substitution
• A simple substitution of each byte.
• Uses one table of 16x16 bytes containing a permutation
of all 256 8-bit values.
• Each byte of state is replaced by byte in row (left 4-bits)
and column (right 4-bits).
e.g., byte {95} is replaced by row 9 col 5 byte, which
is the value {2A}.
• S-box is constructed using a defined transformation of
the values in GF(28).
• Designed to be resistant to all known attacks.
25. Example
Fig. shows how a state is transformed using the SubBytes
transformation. The figure also shows that the InvSubBytes
transformation creates the original one. Note that if the two bytes
have the same values, their transformation is also the same.
SubBytes transformation for Example
26. Permutation
Another transformation found in a round is shifting, which
permutes the bytes.
2. ShiftRows
In the encryption, the transformation is called ShiftRows.
ShiftRows transformation
28. Shift Rows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 5 9 13
2 6 10 14
3 7 11 15
4 8 12 16
1 5 9 13
6 10 14 2
11 15 3 7
16 4 8 12
1 6 11 16 5 10 15 4 9 14 3 8 13 2 7 12
Shift left 0 (No shift)
Shift left 1
Shift left 2
Shift left 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Assume we have 16 byte block from 1 to 16
Convert the 16-byte block to a two-dimensional 4x4 matrix by filling column by column
Convert the two-dimensional 4x4 matrix to a 16-byte block by reading column by column
29. 1 6 11 16 5 10 15 4 9 14 3 8 13 2 7 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Example
43 51 4D 50 55 54 45 52 20 53 43 49 45 4E 43 45
Plaintext
(Hexadecimal)
C O M P U T E R S C I E N C E
Plaintext
(Character)
1A D1 E3 53 FC 20 6E 00 B7 ED 1A 3B 6E 2F 1A 6E
After Substitution
(Hexadecimal)
1A 20 1A 6E FC ED 1A 53 B7 2F E3 00 6E D1 6E 3B
After Shifting
(Hexadecimal)
30. 3.Mix Columns
• Each column is processed separately.
• Each byte is replaced by a value dependent on all 4
bytes in the column.
• Effectively a matrix multiplication in GF(28) using prime
poly m(x) = x8 + x4 + x3 + x + 1.
33. Mixing
We need an interbyte transformation that changes the
bits inside a byte, based on the bits inside the
neighboring bytes. We need to mix bytes to provide
diffusion at the bit level.
Mixing bytes using matrix multiplication
36. Figure shows how a state is transformed using the MixColumns
transformation. The figure also shows that the InvMixColumns
transformation creates the original one.
The MixColumns transformation in Example 7.5
37. 1st column of the result is obtained by:
{02){87}+{03}{6E}+{46}+{A6} = {47}
{87}+{02}{6E}+{03}{46}+{A6} = {37}
{87}+{6E}+{02}{46}+{03}{A6} = {94}
{03}{87}+{6E}+{46}+{02}{A6} = {ED}
For the 1st equation, we have {02}{87}=(0000 0010)(1000 0111)=
1
)
1
mod(
)
(
)
1
( 2
4
3
4
8
2
3
8
2
7
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
= (0001 0101)={15}
Example of MixColumns
87 F2 4D 97
6E 4C 90 EC
46 E7 4A C3
A6 8C D8 95
02 03 01 01
01 02 03 01
01 01 02 03
03 01 01 02
47 40 A3 4C
37 D4 70 9F
94 E4 3A 42
ED A5 A6 BC
=
MixColumns
Constant matrices
State Result
38. {03}{6E}=(0000 0011)(0110 1110)=
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
4
5
7
2
3
5
6
)
)(
1
(
=
(1011 0010) = {B2}
{02){87}+{03}{6E}+{46}+{A6}={15}+{B2}+{46}+{A6}=
(0001 0101)+
(1011 0010)+
(0100 0110)+
(1010 0110)=
(0100 0111)={47}
NOTE :
MULTIPLICATION A VALUE X BY {02} CAN BE
IMPLEMENTED AS 1-BIT LEFT SHIFT FOLLOWED BY
A CONDITIONAL BITWISE XOR WITH (0001 1011) (1B )
IF THE LEFT MOST BIT OF THE ORIGINAL VALUE (
PRIORE TO SHIFT IS 1)
39.
40. 4. AddRoundKey Transformation
The 128 bit of the state are bitwise XORed with the 128 bit
of round key. As sown in Fig. below , the operation is
viewed as columnwise operation between the 4 bytes of the
state column and one word of the round key.
47 40 A3 4C
37 D4 70 9F
94 E4 3A 42
ED A5 A6 BC
AC 19 28 57
77 FA D1 5C
66 DC 29 00
F3 21 41 6A
EB 59 8B 1B
40 2E A1 C3
F2 38 13 42
1E 84 E7 D6
State Key State ♁Key
47= 0100 0111
AC= 1010 1100
-----------------------
EB = 1110 1011
♁
37= 0011 0111
40 = 0111 0111
-----------------------
40= 0100 0000
♁ ♁ 94= 1001 0100
66= 0110 0110
-----------------------
F2= 1111 0010
42. AES Key Expansion
• Takes 128-bit (16-byte) key and expands into array of 44/52/60
32-bit words.
• Start by copying key into first 4 words.
• Then loop creating words that depend on values in previous
and 4 places back.
In 3 of 4 cases just XOR these together.
Every 4th has S-box + rotate + XOR constant of previous
before XOR together.
• Designed to resist known attacks.
44. Steps for computing g function
1. RotWord perform one-byte circular left shift on word , this means that an
input word [B0,B1,B2,B3] is transformed into [ B1,B2,B3,B0]
2. Subword perform a Byte substitution on each byte of its input word , using
the S-Box
3. The result in step (2) is XORed with a round constant. Rcon[j], the round
constant is a word in which the three rightmost bytes are always (0) , and is
defined as Rcon[j]=(RC[j],0,0,0), and the values of RC[j] in hexadecimal are
Rcon[1]=1
Rcon[j]=2.Recon[j-1]
45. Table below shows how the keys for each round are calculated
assuming that the 128-bit cipher key agreed upon by Alice and
Bob is (24 75 A2 B3 34 75 56 88 31 E2 12 00 13 AA 54 87)16.
Example:
48. AES Decryption
AES decryption is not identical to encryption
since steps done in reverse
but can define an equivalent inverse cipher
with steps as for encryption
but using inverses of each step
with a different key schedule
works since result is unchanged when
swap byte substitution & shift rows
swap mix columns & add (tweaked) round key
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in 2001. AES is a symmetric block cipher that is intended to replace DES as the approved standard for a wide range of applications. The AES cipher (& other candidates) form the latest generation of block ciphers, and now we see a significant increase in the block size - from the old standard of 64-bits up to 128-bits; and keys from 128 to 256-bits. In part this has been driven by the public demonstrations of exhaustive key searches of DES. Whilst triple-DES is regarded as secure and well understood, it is slow, especially in s/w. In a first round of evaluation, 15 proposed algorithms were accepted. A second round narrowed the field to 5 algorithms. NIST completed its evaluation process and published a final standard (FIPS PUB 197) in November of 2001. NIST selected Rijndael as the proposed AES algorithm. The two researchers who developed and submitted Rijndael for the AES are both cryptographers from Belgium: Dr. Joan Daemen and Dr.Vincent Rijmen.
In fact, two set of criteria evolved. When NIST issued its original request for candidate algorithm nominations in 1997, the request stated that candidate algorithms would be compared based on the factors shown in Stallings Table5.1, which were used to evaluate field of 15 candidates to select shortlist of 5. These had categories of security, cost, and algorithm & implementation characteristics.
The final criteria evolved during the evaluation process, and were used to select Rijndael from that short-list, and more details are given in Stallings Table 5.2, with categories of: general security, ease of software & hardware implementation, implementation attacks, & flexibility (in en/decrypt, keying, other factors).
The shortlist is as shown. Note mix of commercial (MARS, RC6, Twofish) verses academic (Rijndael, Serpent) proposals, sourced from various countries.
All were thought to be good – came down to best balance of attributes to meet criteria.
The AES shortlist of 5 ciphers was as shown. Note mix of commercial (MARS, RC6, Twofish) verses academic (Rijndael, Serpent) proposals, sourced from various countries.
All were thought to be good – it came down to the best balance of attributes to meet criteria, in particular the balance between speed, security & flexibility.
The Rijndael proposal for AES defined a cipher in which the block length and the key length can be independently specified to be 128,192,or 256 bits. The AES specification uses the same three key size alternatives but limits the block length to 128 bits. Rijndael is an academic submission, based on the earlier Square cipher, from Belgium academics Dr Joan Daemen and Dr Vincent Rijmen. It is an iterative cipher (operates on entire data block in every round) rather than feistel (operate on halves at a time), and was designed to have characteristics of: Resistance against all known attacks, Speed and code compactness on a wide range of platforms, & Design simplicity.
There is a single 8-bit wide S-box used on every byte. This S-box is a permutation of all 256 8-bit values, constructed using a transformation which treats the values as polynomials in GF(28) – however it is fixed, so really only need to know the table when implementing. Decryption requires the inverse of the table.
This step is also a substitution, but one involving ALL values in a column. Designed as a matrix multiplication where each byte is treated as a polynomial in GF(28). The inverse used for decryption involves a different set of constants.
The constants used are based on a linear code with maximal distance between code words – this gives good mixing of the bytes within each column. Combined with the “shift rows” step provides good avalanche, so that within a few rounds, all output bits depend on all input bits.