This document summarizes the results of a survey examining atlas usage in geography courses in US and Canadian universities. The key findings are:
1) Approximately 39% of instructors surveyed reported using atlases in their courses, most commonly print atlases rather than digital atlases.
2) Atlas usage was most common in upper-level human geography courses. Some other courses where atlases were used included introduction to GIS, world regional geography, and introduction to physical geography.
3) Atlases were found to be useful teaching tools for studying spatial patterns and relationships, as background references, for learning locations, and for teaching cartographic skills.
Geography is a subject that helps students understand the world by explaining where places are located, how landscapes form, and how humans interact with the environment. However, teaching some geography concepts like physical processes has been challenging for teachers as students often do not score well on these topics. This document discusses challenges students face in understanding geography and proposes some strategies teachers can use, such as visual aids and videos, to help students learn challenging concepts. It also discusses how group discussions and student-centered approaches can make geography learning more engaging and effective.
Gender-Based Perception and Appraisal of Geography Education By Students in M...iosrjce
Geography is the core of human civilization. It manifests in cultures, trades, music, traditions, trades
science and technology among many other attributes. Geography has played important roles in human
endeavour to reach out into the unknown. Therefore, students’ perception on Geography Education in
Malaysian secondary schools was considered and studied with emphasis on gender-based reactions. The data
on the details of Geography curricula for secondary schools in the study areas were obtained from relevant
Government agencies while data for students’ perception were obtained with the aid of structured
questionnaires. Analyses of the data obtained revealed that students generally have interest in Geography in its
various forms and their awareness in the prospects in Geography as a profession. However, the policy that
positioned Geography to be among the elective subjects, inadequate teaching materials, shortage of quality
Geography facilities and activities alongside the scope of various syllabi as well as methods of teaching have
translated into constrains, thereby leading to loss of interest in participatory learning of Geography as a
subject among students. It was suggested that adequate provision should be made to create awareness for the
importance of and for the prospects in Geography. Enhancement of teaching methods and facilities should be
primary while material and adequate financial aid should also be provided in all secondary schools. In the
conclusions of this study, the need for motivation and enlightenment of students on the relevance of Geography
in different career-choices along with its contribution to innovative technology, environmental development and
sustainability were cited as matter for concern as a matter of urgent needs.
Geographical information systems (GIS) were revolutionizing some students' experiences by providing visual images and satellite technology that brought landscapes to life. Higher attaining pupils were challenged by using GIS to overlay data and explore interactive maps to interpret patterns and solve problems. The document describes a good practice sixth form geography lesson that effectively used satellite technology through GIS for data interpretation to engage students in discussing urbanization. As a result of a well-planned curriculum incorporating GIS, the students gained a good understanding of accessing different types of satellite images and maps.
This document provides a 21st Century Skills Map for geography education. It illustrates how 21st century skills can be integrated into the core subject of geography through examples at different grade levels. The map is intended as a tool to help educators, administrators, and policymakers incorporate critical thinking, problem solving, and digital literacy skills into geography curriculum and lessons. It represents collaboration between educators and organizations to enhance geography teaching and learning for the 21st century.
INTRODUCING GEOGRAPHY AND READING MAP SKILLS TO KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN BY USIN...ijejournal
The construction of space in children develops gradually, as they grow up and is related both to their
environment and to their spatial and/or geographical experiences. According to previous studies, spatial
thinking is malleable, and can be developed with the use of appropriate teaching interventions and
educational material. Geospatial thinking and reading map skills required to decode map symbols are a
relatively new and very interesting topic in kindergarten’s education. Significance of this study is the
creation of two large-scale giant maps, laminated, and appropriate to accompany teaching material that
can be used in a teaching intervention based on the Greek kindergarten curriculum. The first map (scale of
1:1000) is a map of the city of Mytilene, and the second one (scale of 1:20000) is of the island of Lesvos;
both have dimensions 3X4 meters. The purpose of this study is to present the creation of spatial teaching
material, so that map skills in Kindergarten education can be cultivated and developed in order to provide
kindergarten teachers with large scale-giant maps and encourage them to introduce them to their teaching,
as large scale-giant maps are really powerful educational tools for the development of their pupils’ spatial
skills.
Regions as geographical learning resources in Higher Education: Using the loc...Prof Simon Haslett
Presentation by Simon Haslett, Professor of Physical Geography and Director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching at the University of Wales, Newport. Given on 2nd September 2010 at the Higher Education Research Group 'Innovative Spaces of Learning' session at the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Annual Conference at their Headquarters at Kensington Gore, London.
Geography is a subject that helps students understand the world by explaining where places are located, how landscapes form, and how humans interact with the environment. However, teaching some geography concepts like physical processes has been challenging for teachers as students often do not score well on these topics. This document discusses challenges students face in understanding geography and proposes some strategies teachers can use, such as visual aids and videos, to help students learn challenging concepts. It also discusses how group discussions and student-centered approaches can make geography learning more engaging and effective.
Gender-Based Perception and Appraisal of Geography Education By Students in M...iosrjce
Geography is the core of human civilization. It manifests in cultures, trades, music, traditions, trades
science and technology among many other attributes. Geography has played important roles in human
endeavour to reach out into the unknown. Therefore, students’ perception on Geography Education in
Malaysian secondary schools was considered and studied with emphasis on gender-based reactions. The data
on the details of Geography curricula for secondary schools in the study areas were obtained from relevant
Government agencies while data for students’ perception were obtained with the aid of structured
questionnaires. Analyses of the data obtained revealed that students generally have interest in Geography in its
various forms and their awareness in the prospects in Geography as a profession. However, the policy that
positioned Geography to be among the elective subjects, inadequate teaching materials, shortage of quality
Geography facilities and activities alongside the scope of various syllabi as well as methods of teaching have
translated into constrains, thereby leading to loss of interest in participatory learning of Geography as a
subject among students. It was suggested that adequate provision should be made to create awareness for the
importance of and for the prospects in Geography. Enhancement of teaching methods and facilities should be
primary while material and adequate financial aid should also be provided in all secondary schools. In the
conclusions of this study, the need for motivation and enlightenment of students on the relevance of Geography
in different career-choices along with its contribution to innovative technology, environmental development and
sustainability were cited as matter for concern as a matter of urgent needs.
Geographical information systems (GIS) were revolutionizing some students' experiences by providing visual images and satellite technology that brought landscapes to life. Higher attaining pupils were challenged by using GIS to overlay data and explore interactive maps to interpret patterns and solve problems. The document describes a good practice sixth form geography lesson that effectively used satellite technology through GIS for data interpretation to engage students in discussing urbanization. As a result of a well-planned curriculum incorporating GIS, the students gained a good understanding of accessing different types of satellite images and maps.
This document provides a 21st Century Skills Map for geography education. It illustrates how 21st century skills can be integrated into the core subject of geography through examples at different grade levels. The map is intended as a tool to help educators, administrators, and policymakers incorporate critical thinking, problem solving, and digital literacy skills into geography curriculum and lessons. It represents collaboration between educators and organizations to enhance geography teaching and learning for the 21st century.
INTRODUCING GEOGRAPHY AND READING MAP SKILLS TO KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN BY USIN...ijejournal
The construction of space in children develops gradually, as they grow up and is related both to their
environment and to their spatial and/or geographical experiences. According to previous studies, spatial
thinking is malleable, and can be developed with the use of appropriate teaching interventions and
educational material. Geospatial thinking and reading map skills required to decode map symbols are a
relatively new and very interesting topic in kindergarten’s education. Significance of this study is the
creation of two large-scale giant maps, laminated, and appropriate to accompany teaching material that
can be used in a teaching intervention based on the Greek kindergarten curriculum. The first map (scale of
1:1000) is a map of the city of Mytilene, and the second one (scale of 1:20000) is of the island of Lesvos;
both have dimensions 3X4 meters. The purpose of this study is to present the creation of spatial teaching
material, so that map skills in Kindergarten education can be cultivated and developed in order to provide
kindergarten teachers with large scale-giant maps and encourage them to introduce them to their teaching,
as large scale-giant maps are really powerful educational tools for the development of their pupils’ spatial
skills.
Regions as geographical learning resources in Higher Education: Using the loc...Prof Simon Haslett
Presentation by Simon Haslett, Professor of Physical Geography and Director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching at the University of Wales, Newport. Given on 2nd September 2010 at the Higher Education Research Group 'Innovative Spaces of Learning' session at the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) Annual Conference at their Headquarters at Kensington Gore, London.
Augmenting physical 3 d models with projected information to support environm...José María
This document discusses using 3D physical landscape models augmented with projected digital information to support participatory planning and knowledge exchange. It describes how 3D printed landscapes or sandboxes can have elevation data, simulation models, or other geospatial information projected onto their surfaces. This allows for interactive exploration and engagement. Case studies from Australia, Mexico, and Canada are presented that use these 3D projection-augmented landscape models (3DPALMs) for participatory planning, education, and cross-cultural knowledge sharing. The document argues that 3DPALMs provide opportunities to enhance spatial understanding and learning through their multi-sensory and dynamic nature.
My Experiments with the Innovative Research Techniques in GeographyProf Ashis Sarkar
This presentation elaborates and chronicles the application of the steadily evolving research methods in geographical analysis beginning from the college days of the author in the early 1970s.
This document discusses qualitative spatial reasoning, using cardinal directions as an example. It introduces cardinal directions as a way to reason about large-scale spaces without precise quantitative measurements. Two specific systems for determining and reasoning with cardinal directions are discussed. The document outlines a comprehensive research agenda for qualitative spatial reasoning, including extending it to reasoning about extended objects and other spatial relations beyond just distance and direction.
1) The document summarizes Richard Bustin's book "Geography Education’s Potential and the Capability Approach" which outlines the development of the GeoCapabilities project that aimed to develop teachers' curriculum making skills.
2) It describes Richard's involvement in the project as a school partner and how he used it as the basis for his research exploring how the capabilities approach could influence geography curriculum development.
3) The capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen is translated into a "geo" version as a conceptual framework for teachers to develop students' functioning and agency through geographical knowledge.
Geography is the study of the Earth and its features, including both physical aspects like climate and topography as well as human elements like population distribution and land use. It involves describing and analyzing the locations of physical and human phenomena on Earth's surface, as well as exploring the relationships between people and places. Geography uses tools like maps, remote sensing, and geographic information systems to represent and investigate spatial relationships.
There are many websites who provides the homework and assignment help to the students that’s why they understands that, in opposition to the common misconception of geography being simply the investigation of geography and cartography, the train is a marvelously expound one.
The document describes a Web GIS plate tectonics simulation developed for an undergraduate Earth Science course to promote geospatial thinking. The simulation integrated geological and geophysical data sets in a Web GIS interface to allow students to dynamically reconstruct ancient plate motions. Students were assessed through artifacts and a survey. The survey found that students perceived the simulation as helping them think geospatially by analyzing spatial relationships in the visualized data. Key features of the simulation, like instructional supports and tools, contributed to successfully implementing geospatial analysis and thinking.
This document discusses science education in the United States based on several studies and assessments. It finds that according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, only 34% of fourth graders, 30% of eighth graders, and 21% of twelfth graders are proficient in science. International assessments also show U.S. students being outperformed by students in several countries. The document then discusses different approaches to teaching science, including inquiry-based learning and concept maps, and provides research supporting the use of concept maps to improve science comprehension.
The document provides an overview of the National 5 Geography course in Scotland. It outlines the course aims to develop learners' understanding of physical and human environments at local to global scales. The course focuses on developing skills like map reading, fieldwork, interpreting data. It describes the three units which cover physical environments, human environments, and global issues. It provides details on key topics, skills and assessment for each unit.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a story map created to summarize the process of developing Rhode Island's Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP). The story map uses interactive maps, text, images and videos within an online platform to tell the narrative of the Ocean SAMP's inception, development and current status. It aims to communicate the value of the Ocean SAMP planning process and marine spatial planning to various audiences. The document outlines how story maps provide an intuitive format for presenting complex spatial and temporal information in an engaging way, improving comprehension for readers.
An Assessment Framework And Methodology For A Trends In International Geograp...Michele Thomas
The document discusses the development of an international geography assessment called TIGAS for lower secondary students aged 13-14. It provides a rationale for such an assessment, including that it could encourage international collaboration on geography education and provide valuable data on student geographic knowledge across countries. The assessment is being developed using an evidence-centered design approach involving domain analysis and modeling to create a provisional assessment framework. This framework will guide the test specifications and help ensure valid international comparisons.
This document outlines the course material for a Pedagogy of Geography course. It includes 5 units covering the aims and objectives of teaching geography, planning instruction, teaching skills, methods of teaching geography, and resources for teaching geography. The first unit defines geography, discusses its nature and scope, and lists the aims and objectives of teaching geography in schools. Geography is defined as the study of the earth, its features, inhabitants and phenomena. The objectives include developing students' understanding of geography concepts and principles, and broadening their outlook. The need and significance of teaching geography is to promote intellectual development and a knowledge of the world.
The document discusses the development of a framework for the school geography curriculum by the Geographical Association. It aims to influence future national curriculum documents by outlining the key concepts and practices of geography. The framework is intended to guide curriculum development at the national level while also supporting teachers. It will define geography's contributions to education and shape curricula to reflect the modern discipline. The framework's goal is to ensure curricula are informed by geographic expertise and support teacher agency in enacting curricula.
The University of Minnesota has created a consortium called U-Spatial to support spatial research across the university. U-Spatial aims to eliminate duplication of resources and provide shared infrastructure like data, equipment, expertise and other resources to benefit spatial research. The university has a long history of leadership in fields like GIS, remote sensing, and geography. U-Spatial builds on this foundation to support the growing and interdisciplinary field of spatial sciences using technologies ranging from satellite imaging to social networks. The consortium takes a gradual "soft start" approach to developing shared services while allowing rapid growth of collaboration across the university.
A Portfolio Model For The Teaching And Learning Of GIS Competencies In An Upp...Audrey Britton
The document discusses the development of a digital GIS portfolio model to teach GIS skills to upper secondary students in Finland. Researchers used a design-based research approach involving pre-service teachers and geography teachers to develop the portfolio model over six cycles. The digital GIS portfolio was then tested with 17 students in a Geomedia course and improved students' GIS competency, motivation to learn GIS, and understanding of GIS importance. However, a teacher-centered approach was also found important for teaching GIS skills. The results provide knowledge for geography teachers and advice for developing teacher training in GIS education.
This document provides an overview of research methods in geography at St. Augustine University of Tanzania. It discusses key concepts in geographic research including the evolution of geography as a discipline, what geographers study, the scientific approach and various paradigms that have developed. It also outlines the steps in the scientific research process, characteristics of geographic data, and different methods for data collection and analysis. The goal is to introduce students to appropriate techniques for conducting geographic research.
The document discusses maps and geographic information systems. It defines maps as any geographic image of the environment, including mental maps held solely in our minds. Traditionally, cartography focused on producing maps through scaling, generalization, symbolization and transformation. However, geographic information systems now provide capabilities for more sophisticated mapping and analysis by combining automated mapping with linkages that allow complex queries, overlays and spatial modeling. The document argues future systems should address more complex geographic problems and better communicate results using various methods.
Promoting Geoscience STEM Interest in Native American Students: GIS, Geovisualization, and
Reconceptualizing Spatial Thinking Skills .......................................................................................................................... 1
Donna M. Delparte, R. Thomas Richardson, Karla Bradley Eitel, Sammy Matsaw Jr. and Teresa Cohn
Using Coh-Metrix to Analyze Chinese ESL Learners’ Writing....................................................................................... 16
Weiwei Xu and Ming Liu
The Factors Affecting the Adaptation of Junior High School Students with Severe Disabilities to Inclusive or
Segregated Educational Settings ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Li Ju Chen
Supporting to Learn Calculus Through E-test with Feedback and Self-regulation .................................................... 43
Yung-Ling Lai and Jung-Chih Chen
Authentic Instructional Materials and the Communicative Language Teaching Approach of German as Foreign
Language in Uganda ............................................................................................................................................................ 61
Christopher B. Mugimu and Samuel Sekiziyivu
An Evaluation of the New School Administrator Assignment System Applied in Recent Years in Turkey............ 75
Tarık SOYDAN
Antecedents of Newly Qualified Teachers’ Turnover Intentions: Evidence from Sweden ...................................... 103
Dijana Tiplic, Eli Lejonberg and Eyvind Elstad
Multiple Intelligences in the Omani EFL context: How Well Aligned are Textbooks to Students’ Intelligence
Profiles? ............................................................................................................................................................................... 128
Fawzia Al Seyabi and Hind A’Zaabi
The team worked to georeference over 2000 historic vegetation maps from A.W. Küchler's collection that were acquired by Miami University Libraries in the 1980s. They scanned the maps, extracted metadata, and used GIS software to assign coordinate systems and align the maps to current geospatial references. This allowed the maps to be analyzed for changes in vegetation over time. As examples, the team studied the spread of emerald ash borer in Michigan and changes in potential natural vegetation due to urban growth. By georeferencing the maps, they could be made available through an online database and used to research topics like invasive species impacts and land use change.
This document summarizes and reviews research on the use of animation versus static graphics to convey complex systems. The summary is:
1. Many studies that find animation helps learning fail to use equivalent static comparisons, so the benefits of animation alone cannot be determined. Animations often provide more information than the static graphics they are compared to.
2. Research that does make equivalent comparisons generally finds no benefits of animation over static graphics for learning complex systems. Animations may violate principles of good graphic design by being too complex or fast to perceive accurately.
3. Animations may be better suited than static graphics for some tasks like spatial reorientation, but generally do not improve learning complex systems compared to well-designed static graphics
Strong College Essays Admissions Essay, CollegMichelle Shaw
The document discusses the steps to get writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, and reviewing writer bids before selecting one and placing a deposit to start the assignment. Clients can then review the completed paper and request revisions if needed, with HelpWriting.net providing a refund if the paper is plagiarized. The process aims to ensure clients get original, high-quality content that meets their needs and satisfaction.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from an online service. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
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This document discusses using 3D physical landscape models augmented with projected digital information to support participatory planning and knowledge exchange. It describes how 3D printed landscapes or sandboxes can have elevation data, simulation models, or other geospatial information projected onto their surfaces. This allows for interactive exploration and engagement. Case studies from Australia, Mexico, and Canada are presented that use these 3D projection-augmented landscape models (3DPALMs) for participatory planning, education, and cross-cultural knowledge sharing. The document argues that 3DPALMs provide opportunities to enhance spatial understanding and learning through their multi-sensory and dynamic nature.
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This presentation elaborates and chronicles the application of the steadily evolving research methods in geographical analysis beginning from the college days of the author in the early 1970s.
This document discusses qualitative spatial reasoning, using cardinal directions as an example. It introduces cardinal directions as a way to reason about large-scale spaces without precise quantitative measurements. Two specific systems for determining and reasoning with cardinal directions are discussed. The document outlines a comprehensive research agenda for qualitative spatial reasoning, including extending it to reasoning about extended objects and other spatial relations beyond just distance and direction.
1) The document summarizes Richard Bustin's book "Geography Education’s Potential and the Capability Approach" which outlines the development of the GeoCapabilities project that aimed to develop teachers' curriculum making skills.
2) It describes Richard's involvement in the project as a school partner and how he used it as the basis for his research exploring how the capabilities approach could influence geography curriculum development.
3) The capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen is translated into a "geo" version as a conceptual framework for teachers to develop students' functioning and agency through geographical knowledge.
Geography is the study of the Earth and its features, including both physical aspects like climate and topography as well as human elements like population distribution and land use. It involves describing and analyzing the locations of physical and human phenomena on Earth's surface, as well as exploring the relationships between people and places. Geography uses tools like maps, remote sensing, and geographic information systems to represent and investigate spatial relationships.
There are many websites who provides the homework and assignment help to the students that’s why they understands that, in opposition to the common misconception of geography being simply the investigation of geography and cartography, the train is a marvelously expound one.
The document describes a Web GIS plate tectonics simulation developed for an undergraduate Earth Science course to promote geospatial thinking. The simulation integrated geological and geophysical data sets in a Web GIS interface to allow students to dynamically reconstruct ancient plate motions. Students were assessed through artifacts and a survey. The survey found that students perceived the simulation as helping them think geospatially by analyzing spatial relationships in the visualized data. Key features of the simulation, like instructional supports and tools, contributed to successfully implementing geospatial analysis and thinking.
This document discusses science education in the United States based on several studies and assessments. It finds that according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress, only 34% of fourth graders, 30% of eighth graders, and 21% of twelfth graders are proficient in science. International assessments also show U.S. students being outperformed by students in several countries. The document then discusses different approaches to teaching science, including inquiry-based learning and concept maps, and provides research supporting the use of concept maps to improve science comprehension.
The document provides an overview of the National 5 Geography course in Scotland. It outlines the course aims to develop learners' understanding of physical and human environments at local to global scales. The course focuses on developing skills like map reading, fieldwork, interpreting data. It describes the three units which cover physical environments, human environments, and global issues. It provides details on key topics, skills and assessment for each unit.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a story map created to summarize the process of developing Rhode Island's Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP). The story map uses interactive maps, text, images and videos within an online platform to tell the narrative of the Ocean SAMP's inception, development and current status. It aims to communicate the value of the Ocean SAMP planning process and marine spatial planning to various audiences. The document outlines how story maps provide an intuitive format for presenting complex spatial and temporal information in an engaging way, improving comprehension for readers.
An Assessment Framework And Methodology For A Trends In International Geograp...Michele Thomas
The document discusses the development of an international geography assessment called TIGAS for lower secondary students aged 13-14. It provides a rationale for such an assessment, including that it could encourage international collaboration on geography education and provide valuable data on student geographic knowledge across countries. The assessment is being developed using an evidence-centered design approach involving domain analysis and modeling to create a provisional assessment framework. This framework will guide the test specifications and help ensure valid international comparisons.
This document outlines the course material for a Pedagogy of Geography course. It includes 5 units covering the aims and objectives of teaching geography, planning instruction, teaching skills, methods of teaching geography, and resources for teaching geography. The first unit defines geography, discusses its nature and scope, and lists the aims and objectives of teaching geography in schools. Geography is defined as the study of the earth, its features, inhabitants and phenomena. The objectives include developing students' understanding of geography concepts and principles, and broadening their outlook. The need and significance of teaching geography is to promote intellectual development and a knowledge of the world.
The document discusses the development of a framework for the school geography curriculum by the Geographical Association. It aims to influence future national curriculum documents by outlining the key concepts and practices of geography. The framework is intended to guide curriculum development at the national level while also supporting teachers. It will define geography's contributions to education and shape curricula to reflect the modern discipline. The framework's goal is to ensure curricula are informed by geographic expertise and support teacher agency in enacting curricula.
The University of Minnesota has created a consortium called U-Spatial to support spatial research across the university. U-Spatial aims to eliminate duplication of resources and provide shared infrastructure like data, equipment, expertise and other resources to benefit spatial research. The university has a long history of leadership in fields like GIS, remote sensing, and geography. U-Spatial builds on this foundation to support the growing and interdisciplinary field of spatial sciences using technologies ranging from satellite imaging to social networks. The consortium takes a gradual "soft start" approach to developing shared services while allowing rapid growth of collaboration across the university.
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This document provides an overview of research methods in geography at St. Augustine University of Tanzania. It discusses key concepts in geographic research including the evolution of geography as a discipline, what geographers study, the scientific approach and various paradigms that have developed. It also outlines the steps in the scientific research process, characteristics of geographic data, and different methods for data collection and analysis. The goal is to introduce students to appropriate techniques for conducting geographic research.
The document discusses maps and geographic information systems. It defines maps as any geographic image of the environment, including mental maps held solely in our minds. Traditionally, cartography focused on producing maps through scaling, generalization, symbolization and transformation. However, geographic information systems now provide capabilities for more sophisticated mapping and analysis by combining automated mapping with linkages that allow complex queries, overlays and spatial modeling. The document argues future systems should address more complex geographic problems and better communicate results using various methods.
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Language in Uganda ............................................................................................................................................................ 61
Christopher B. Mugimu and Samuel Sekiziyivu
An Evaluation of the New School Administrator Assignment System Applied in Recent Years in Turkey............ 75
Tarık SOYDAN
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Multiple Intelligences in the Omani EFL context: How Well Aligned are Textbooks to Students’ Intelligence
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The team worked to georeference over 2000 historic vegetation maps from A.W. Küchler's collection that were acquired by Miami University Libraries in the 1980s. They scanned the maps, extracted metadata, and used GIS software to assign coordinate systems and align the maps to current geospatial references. This allowed the maps to be analyzed for changes in vegetation over time. As examples, the team studied the spread of emerald ash borer in Michigan and changes in potential natural vegetation due to urban growth. By georeferencing the maps, they could be made available through an online database and used to research topics like invasive species impacts and land use change.
This document summarizes and reviews research on the use of animation versus static graphics to convey complex systems. The summary is:
1. Many studies that find animation helps learning fail to use equivalent static comparisons, so the benefits of animation alone cannot be determined. Animations often provide more information than the static graphics they are compared to.
2. Research that does make equivalent comparisons generally finds no benefits of animation over static graphics for learning complex systems. Animations may violate principles of good graphic design by being too complex or fast to perceive accurately.
3. Animations may be better suited than static graphics for some tasks like spatial reorientation, but generally do not improve learning complex systems compared to well-designed static graphics
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Article Summary Example Ruang. Online assignment writing service.Michelle Shaw
The document provides instructions for requesting and obtaining writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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maps and their understanding firmly in the context of an
important liberal arts component of undergraduate edu-
cation.
Muehrcke (1981) stated that these comments rested
on earlier statements by Hartshorne (1939), Ullman
(1951), and Sauer (1956), and are reinforced later by
Borchert (1987), and Perkins (2004) all of whom made
clear the centrality of maps to the framing of geographic
problems, their solution and the presentation of geo-
graphic discourse to the world at large. Those positions
emphasized that maps are essential to geography and that
an understanding and use of maps is likewise essential to
a geographic education. This understanding has contin-
ued to be a part of the geographic context. Writing in
1990, Peter Haggett noted that “geography is the art of
the mappable” (Haggett, 1990).
The importance of geography as being the “art of
the mappable” has not diminished. Indeed, the prolifera-
tion of maps in both print and digital form make map
understanding (and concomitantly geographic under-
standing) an important part of contemporary perception.
Since the 1990s, however, there has developed a
sense that specific training in the skills of map under-
standing is facing both diminished opportunity and a
changing contextual setting in contemporary geographic
education. Such change has been reviewed in a series of
related articles. Green, Burns, and Green (2008) ex-
plored the national decline in map interpretation enroll-
ments. Gillen and others (2010) considered the use of
introductory texts as a source of materials that could be
used to support map interpretation while Green and oth-
ers (2012) analyzed course syllabi to determine the ex-
tent to which map interpretation instruction was actually
included in introductory courses. Concurrently with the-
se investigations, Skryzhevska, Green, and Abbitt (2013)
considered the nature of map interpretation skills devel-
opment that was supported by GIS text content.
These changing circumstances suggest the need to
strengthen the skills development of map users and re-
new the sense that geography “is the art of the mappa-
ble.” A convenient and well established form of maps
with which to do this is available in the traditional print
atlases which, when joined with electronic/interactive
atlases, provides instructors with a wide array of materi-
als to develop geographic map skills while providing the
cartographic support necessary to fully understand the
geographic complexities of the global community.
In the context of this study, we define an atlas as a
collection of maps, whether it is in traditional print or
digital form.
The idea to bind maps together in a book originated
during the Renaissance. Ever since then, the collections
of maps have influenced contemporary knowledge and
encouraged further advancements in cartography and
mapmaking. The first modern atlas, entitled Theatrum
Orbis Terrarum, was created by Flemish cartographer
Abraham Ortelius in 1584. His work was encouraged
and guided by Gerardus Mercator, who, in turn, created
maps for his own collection, but never finished it. His
atlas was published a year after his death in 1595. Gerar-
dus Mercator, however, is considered to be the first to
coin the term atlas (Harwood, 2006).
Although the topic of atlas use in teaching geogra-
phy hasn’t been widely reflected in the recent literature,
throughout the course of the past two decades, scholarly
findings in the area of geography education indicated
that atlases represent an important instructor’s recourse
that helps to develop spatial perspective and to form spa-
tial analysis skills in students. Wiegand (1998; 2006)
pointed out that atlases are essential reference tools that
require continuing development of skills in their use.
Klein (2003) suggested that atlas-based activities foster
development of spatial thinking through frequent analy-
sis and interpretation of spatial data. Increasingly, as a
result of rapid development of geospatial technologies,
maps and atlases are becoming digital and interactive
(Wiegand, 2006). These technologies bring countless
opportunities to geography education by allowing stu-
dents to work with spatial data and visualizations and, by
doing so, deeper understand the content of geographic
knowledge (Bodzin, 2011; Songer, 2010; Lee and Bed-
narz, 2009). Geospatial technologies also help students
to develop geospatial thinking needed for spatial prob-
lem-solving (Bednarz, Heffron, and Hunyh, 2013). As
indicated in the report from the Geography Education
Research Committee of the Road Map for 21st Century
Geography Education Project (Bednarz, Heffron, and
Hunyh, 2013), high caliber research about geospatial
technologies and learning is needed.
2. Purpose and scope of the study. The purpose of
this study is to get a better understanding of atlas use in
geography education in the U.S. and Canadian universi-
ties by determining the nature and extent of atlas use in
contemporary geographic instruction. To achieve this
goal, we conducted a survey that involved geography
instructors in the U.S. and Canada. In order for the study
to be truly contemporary, our investigation allowed for
responses that covered both traditional print atlases and
digital forms.
3. Method and data. In this study, we used an elec-
tronic survey that was sent by email to two hundred and
ninety-five geography instructors in the U.S. and Can-
ada. We used divisions of the Association of American
Geographers (AAG) as a basic geographic unit of analy-
sis. To compile a sample of surveyed individuals, we
used the following criteria:
1. Twenty-five percent of all geography programs
in each AAG division were selected;
2. Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral programs
were included;
3. Twenty percent of instructors in each selected
program were surveyed;
4. Instructors were picked randomly within each
geography program.
The survey consisted of ten questions that aimed at
better understanding of atlas use in geography education.
A list of the survey questions is presented in Appendix 1.
4. Results. The survey was sent to the surveyed
group twice, with a two-week interval, and generated
18.3 percent response rate (fifty-four responses out of
two hundred and ninety-five surveys sent). Below, we
present our results summarized under five broad topics.
In addition, Table 1 summarizes the responses to the
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selected survey question and indicates their geographic
distribution.
4.1. Are atlases used in geography instruction?
Nearly thirty-nine percent of respondents indicated
that they use atlases in their instruction.
As indicated in Table 1, the majority of instructors
who use atlases, prefer print copies rather than digital
atlases. This result is rather surprising, given the speed
with which technological change has been affecting our
access to information and teaching styles and methods.
Table 1
Selected responses to the survey questions and their geographic distribution
AAG Division Responses Use atlases
in their
instruction,
responses
Use atlases
in their
instruction,
% of the
total within
a division
Use print
atlases,
responses
Use print
atlases, % of
those who
use atlases
within
a division
Use
digital
atlases,
responses
Use digital
atlases, %
of those
who use
atlases
within a
division
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
East Lakes 9 4 44.4 1 25 3 75
Great Plains/
Rocky
Mountains
8 3 37.5 3 100.0 0 0.0
Mid Atlantic 2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Middle States 3 1 33.3 1 100.0 0 0.0
New England/
St Laurence
2 1 50.0 1 50.0 1 50.0
Pacific Coast 12 4 33.3 3 75 2 50
Southeast 7 1 14.3 1 100.0 0 0.0
Southwest 7 5 71.4 5 100.0 1 20.0
West Lakes 4 2 50.0 2 100.0 0 0.0
Total 54 21 38.9 17 80.9 7 33.4
Note: Respondents were allowed to specify that they used both print and digital atlases.
Source: Compiled by authors using survey results.
4.2. In what courses are atlases used?
Thirty-nine percent of the instructors who re-
sponded to the survey teach upper-level Human Geogra-
phy courses, sixteen percent teach introductory Human
Geography, fifteen percent teach GIS, fourteen percent
teach World Regional Geography, eleven percent teach
introductory Physical Geography, and eight percent
teach upper-level Physical Geography. In addition, at-
lases are used in a wide variety of courses, such as
World Forests, Geography of Honolulu and North Amer-
ica, Research Methods in Geography, Remote Sensing,
Natural Hazards, Geography of Europe, History and
Theory of Geography, Geographic Background to Cur-
rent World Affairs, Geography of Pennsylvania, Geo-
graphic Writing, Geographical Statistics, Political Geog-
raphy, Geography of Russia, Field Methods, Environ-
mental Geography, Water Resources, Biogeography,
North American House Types, Rural Landscapes of
North America, Geography of Indiana, Oceanography,
Political Ecology, Geography of Urbanization, Social
Geography, Cultural Geography, and Geography of Con-
sumption.
4.3. What atlases are used in geography instruc-
tion?
The most frequently used print atlases in ranked or-
der were: Goode’s World Atlas, Rand McNally Road
Atlas, Readers Digest Atlas of America, Perthes World
Atlas, U.S. National Atlas (USGS), Climate Atlas of
Texas, Texas Agro-Climatic Atlas, Atlas of Landforms,
Texas Water Atlas, Rand McNally Atlas of the World,
and Cambridge World Atlas.
Digital atlases used by the survey respondents were
the following: Atlas of Canada, U.S. Census Bureau At-
las, and USGS National Atlas.
4.4. How are atlases used in geography instruction?
Use of atlases in geography instruction, as specified
by the respondents, can be summarized in the following
categories: Homework assignments (answers can be
found in atlases); as a background information or con-
text resource; as a source that helps to learn geographic
locations; to learn cartographic methods and map de-
sign; map interpretation; to teach geographic patterns.
Additionally, twenty percent of the respondents use at-
lases for quizzes and exams.
4.5. Are atlases important in geography education?
This survey question generated a set of forty-eight
responses that revealed the undoubted importance of
atlases, both print and digital, in geography education. A
vast majority (ninety-two percent) of respondents stated
that atlases are important tools for geography instructors.
Several respondents referred to atlases as “essential
tools,” “sources that provide a spatial context to enrich
reading, “great way to convey information and have stu-
dents think spatially,” and “sources that along with text
and statistics provide a rich geographic description.”
Interestingly, even the instructors, who do not use atlases
in their teaching, admitted their importance and critical
role in introducing the concept of scale.
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By contrast to those who value atlases as essential
tools in geography, others suggested that, affected by
advancements of technology, atlases are becoming obso-
lete. We assume that these respondents referred to print
atlases only. Several responses indicated that Google
Earth replaces maps and other cartographic materials
used in class prior to the introduction of this popular
(and free) digital program. As an argument against use of
print atlases, the cost of an atlas was mentioned. When
added to the cost of a textbook, it might become burden-
some for students.
Additionally, two useful suggestions were made by
the respondents. One suggestion is to publish a basic
atlas specific for physical geography. Another one is to
develop teaching methods that would help incorporate
atlas-based exercises in a large-lecture-class setting.
5. Discussion.
5.1. Use of atlases
As previously mentioned about thirty-nine percent
of the respondents indicated that atlases are used in ge-
ography instruction. Given the variety of options for
classes, thirty-nine percent is a solid showing. Many
instructors are going away from standard textbooks to a
compilation of readings. An atlas may be a useful sup-
plementary text. Several introductory textbook publish-
ers can add an atlas to a textbook package. In other cases
many introductory texts have a large number of thematic
maps so that the textbook is sufficient without the addi-
tion of an atlas. Some introductory textbooks also have
publisher’s websites with maps beyond those included in
the textbooks.
A variety of atlases are available for classroom use.
Appendix 2 presents a list of atlases recommended for
classroom use by the authors of this paper. Some atlases
such as Goode’s and Perthes are general atlases that are
useful for introductory classes. Goode’s is produced by
Rand McNally and can be bundled with introductory
geography textbooks from Pearson. Upper level course
generally use more specialized atlases of a particular
topic, e.g. politics or GIS, or region, e.g. Asia or Texas.
Rand McNally has the North American Road Atlas. The
USGS produces the National Map in digital format that
includes capabilities to utilize GIS to produce maps.
There was a National Atlas of the United States in print
and then online, but that has been discontinued. The
Rand McNally World Atlas also in digital format has a
useful teaching tutorial website,
http://www.randmcnally.com/support/category/world-
atlas. The online Census Atlas of the United States, pro-
vides pdfs of a number of social and economic maps of
the data from the U.S. Census as well as a print version.
5.2. Examples of atlas usage
The methods of instructions vary from homework
assignments, enhancement of geographic location capa-
bilities, to map design and interpretation. Instructors also
use the atlases for quizzes and tests. As a text in the
classroom, the instructor can lead the students in a topi-
cal discussion over sections of an atlas. A directed dis-
cussion would identify certain maps and allow student
time in class to discover the geographic information por-
trayed in the maps. Either the students would bring their
atlas to class, or the instructor needs to have sufficient
atlases on hand. Further, we introduce several examples
of class activities used by the authors of this paper.
5.2.1. Goode’s World Atlas in introductory World
Regional Geography course
One of the authors uses the Goode’s World Atlas in
an introductory World Regional Geography Course.
Students purchase the atlas along with the text. On cer-
tain class days marked in the syllabus, the students bring
the atlas to class and answer questions referring to cer-
tain sections of the atlas. For example, for the unit about
East Asia, sample questions include: What cultures (lan-
guages and religions) are in East Asia? Where are the
natural hazards? What is the precipitation pattern?
Where are the natural resources? Compare the popula-
tion distribution of China, Japan, and the Koreas. What
are the distances from Pyongyang, North Korea to Seoul,
South Korea, Japan, China, Russia? Questions are pro-
vided in class and then students proceed to examine the
appropriate maps. Questions could also be provided as
homework. Questions sample cultural, environmental,
economic, population and political geography. Not all
students may bring the atlas, so the instructor can use a
document camera to project the maps.
5.2.2. McGraw Hill Student Atlas of World Geog-
raphy
One of the authors uses the McGraw Hill Student
Atlas of World Geography in a global affairs course. In
this, questions on certain topics are provided to the stu-
dents as homework. Students also bring the atlas to class
and then we discuss the results. A document camera is
also useful. Topics include population, geopolitics, eco-
nomic development, culture and environmental issues.
Questions on population include
1. What are the largest cities in the World (Map A)?
2. Where are the 10 most populous countries (Table
A)?
3. How does the developed world compare with the
developing world in terms of population size?
4. What counties have the highest population
growth rates (Map B)?
5. What countries have the lowest population
growth rates (Map C)?
Compare the locations of these countries.
7. What countries have regions of high population
density (Map D)? Low density?
8. How does population density correlate with pop-
ulation growth rate (Map E)?
9. What countries have serious population prob-
lems?
10. What are some indicators of population prob-
lems?
5.2.3. The Routledge Atlas of Central Eurasian Af-
fairs
One of the authors uses The Routledge Atlas of
Central Eurasian Affairs in an upper level Asia course.
The atlas is organized topically and includes maps on
history, population, environment, economy, culture and
politics as well as maps of countries and provinces. In
this case for each section of the course, the appropriate
section maps in the atlas are assigned. Students write a
weekly response to the readings as well as the atlas
maps. The students bring the atlas to class and discuss
the maps along with the readings for the class session.
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5.2.4. Atlas of Canada
Another author uses the Atlas of Canada. The atlas,
first published in 1906 by the Canadian government, is
now available online at http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-
sciences/geography/atlas-canada. It is a great source of
historical and contemporary geographic information on
economic, social, and environmental situation in Canada,
as well as a convenient interactive mapping tool for con-
struction of topographic maps. The atlas contains a myr-
iad of downloadable maps that can be used in geography
courses to illustrate spatial patterns and phenomena. This
example illustrates an assignment on linguistic culture
regions and bilingualism in introductory Human Geog-
raphy course. Students are asked to download maps of
linguistic regions for two official languages in Canada:
English and French, and the maps of population density
and educational attainment. Further, they are asked to
explore spatial distributions of Anglophone and Franco-
phone populations and answer a series of questions:
1. Is there a core-periphery pattern in distribution of
Anglophone population?
2. Is there a core-periphery pattern in distribution of
Francophone population?
3. How is the English-French bilingualism spatially
distributed?
4. Is there a correlation between the areas with high
percentage of bilingual population and high population
density?
5. Is there a correlation between the areas with high
degree of educational attainment and high percentage of
bilingual population?
5.2.5. Goode’s World Atlas in introductory physical
geography course
Another author uses Goode’s World Atlas to ex-
pand on linkages with elements of physical geography in
an introductory physical geography class. In addition to
offering exposure to additional resources, the atlas is
used in exercises related to:
1. Energy at the earth surface in which maps of
frost-free periods, percent possible sunshine and the sur-
face temperature regions maps are used.
2. Weather maps in which a series of Goode’s maps
are used to relate natural hazards to geographic place, the
Average Track of Highs and Lows and precipitation
maps are used in an eco-region context with the world
eco-regions map.
3. One full exercise uses Goode’s Atlas to introduce
and expand on scale, use of symbols in legends; atlas
map content and atlas tabular content.
4. Goode’s Atlas is used to provide material used in
world climate classification including the normal range
of temperature map and the variability of annual precipi-
tation map.
5. A variety of atlas maps are used in exercises on
biogeography and soils including vegetation maps, soils
maps and ecoregion maps.
The useful role of atlases in geographic education is
appreciated by the respondents who indicate the impor-
tance of atlases as materials for geographic instruction.
Students can develop a deeper understanding of concepts
such as scale and space, a richer feel for map design and
interpretation, and can access a wealth of data. Another
point of departure for instructors is the choice between
using a print atlas, accessing a digital atlas, or using a
wide variety of sources on the internet to examine maps
and geographic information. One item of concern men-
tioned is the cost of the atlases. For the atlases used by
the respondents, a new Goode’s World Atlas has a base
price of $33. Perthes World Atlas is $52 and there is
also a digital version available for $199. Simpler atlases
are cheaper. Google Earth is available for free, so one
can access general reference materials. The instructor
could access some thematic material on Google Earth as
well but not as much as that portrayed in Goode’s or
Perthes. Pearson has a workbook that utilizes Google
Earth and KMZ files suitable for introductory courses.
So the cost is certainly manageable.
6. Conclusions. In this paper we discussed use of
atlases in teaching geography in higher education in the
U.S. and Canada. Originated during the Renaissance,
atlases played an important role during the Age of Dis-
covery and contributed valuable knowledge to the pro-
gress of cartography and mapmaking. Nowadays, atlases
continue to serve as one of the important resources need-
ed for understanding of space and spatial interactions. It
is evident from this study that, despite a tremendous in-
crease in availability of new methods and tools for geog-
raphy instruction, atlases both print and digital remain an
integral part of geographic education.
From the survey conducted among the geography
instructors in the U.S. and Canadian universities, we
conclude that nearly thirty-nine percent of respondents
use atlases in their instruction. Nearly eighty-one percent
of the abovementioned instructors use print atlases,
while thirty-three percent use digital atlases available
online.
Atlases are useful for studies of spatial associations
and geographic patterns, as a background information or
context resource, as a source that helps to learn geo-
graphic locations, and to learn cartographic methods and
map design. Affected by the advancement of digital
technology, GIS-based atlases also allow students to
make connections between data used for visualizations
and spatial patterns and phenomena that these visualiza-
tions reveal. Given a rapid development of geospatial
technologies, we expect an increased use of digital and
interactive atlases in geography instruction.
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Appendix 1. Survey Questions
1. Which of the following geography courses do you teach?
• Introductory physical geography
• Upper level physical geography
• Introductory human geography
• Upper level human geography
• World regional geography
• Cartography
• Map Interpretation
• Geographic Information Systems
2. Other (specify)
3. Where is your university located?
• USA
• Canada
4. In which AAG regional division you are located?
• East Lakes
• Great Plains/Rocky Mountains
• Middle Atlantic
• Middle States
• New England/St. Lawrence Valley
• Pacific Coast
• Southeast
• Southwest
• West Lakes
5. Do you use atlas(es) in your instruction?
• Yes
• No
6. If you answered “Yes” to Question 4, please list the atlases you use in your instruction.
7. If you answered “Yes” to Question 4, please specify how atlases are used in your instruction.
8. If you answered "Yes" to Question 4, which types of atlases do you prefer to use?
• Print atlases
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• Digital atlases
9. Do you use atlases for quizzes and/or exams in your classes?
• Yes
• No
10. Do you think atlases are important in geography education? Why or why not?
11. Do you have anything else you would like to add about use of atlases in geography courses?
Appendix 2. List of Atlases Available for Classroom Usage
Print Sources:
Agro-Climatic Atlas of Texas. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1984.
Brunn, Stanley, Stanley Toops and Richard Gilbreath. The Routledge Atlas of Central Eurasian Affairs. New
York: Routledge, 2012.
Curran, H. Allen. Atlas of Landforms. New York: Wiley, 1984.
Estavile, Lawrence, Texas Water Atlas. College Station: Texas A& M University Press, 2008.
Herb, Guntram ed. Perthes World Atlas. McGraw–Hill, 2006.
Herb, Guntram, ed. Cambridge World Atlas. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Rand McNally Road Atlas: United State Canada, Mexico, Chicago, Ill; Rand McNally, 2016.
Readers Digest Atlas of America, Pleasantville, NY: Readers Digest Association, 2005.
Sutton, Christopher. McGraw Hill Student Atlas of World Geography. New York: McGraw Hill, 2014.
Veregin, Howard, and J. Paul Goode. Goode’s World Atlas. Skokie, Ill, Rand McNally, 2010.
National Atlas of Germany, Leipzig: Institut fur Landerkunde, 1999.
USGS. National Atlas of the United States. Washington, D.C.: USGS, 1997 (out of print).
Digital sources:
Atlas of Canada http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/atlas-canada
Google Earth https://www.google.com/earth/
US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/
US National Map http://nationalmap.gov
North American Environmental Atlas http://cec.org/tools-and-resources/north-american-environmental-atlas
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