1. The document discusses several anti-neoplastic agents including antibiotics (dactinomycin, daunorubicin), plant products (etoposide, vincristine, vinblastine), and miscellaneous agents (mitotane, cisplatin).
2. Many of these agents work by binding to DNA or microtubules and inhibiting processes like transcription, DNA replication, and mitosis to stop the growth and division of cancer cells.
3. The drugs discussed are obtained from various natural sources like bacteria and plants and are used to treat different types of cancer.
The document discusses various classes of anticancer drugs including cytotoxic drugs derived from natural sources like plants and microbes. It focuses on the mechanisms of action and classification of antitumor antibiotic drugs derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Specifically, it describes the structures, mechanisms involving DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerases, and clinical uses of important anthracycline antibiotics like doxorubicin, daunorubicin and actinomycin antibiotics like dactinomycin and mitomycin C.
The document discusses various classes of anticancer drugs including cytotoxic drugs derived from natural sources like plants and microbes. It focuses on the mechanisms of action and classification of antitumor antibiotic drugs derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Specifically, it describes the structures, mechanisms involving DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerases, and clinical uses of important anthracycline antibiotics like doxorubicin, daunorubicin and actinomycin antibiotics like dactinomycin and mitomycin C.
Cancer occurs due to genetic changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. Anticancer drugs target features of cancer cells, including their DNA, to interfere with cell division and cause cell death. The main classes of anticancer drugs are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and plant alkaloids. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide cause DNA damage. Antimetabolites like methotrexate interfere with DNA synthesis. Antibiotics such as doxorubicin intercalate DNA. Side effects depend on the drug but can include suppression of the immune system and damage to organs.
This document discusses several antibiotics that are used as antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agents, including dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and bleomycin. It explains that these antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces bacteria and work by interfering with DNA transcription and replication in cancer cells. Specifically, it notes that dactinomycin binds to DNA to prevent RNA polymerase activity, while doxorubicin and bleomycin intercalate into DNA and can cause breaks via free radicals or topoisomerase inhibition. The document provides details on the mechanisms and cell cycle specificities of these antibiotic anticancer drugs.
This document discusses various types of anticancer drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It describes five main classes of anticancer agents: cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents and antimetabolites that directly kill cancer cells; natural anticancer agents such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes that interfere with cell division; antibiotics that intercalate DNA; miscellaneous agents discovered through random synthesis; and drugs that act on hormones to manipulate the endocrine system and inhibit cancer growth. Recent FDA-approved drugs for various cancer types are also mentioned.
This document summarizes various types of anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents and antimetabolites target rapidly dividing cancer cells by damaging DNA or interfering with DNA synthesis. Newer targeted therapies include monoclonal antibodies that target specific proteins in cancer cells or hormone therapies that block estrogen production in breast cancer. The document also outlines how different drug classes like plant alkaloids, antibiotics, and topoisomerase inhibitors damage DNA or disrupt cell division to kill cancer cells.
This document discusses anticancer drugs, also known as chemotherapy drugs. It describes the main classes of anticancer drugs, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, hormones, and enzymes. Alkylating agents work by alkylating DNA and inhibiting its replication. Common alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. Antimetabolites are structurally similar to essential metabolites and interfere with DNA synthesis, examples include methotrexate and fluorouracil. Cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin act directly on DNA. The document also covers the mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects of several important chemotherapy drugs.
1. The document discusses several anti-neoplastic agents including antibiotics (dactinomycin, daunorubicin), plant products (etoposide, vincristine, vinblastine), and miscellaneous agents (mitotane, cisplatin).
2. Many of these agents work by binding to DNA or microtubules and inhibiting processes like transcription, DNA replication, and mitosis to stop the growth and division of cancer cells.
3. The drugs discussed are obtained from various natural sources like bacteria and plants and are used to treat different types of cancer.
The document discusses various classes of anticancer drugs including cytotoxic drugs derived from natural sources like plants and microbes. It focuses on the mechanisms of action and classification of antitumor antibiotic drugs derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Specifically, it describes the structures, mechanisms involving DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerases, and clinical uses of important anthracycline antibiotics like doxorubicin, daunorubicin and actinomycin antibiotics like dactinomycin and mitomycin C.
The document discusses various classes of anticancer drugs including cytotoxic drugs derived from natural sources like plants and microbes. It focuses on the mechanisms of action and classification of antitumor antibiotic drugs derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Specifically, it describes the structures, mechanisms involving DNA intercalation and inhibition of topoisomerases, and clinical uses of important anthracycline antibiotics like doxorubicin, daunorubicin and actinomycin antibiotics like dactinomycin and mitomycin C.
Cancer occurs due to genetic changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth. Anticancer drugs target features of cancer cells, including their DNA, to interfere with cell division and cause cell death. The main classes of anticancer drugs are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, and plant alkaloids. Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide cause DNA damage. Antimetabolites like methotrexate interfere with DNA synthesis. Antibiotics such as doxorubicin intercalate DNA. Side effects depend on the drug but can include suppression of the immune system and damage to organs.
This document discusses several antibiotics that are used as antineoplastic (anti-cancer) agents, including dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and bleomycin. It explains that these antibiotics are derived from Streptomyces bacteria and work by interfering with DNA transcription and replication in cancer cells. Specifically, it notes that dactinomycin binds to DNA to prevent RNA polymerase activity, while doxorubicin and bleomycin intercalate into DNA and can cause breaks via free radicals or topoisomerase inhibition. The document provides details on the mechanisms and cell cycle specificities of these antibiotic anticancer drugs.
This document discusses various types of anticancer drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It describes five main classes of anticancer agents: cytotoxic drugs like alkylating agents and antimetabolites that directly kill cancer cells; natural anticancer agents such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes that interfere with cell division; antibiotics that intercalate DNA; miscellaneous agents discovered through random synthesis; and drugs that act on hormones to manipulate the endocrine system and inhibit cancer growth. Recent FDA-approved drugs for various cancer types are also mentioned.
This document summarizes various types of anti-cancer drugs and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how chemotherapy drugs like alkylating agents and antimetabolites target rapidly dividing cancer cells by damaging DNA or interfering with DNA synthesis. Newer targeted therapies include monoclonal antibodies that target specific proteins in cancer cells or hormone therapies that block estrogen production in breast cancer. The document also outlines how different drug classes like plant alkaloids, antibiotics, and topoisomerase inhibitors damage DNA or disrupt cell division to kill cancer cells.
This document discusses anticancer drugs, also known as chemotherapy drugs. It describes the main classes of anticancer drugs, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, cytotoxic antibiotics, hormones, and enzymes. Alkylating agents work by alkylating DNA and inhibiting its replication. Common alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. Antimetabolites are structurally similar to essential metabolites and interfere with DNA synthesis, examples include methotrexate and fluorouracil. Cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin act directly on DNA. The document also covers the mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects of several important chemotherapy drugs.
This document provides information about cancer including:
- Cancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Cancers can be benign or malignant tumors and are classified into broad groups like carcinomas and sarcomas.
- Cancers are caused by physical, biological, chemical and genetic factors like viruses, radiation, and lifestyle habits.
- Diagnosis involves biopsies, imaging tests, and analyzing tumor markers in blood. Staging determines how advanced a cancer is.
- Treatment includes surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and other drugs that target cell growth pathways.
3. Natural products used in the cancer treatment.pptxHarshikaPatel6
This document summarizes several natural chemotherapeutic agents. It discusses antibiotics such as anthracyclines which act by intercalating DNA and generating oxygen radicals. Specific antibiotics mentioned include doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin. It also covers topoisomerase inhibitors like etoposide and camptothecin analogs, microtubule inhibitors including vinca alkaloids and taxanes, as well as bleomycin and L-asparaginase. For each class or drug, the document provides mechanisms of action, clinical uses, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer drugs, beginning with an introduction to cancer and statistics on cancer cases in Iraq. It then discusses the classification of anti-cancer drugs according to their chemical structure and mechanisms of action. Specifically, it covers alkylating agents including nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulphonates, nitrosoureas, and aziridines. It provides details on the structures, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of common alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, carmustine, and thiotepa. The document focuses on describing the chemical properties and metabolic pathways that allow these drugs to damage cancer cell DNA and induce cell death.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Antineoplastic agents treat cancer through various modalities like surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs that destroy cancer cells but also affect rapidly dividing normal cells, causing toxicity. These drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, antibiotics, and hormones. They work by damaging DNA, inhibiting cell cycle progression, or suppressing hormone secretion. Resistance can develop through decreased drug accumulation, insufficient activation, increased inactivation, or repair of drug-induced DNA lesions.
Anti-tumor drugs PPT Dr. Shahid Rasool.pptshahidrasool65
The learning Objectives are
1. To understand tumor, its types, causes and cell cycle of normal cell.
2. To learn and comprehend the pharmacognostic features of various plant and marine derived drugs having anticancer activity.
3. To know the anti cancer mechanism of these natural drugs.
Antimetabolites are structurally similar to normal cell compounds and interfere with purine or pyrimidine synthesis or incorporation into DNA/RNA. Common antimetabolites include methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, fludarabine, cladribine, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cytarabine, and azacitidine. They are cell cycle specific and used to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myelosuppression, and renal toxicity.
This document discusses various anticancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It covers cell cycle-specific drugs like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as well as cell cycle non-specific drugs like cyclophosphamide. It also discusses hormonal agents like tamoxifen, cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin, and metal complexes like cisplatin. Common adverse effects of anticancer drugs include myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Various approaches are used to manage chemotherapy-induced toxicities.
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents and recently approved drugs used to treat cancer. It defines cancer and describes the main types. The classification of anticancer drugs is discussed, including drugs that act directly on cells like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, antibiotics, and miscellaneous drugs. Drugs that act on hormones are also summarized. Recently approved drugs by the FDA from 2013-2016 for cancers like lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia are listed with their uses. References are included from medical pharmacology textbooks and FDA websites.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth and division that can spread to other tissues. There are several main types of cancer classified by the tissues they originate from. Chemotherapeutic drugs target rapidly dividing cancer cells and can be classified based on their site of action in the cell cycle or chemical structure. Major classes of chemotherapeutics include alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, and antimetabolites. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA through alkylation, inhibiting cell division. Platinum complexes like cisplatin bind DNA and cause crosslinking. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal cell metabolites.
The document discusses three types of anticancer antibiotics - dactinomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin. Dactinomycin and daunorubicin are produced by soil fungi Streptomyces and work by binding to DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. Dactinomycin is used to treat cancers like gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and Wilms' tumor. Daunorubicin complexes with DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, and is used for neuroblastoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Doxorubicin also intercalates DNA, inhibits topoisomerase II, and is used for cancers like Hodgkin's disease, breast cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma but
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, and incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, or incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Antineoplastic agents treat cancer through various modalities like surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs are cytotoxic and have low therapeutic indices, causing toxicity to rapidly dividing normal cells. Toxicities include bone marrow suppression, immunosuppression, nausea/vomiting, alopecia, and organ-specific toxicities. Antineoplastic agents work through various mechanisms during the cell cycle including alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis through antimetabolites, disrupting microtubules, and causing DNA damage. Resistance can develop through reduced drug accumulation, insufficient activation, increased inactivation or repair of lesions.
The document discusses antitubercular agents used to treat tuberculosis (TB). TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the respiratory system. It can spread through the bloodstream to other organs. Treatment has been hampered by multidrug-resistant TB strains. First-line agents include isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. Second-line agents are used if resistance develops or for patient factors. Isoniazid works by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, while rifampin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. New antitubercular agents are needed due to increasing drug resistance.
Recombinant DNA is created using molecular cloning techniques to combine DNA from multiple sources into new sequences. There are three main methods: transformation, phage introduction, and non-bacterial transformation. Transformation involves inserting DNA into bacterial host cells like E. coli, while non-bacterial transformation uses direct microinjection or biolistics in non-bacterial cells. Phage introduction uses bacteriophages to introduce DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has important applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
This document summarizes various alkylating agents used to treat cancer. It describes how alkylating agents work by forming covalent bonds with DNA to prevent replication. Specific agents discussed include nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, nitrosoureas like carmustine, alkyl sulfonates like busulfan, ethylenimines like dacarbazine, temozolomide, altretamine, and thiotepa. For many of these, the synthesis and mechanisms of action are outlined. Alkylating agents can cause adverse effects like myelosuppression, sterility, and increased leukemia risk.
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents, which are used in the management of malignant disease. It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of different classes of antineoplastic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, antibiotics, and miscellaneous agents. The main classes covered are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant products, and antibiotics, with examples of mechanisms and clinical uses for specific drugs within each class.
The document discusses antitubercular agents used to treat tuberculosis. It begins with a brief history of tuberculosis treatment starting with streptomycin. Antitubercular agents are classified as first-line, second-line, and antibiotics. Key first-line agents discussed include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The mechanisms of action and uses of these major drugs are described. Combination therapy is emphasized as essential to reduce resistance and diagrams of standard DOTS regimens are provided. Synthetic routes for isoniazid, PAS and ethambutol are also outlined.
Antibiotics and their mode of action ankush (2019 a109m)ankushkanger1
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Some key antibiotics include penicillin, discovered in 1928, and streptomycin, discovered in 1944. Antibiotics act through several modes of action including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membranes, and inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes of antibiotics include beta-lactams like penicillin which inhibit cell wall synthesis, macrolides like erythromycin which inhibit ribosomal translocation, and aminoglycosides like streptomycin which bind to ribosomal subunits and inhibit translocation. Each class has distinctive producers and modes of inhibitory action on bacterial growth and reproduction.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides information about cancer including:
- Cancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth.
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Cancers can be benign or malignant tumors and are classified into broad groups like carcinomas and sarcomas.
- Cancers are caused by physical, biological, chemical and genetic factors like viruses, radiation, and lifestyle habits.
- Diagnosis involves biopsies, imaging tests, and analyzing tumor markers in blood. Staging determines how advanced a cancer is.
- Treatment includes surgery, radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and other drugs that target cell growth pathways.
3. Natural products used in the cancer treatment.pptxHarshikaPatel6
This document summarizes several natural chemotherapeutic agents. It discusses antibiotics such as anthracyclines which act by intercalating DNA and generating oxygen radicals. Specific antibiotics mentioned include doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin. It also covers topoisomerase inhibitors like etoposide and camptothecin analogs, microtubule inhibitors including vinca alkaloids and taxanes, as well as bleomycin and L-asparaginase. For each class or drug, the document provides mechanisms of action, clinical uses, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer drugs, beginning with an introduction to cancer and statistics on cancer cases in Iraq. It then discusses the classification of anti-cancer drugs according to their chemical structure and mechanisms of action. Specifically, it covers alkylating agents including nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulphonates, nitrosoureas, and aziridines. It provides details on the structures, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of common alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, busulfan, carmustine, and thiotepa. The document focuses on describing the chemical properties and metabolic pathways that allow these drugs to damage cancer cell DNA and induce cell death.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Antineoplastic agents treat cancer through various modalities like surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs that destroy cancer cells but also affect rapidly dividing normal cells, causing toxicity. These drugs include alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, antibiotics, and hormones. They work by damaging DNA, inhibiting cell cycle progression, or suppressing hormone secretion. Resistance can develop through decreased drug accumulation, insufficient activation, increased inactivation, or repair of drug-induced DNA lesions.
Anti-tumor drugs PPT Dr. Shahid Rasool.pptshahidrasool65
The learning Objectives are
1. To understand tumor, its types, causes and cell cycle of normal cell.
2. To learn and comprehend the pharmacognostic features of various plant and marine derived drugs having anticancer activity.
3. To know the anti cancer mechanism of these natural drugs.
Antimetabolites are structurally similar to normal cell compounds and interfere with purine or pyrimidine synthesis or incorporation into DNA/RNA. Common antimetabolites include methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, fludarabine, cladribine, 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cytarabine, and azacitidine. They are cell cycle specific and used to treat cancers like leukemia, lymphoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myelosuppression, and renal toxicity.
This document discusses various anticancer drugs, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It covers cell cycle-specific drugs like methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as well as cell cycle non-specific drugs like cyclophosphamide. It also discusses hormonal agents like tamoxifen, cytotoxic antibiotics like doxorubicin, and metal complexes like cisplatin. Common adverse effects of anticancer drugs include myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. Various approaches are used to manage chemotherapy-induced toxicities.
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents and recently approved drugs used to treat cancer. It defines cancer and describes the main types. The classification of anticancer drugs is discussed, including drugs that act directly on cells like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, antibiotics, and miscellaneous drugs. Drugs that act on hormones are also summarized. Recently approved drugs by the FDA from 2013-2016 for cancers like lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia are listed with their uses. References are included from medical pharmacology textbooks and FDA websites.
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth and division that can spread to other tissues. There are several main types of cancer classified by the tissues they originate from. Chemotherapeutic drugs target rapidly dividing cancer cells and can be classified based on their site of action in the cell cycle or chemical structure. Major classes of chemotherapeutics include alkylating agents, platinum coordination complexes, and antimetabolites. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA through alkylation, inhibiting cell division. Platinum complexes like cisplatin bind DNA and cause crosslinking. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by mimicking normal cell metabolites.
The document discusses three types of anticancer antibiotics - dactinomycin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin. Dactinomycin and daunorubicin are produced by soil fungi Streptomyces and work by binding to DNA to inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis. Dactinomycin is used to treat cancers like gestational trophoblastic neoplasia and Wilms' tumor. Daunorubicin complexes with DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, and is used for neuroblastoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Doxorubicin also intercalates DNA, inhibits topoisomerase II, and is used for cancers like Hodgkin's disease, breast cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma but
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, and incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
This document discusses several chemotherapy drugs and their mechanisms of action. It describes how these drugs work by interfering with DNA replication in cancer cells in different ways, such as by causing DNA crosslinking, strand breaks, or incorporation into DNA to prevent its replication. The drugs mentioned work as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, or by other mechanisms to damage cancer cell DNA and inhibit cell proliferation and survival.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. Antineoplastic agents treat cancer through various modalities like surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy drugs are cytotoxic and have low therapeutic indices, causing toxicity to rapidly dividing normal cells. Toxicities include bone marrow suppression, immunosuppression, nausea/vomiting, alopecia, and organ-specific toxicities. Antineoplastic agents work through various mechanisms during the cell cycle including alkylating DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis through antimetabolites, disrupting microtubules, and causing DNA damage. Resistance can develop through reduced drug accumulation, insufficient activation, increased inactivation or repair of lesions.
The document discusses antitubercular agents used to treat tuberculosis (TB). TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the respiratory system. It can spread through the bloodstream to other organs. Treatment has been hampered by multidrug-resistant TB strains. First-line agents include isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. Second-line agents are used if resistance develops or for patient factors. Isoniazid works by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis, while rifampin inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. New antitubercular agents are needed due to increasing drug resistance.
Recombinant DNA is created using molecular cloning techniques to combine DNA from multiple sources into new sequences. There are three main methods: transformation, phage introduction, and non-bacterial transformation. Transformation involves inserting DNA into bacterial host cells like E. coli, while non-bacterial transformation uses direct microinjection or biolistics in non-bacterial cells. Phage introduction uses bacteriophages to introduce DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has important applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
This document summarizes various alkylating agents used to treat cancer. It describes how alkylating agents work by forming covalent bonds with DNA to prevent replication. Specific agents discussed include nitrogen mustard, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, nitrosoureas like carmustine, alkyl sulfonates like busulfan, ethylenimines like dacarbazine, temozolomide, altretamine, and thiotepa. For many of these, the synthesis and mechanisms of action are outlined. Alkylating agents can cause adverse effects like myelosuppression, sterility, and increased leukemia risk.
This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents, which are used in the management of malignant disease. It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and uses of different classes of antineoplastic agents including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, antibiotics, and miscellaneous agents. The main classes covered are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant products, and antibiotics, with examples of mechanisms and clinical uses for specific drugs within each class.
The document discusses antitubercular agents used to treat tuberculosis. It begins with a brief history of tuberculosis treatment starting with streptomycin. Antitubercular agents are classified as first-line, second-line, and antibiotics. Key first-line agents discussed include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The mechanisms of action and uses of these major drugs are described. Combination therapy is emphasized as essential to reduce resistance and diagrams of standard DOTS regimens are provided. Synthetic routes for isoniazid, PAS and ethambutol are also outlined.
Antibiotics and their mode of action ankush (2019 a109m)ankushkanger1
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Some key antibiotics include penicillin, discovered in 1928, and streptomycin, discovered in 1944. Antibiotics act through several modes of action including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membranes, and inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes of antibiotics include beta-lactams like penicillin which inhibit cell wall synthesis, macrolides like erythromycin which inhibit ribosomal translocation, and aminoglycosides like streptomycin which bind to ribosomal subunits and inhibit translocation. Each class has distinctive producers and modes of inhibitory action on bacterial growth and reproduction.
Similar a Anticancer Antibiotics.pptx-cMpharm pharmaceutical chemistry (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
3. A. Anthracycline
• Anthracycline are large and complex family of antibiotics
• They have a tetracycline ring structure with unusual sugar daunosamine
attached by glycosidic linkage.
Mechanism of Action
The anthraquinone nucleus of the anthracyclines intercalate with DNA,
which leads to single and double stranded DNA breaks.
In addition, anthraquinone is also capable of generating reactive oxygen
species such as hydroxy radical (OH) and super oxide radical anion (0-0).
These free radicals may produce destructive effect upon the cell which may
include damage of DNA.
The generation of free radicals leads to cardio toxicity, a major side effect of
anthracycline.
4. The recent drugs in this classification are Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin,
Idarubicin and Carminomycin. Due to lack of oral activity all the
anthracyclines are administered intravenously.
General Structure of Anthracyclines
Name R R'
Daunorubicin OCH₃ H
Doxorubicin OCH₃ OH
Idarubicin H OH
Carminomycin OH H
5. Daunorubicin
Obtained from streptomyces peucetius
It intercalates DNA and Inhibits tropoisomerase-Ⅱ.
Used in treatment of acute lymphocytic and granulocytic
leukaemia.
6. Doxorubicin
It is obtained from streptomyces peucetius
One of the most effective antitumor agent
It has been used for acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia
7. B. Bleomycin
Glycopeptide isolated from Streptomyces verticillus
Mixture of closely related compounds with bleomycin A,
and B, which are available in nature as blue copper
chelates.
MOA: The cytotoxic property of bleomycin are due to
fragmentation of DNA.
It appears to cause scission of DNA by interacting with
O2 and Fe.
It binds with DNA through its amino terminal peptide and
the activated complex generates free radicals that
causes DNA breaking
Structure: pyrimidine moiety joined to propionamide, B-
amino alanine amine, sidechain, sugar l-glucose, 3-o
carbonyl D-mannose.
8. C. Mytomycin C
It inhibit DNA synthesis by crosslinking double stranded DNA through
guanine and tyrosine
It is used in gastric and pancreatic carcinoma.
9. D. Dactinomycin
Actinomycin-D is produced by Streptomyces chrysomallus and other species of
Streptomyces. It is made up of amino acids.
MOA: It binds to double helical DNA, intercalate in the minor groove of DNA between
adjacent guanosine-cytosine pairs, block DNA dependent RNA polymerase and hence
transcription of DNA molecule is blocked.
Used in the treatment of carcinoma of uterus, testis, Kaposi's sarcoma, osteogenic rcoma,
Wilm's tumour and Ewing's sarcoma.
. .Chemically it is a bicyclic chromopeptide
lactone sharing phenoxazinone dicarboxylic
acid with 2 pentapeptide lactone of nonribo-
somal orgin
12. A. vinca Alkaloids
Vinca alkaloids are derived from plant Vinca rosea,
these are vincristine and vinblastine.
Vinca alkaloids are "spindle poisons". They bind to the
microtubule protein "tubulin" and causes
depolymerization of microtubules, which are essential
for formation of mitotic spindle.
13. Vincristine: Used in the treatment of acute
lymphoblastic leukemia in children, Hodgkin's & non-
Hodgkin's lymphomas, Ewing's soft-tissue sarcoma and
Wilm's tumour.
Vinblastine: Used along with bleomycin and cisplatin
for the treatment of metastatic testicular carcinoma, Also
used in the treatment of systemic Hodgkin's and non-
Hodgkin's lymphomas
14. B. Epipodophyllotoxins: Etoposide
Etoposide is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin.
Etoposide induce strand breaks in DNA via topoisomerare Il
cleavage, inhibition of nucleoside transport and inhibition of
mitochondrial transport.
uses: Used in refractory testicular tumours, Kaposi's sarcoma,
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, small cell lung cancer, Wilm's tumour
& hepatocellular carcinoma
Etoposide-R-CH₃
Tenoposide-R-
S
C
H3
2-methylthiophene
16. Miscellaneous Agents
1. Cisplatin
Cisplatin is a platinum complex containing two ammonia molecule
and two chlorine atom in cis-configuration.
it used in treatment of various cancer including testicular cancer,
esophageal cancer, ovarian cancer, and brain tumor
17. 2. Mitotane
It is dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT)
Uses: Treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and cushing
syndrome.
1
6
2
5
3
4
8
11
12
16
13
15
14
Cl
17
Cl
7
9
Cl
10
1-chloro-2-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene