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Similar a basic concepts of sociology, nature, scope and importance
Similar a basic concepts of sociology, nature, scope and importance (20)
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basic concepts of sociology, nature, scope and importance
- 1. TOPIC: BASIC CONCEPTS PRESENTED BY: RABIA JAVED IQBAL
- 2. Groups Two or more persons are in communication over an appreciable period of time and who act in accordance with common function or purpose Social group is the foundation of society and culture.
- 3. Importance of social group Socialization is the process by which individuals learn how to behave in accordance with the group and ultimately societies norms and values Culture is the way of living of people. It only be learnt by social life. Human personality develops in social groups. The type of personality depends the type of groups thy socialized. It is must for the continuity of human race. The system of marriage in societies is universal social event. The main aim of humanity is attained by child birth. Social groups provide requirements of needy people. Society has divided people according to there needs and interests. These groups have reciprocal role. They help one another to satisfy the need of people
- 4. Elements of Social Group 1. There are at least two person 2. There is a reciprocal relationship among the members 3. There is a common purpose., among the group members. It means they have common interests for which they form a group.
- 5. Group life among Animals Ants, bees, birds and other animals have group lives, They have societies. The bird leading in flight is their king, bees and ants also have their king and queen. Their presence together is the sense of social interaction among themselves. It mean social interaction among animals is of low degree that is why they have no culture.
- 6. Types of Social Groups On basis of intimacy and nature of relationship On the basis of membership On the basis of identity On the basis of rules and regulations Primary group Secondary groups Membership group Non membership group In group Formal group Informal group Out group
- 7. Primary group whenever two or more individuals come together and influences one another, called social group. E.g. Family, neighborhood, gossip group Characteristics of Primary Groups Face-to-face interaction: Primary groups are characterized by close intimate and face to face interaction. Intimacy: Here everyone knows everyone else and there is strong intimacy among the members. They are even known to nick names of their members. Mutual Aid & Help: Mutual aid assistance among the members of the groups always found. They cooperate with each other at the time of help.
- 8. Consciousness of kind: Consciousness of kind exists. If means they recognize one another and express it whenever needed. We – Feeling: we – feeling (sense of unity and commonality) is found among the members of the group. It means they live together as one body. Small in Size: Primary groups are smaller in size. Large number decreases intimacy and loose the bond of the group. Physical proximity or nearness: face-to-face relation can be found only when members live in a particular area more or less on permanent basis. Frequent Interaction: Interaction among members of the group is frequent and it can be many times in a day. Personal relation: In this, interest of each is centered in others as persons. They interact with each other on the basis of personal relation. Similarity of background: Members must have more or less similar background.
- 9. Secondary Group The groups which provide experience lacking in intimacy are called secondary groups. E.g. residents of same village, playmates, class fellows, people praying in the mosque Characteristics of Secondary group Spatial distance between members. Short duration. Large number. Lack of intimacy among members. Formal relationships and partial involvement of personality. Casualness of contact.
- 10. Deliberately and consciously formed. Feeling of individualism among members. Voluntary membership. Impersonal and based on status. Specific aims or interest of formation.
- 11. Primary and secondary relations in modern societies In rural section, society emphasis of social contact remains within primary group and is retarded toward secondary with almost non- existence of tertiary relations. In modern societies the ideal functions of these groups have shown opposite trend It is due to advancement in technology and industrialization Families have shifted some roles of socialization to nursing centers. Day care centers etc.
- 12. In-group and Out-group An in-group is the group that an individual feels they belongs to, and they believes it to be an integral part of who they are. An out-group, conversely, is a group someone doesn’t belong to; often we may feel disregard or competition in relationship to an out-group. Sports teams, unions, and organizations are examples of in-groups and out-groups; people may belong to, or be an outsider to, any of these. Primary groups consist of both in-groups and out-groups, as do secondary groups
- 13. Formal and informal group Formal groups are the ones that are created as per official authority, so as to fulfill the desired objective. informal groups are formed by the employees as per their likes, interests, and attitudes. The most common reason behind the creation of a group is the urge of people to talk and make their own circle, where they can interact freely, know each other, work unitedly and accomplish the tasks which are being assigned to them.
- 14. Reference Group A reference group is a group that people compare themselves to—it provides a standard of measurement Groups which serves as a point of comparison are known as reference group.
- 15. Ethnic Group A social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture
- 16. Caste It is a permanent group. Status of individual is fixed through heredity alone. Received by birth Still prevalent in Pakistani society
- 17. Pressure group A pressure group is an organization which attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations. Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar objectives.
- 18. Vested interest group Groups that seek to control a social system or activity from which they derive private benefit. Has its own ends Does not interfere in government Desire benefits Club Formally organized group Multi-purpose Product of friendship
- 19. Voluntary association Membership is voluntary FEATURES OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION Voluntary members Minimum components Formal aspects ignored Small membership
- 20. Temporary forms of association Audience: in cinemas match etc Crowd: shopping centers Mob: have leader to focus emotions Public: t.v public
- 21. Organization Friendly group Multi-purpose but form for specific aim. Special interest group
- 22. Formal organization formal organization include specialization, hierarchy, written rules and regulations, impartiality and impersonality, and record keeping. E.g. banks, universities, army, trade etc
- 23. Characteristics of formal organizations Specific functions Norms and codes Division of labor, social status Authority Bureaucracy Rationality Relative permanence
- 25. Community Kingsley Davis defined it as the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life. Nature and characteristics of community A group of people living together in an area fulfilling their needs by mutual cooperation A group of people having a sense of belonging of place of residence creates a sediment of community Community is a group of people having a common culture.
- 26. Types of community Rural community Urban community
- 27. Rural community Natural phenomena A rural community can be described as a town, village, or other municipality or county that has a low population density. These communities tend to be made up of ranches, farms, and other widely dispersed dwellings.
- 28. Characteristics Small populations Lack in administrative organization Lack of modernization Absence of big social institutions Agricultural in nature Scattered housing pattern Equal division of labor Informal interaction Slow interaction and social change Celebration of events Homogeneity Traditional recreations endogamy
- 29. Urban community in sociology, the most basic definition of an urban community is a community that lives in a city or large town. These communities are characterized by denser populations than rural communities and involve more complex social institutions to provide for the needs of the residents and organize the larger population.
- 30. Characteristics 1. Large size and high density of population 2. Heterogeneity 3. Anonymity 4. Mobility and transiency 5. Formality of relations 6. Social distance 7. Regimentation / regulations 8. Segmentation of personality.
- 32. Society A system of usage and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many grouping and divisions, of contest, of human behavior, and of liberties Society and individual Groups in interrelation develop society. Societies are interdependence among the individuals. An individual is the part of social groups hence a part of society. The nature of behaviors, habits and attitudes are directly related to society
- 33. Social life of humans Variety of humans need extends variety of human behavior. Economic, political, religious, educational etc and so many other basic and derivative needs are fulfilled through social relationships. Within the society there are groupings on the basis of likeness and differences like same profession, same caste, family etc Humans are also dependent upon societies for food, protection, education and comfort
- 34. Nature & Characteristics of society Largest social group of people Composed of social groups Social institutions are the main organs Society changes with the rate depending upon the culture. Dynamism Rural-urban composition Presence of culture Fulfillment of human needs Consciousness of kind
- 35. Organized in nature Limited geographical boundary Presence of social system Mechanism of social norms and sanctions Socialization of individuals Permanent social group
- 36. Elements of society A big aggregate of people Living together since long Having a sense of belonging More or less permanent associations Having a common culture
- 37. Difference between society and community SOCIETY COMMUNITY Limited geographical boundary No such rigidity in area Loose group because of social interaction Close social interactions No trait like sense of belonging Sense of belonging Influenced by general culture Influenced by local culture Depends on other societies for needs More or less self-sufficient Huge network of institutes Institutes are limited Cooperation and mutual aid is not effective Cooperation and mutual aid is effective
- 38. Evolution of human society Shah Wali Ullah stated that ‘man for the fulfillment of his three basic needs adopted group life. These needs were the continuity of human race, protection of life and satisfaction of needs
- 39. Types of society Nomadic v/s sedentary society Traditional v/s modern societies Rural v/s urban societies
- 40. Nomadic society No permanent place of settlement People roam from one place to other with luggage in search of food and water No hereditary property They are tribes and have tribal culture
- 41. Characteristics of nomadic society Population size Geographical mobility Absence of ownership Traditional way of living Strict social norms Local culture Profession Residence of social change
- 42. Sedentary society Having permanent settlement in both urban or rural areas Characteristics of sedentary society Permanent settlement Transfer of ancestral land Stratified social change Presence of sub culture Presence of tribal group Low geographical mobility Social reforms Ethnocentrism
- 43. Traditional society Fewer social institutions Simple culture with odd ways Mean of communication is very slow Social changes were minimum Homogenous social life
- 44. Characteristics of traditional societies Non-industrial culture Simple economic institutions Simple way of living Kacha tracks and roads Lack of modern communication Slow social interactions Limited social institutions Small population Lack of invention Lack of basic civic facilities Protection of religious and cultural values
- 45. Modern society Expansion of education, technology, industry and urban life Complex culture changing with time Base of materializing Heterogeneous life
- 46. Characteristics of modern society Advanced industry and technology Urbanization High population pressure Sub social institutions Job opportunities Better income Social stratification Urban facilities Source of communication International relations Crime rate Women status
- 47. Rural society Sparsely populated Focus on agricultural professions Simple culture Natural environment Informal social life Homogeneity in professions Slow means of communications
- 48. Characteristics of rural society Open settlement Mud constructed houses Agriculture Informal social norms Informal social groups Informal social interaction Low literacy rate Less social change Attachment with religion Poor urban facilities
- 49. Urban society Similar facilities of modern social life Social interaction is fast and formal Social change is fast because of education and technology Complex social life Anonymity
- 50. Characteristics of urban life Dense settlement pattern Pakka houses Urban facilities Formal social interaction Formal group life Division of labor Shortage of houses Social change High standard living
- 51. Social life among animals Population Division of labor Group solidarity Social system
- 52. Difference between human and animal societies Culture Language Social norms Values Education Social system Social change Heredity Social interaction Social institutions