This document provides an overview of basic cartography and map interpretation. It defines key cartography concepts like maps, plans, map scales, symbols and coordinate systems. It explains that maps are a graphic representation of real world features and phenomena used to communicate geographic information. The document also outlines the map making process, characteristics of maps, data sources and elements like legends, scales and citations. It provides examples of different map types and uses of plans. Finally, it describes geographic and projected coordinate systems used to define map locations.
If you are building all the components of a service, it makes sense not to couple them too tightly.
Example: Internet is a collection of services and machines controlled from a central location, is an example of small pieces, loosely joined.
Architects of a Service: where each piece should be designed to do one thing well and not rely too much on tight integration with separate component it uses.
Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses.
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network.
Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers?
IP addresses are difficult to remember.
Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses.
Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses.
Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses.
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network.
Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers?
IP addresses are difficult to remember.
Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses.
Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses.
The Internet of Flying Stuff.
The Internet of Moving Stuff.
The Internet of Social Stuff.
The Internet of Talking Stuff.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
If you are building all the components of a service, it makes sense not to couple them too tightly.
Example: Internet is a collection of services and machines controlled from a central location, is an example of small pieces, loosely joined.
Architects of a Service: where each piece should be designed to do one thing well and not rely too much on tight integration with separate component it uses.
Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses.
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network.
Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers?
IP addresses are difficult to remember.
Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses.
Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses.
Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses.
The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network.
Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers?
IP addresses are difficult to remember.
Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses.
Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses.
The Internet of Flying Stuff.
The Internet of Moving Stuff.
The Internet of Social Stuff.
The Internet of Talking Stuff.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
GIS Lecture 3- Map Projetion and Coordinate System.pptabdukkedir2007
the perfect land development plan for Project Site X, Y & Z, we will explore various methods of land assembly and public-private partnerships to secure the remaining 20 hectares of land for the project
This presentation gives a basic idea of GIS and its uses and different softwares commonly used. It also covers difference between vector and raster. General idea of projection is also covered.
Topics:
1. Mapping Concepts
2. Analysis with paper based Maps
3. Limitations of Paper based Maps
4. Computer Aided Cartography History and Development
5. GIS Definition
6. Advantage of Digital Maps
Introduction to various GIS software, google earth. Intro types, types of maps, map projections and hands on to Q GIS software. Introduction to latitude longitude system, shape file generation, geo referencing and digitization.
Sharing historical maps and atlases in web appsAileen Buckley
Historical maps and atlases in print form are often difficult for large numbers of readers to find, access, and use. In this workshop, learn how to bring these valuable resources to life in web apps that not only provide users with access to the origin print content, but also add value through the user’s experience with the app. This workshop takes you step-by-step through a workflow for converting map collections and atlas content to a format that can be shared online. You’ll learn how to scan, georeference, and build metadata for the maps and atlas pages; how to convert the scanned map images to image services; and how to create a web app that gives users access to the scanned images and provides functionality for useful and engaging online map and atlas exploration.
GIS Lecture 3- Map Projetion and Coordinate System.pptabdukkedir2007
the perfect land development plan for Project Site X, Y & Z, we will explore various methods of land assembly and public-private partnerships to secure the remaining 20 hectares of land for the project
This presentation gives a basic idea of GIS and its uses and different softwares commonly used. It also covers difference between vector and raster. General idea of projection is also covered.
Topics:
1. Mapping Concepts
2. Analysis with paper based Maps
3. Limitations of Paper based Maps
4. Computer Aided Cartography History and Development
5. GIS Definition
6. Advantage of Digital Maps
Introduction to various GIS software, google earth. Intro types, types of maps, map projections and hands on to Q GIS software. Introduction to latitude longitude system, shape file generation, geo referencing and digitization.
Sharing historical maps and atlases in web appsAileen Buckley
Historical maps and atlases in print form are often difficult for large numbers of readers to find, access, and use. In this workshop, learn how to bring these valuable resources to life in web apps that not only provide users with access to the origin print content, but also add value through the user’s experience with the app. This workshop takes you step-by-step through a workflow for converting map collections and atlas content to a format that can be shared online. You’ll learn how to scan, georeference, and build metadata for the maps and atlas pages; how to convert the scanned map images to image services; and how to create a web app that gives users access to the scanned images and provides functionality for useful and engaging online map and atlas exploration.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Learning Objectives
• After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Read and interpret plans, maps, and drawings
Explain the key features and functions of maps, plans and drawings
Identify the marginal items used to convey information about the
features represented on maps
Identify commonly used and conventional symbols and abbreviations
in maps
3/4/2024 2
3. READING AND INTERPRETING MAPS AND PLANS
• Cartography
• Basics of Map
• Why make Maps?
• Type of Map
• Map Making Process
• Characteristics of Map
• Data Source
• Map Scale and Computation
• Map Symbology
• Plan
• Coordinate System
3/4/2024 3
4. Cartography
• Originated from two Greek words “khartēs” means "map"; and graphein, "write").
• Thus, it is the science and art of making maps.
• The purpose of map making is to:
Communicate geographic information in a graphic form as a digital image or a
paper map (analog).
To position the surroundings, location and (eg. Where is something?) etc.
Graphics better than description …….’A picture tells a thousand words’.
Maps are an essential land information sources which exist in different;
oDocuments and
oWebsites in digital and analog form.
A map is a graphical representation of real world (Earth, stars, solar system, a building,
etc…
Basics of Maps
3/4/2024 4
5. Maps are a two-dimensional representation of the real world at a known scale of
selected phenomena.
Features portrayed on a map exist in space in the actual world as a three dimensional.
Why Make Maps?
• To represent a larger area than we can see
• To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyes
• To present information concisely
• To show spatial relationships
Basics of Maps …Cont’d
3/4/2024 5
6. Types of Maps
• Maps are classified into different classes based on multiple factors.
Even though, there is no fixed number of map types, most scholars
agrees that larger the scale the smaller the area it represents and
the vice versa.
3/4/2024 6
7. General Purpose Maps
• Political Maps: Maps showing the
political boundaries of states.
E.g.: World political map
• Physical Maps: Maps that demonstrate
physical landscape and associated features.
E.g.: World physical map
3/4/2024 7
8. Cont.…
• Topographic Maps: maps that shows the
topographic features on the earth.
e.g. Lake map
• Climate Maps: maps that demonstrate information
on climate condition, weather, and etc.
e.g.: world climate map
• LULC Maps: maps show how land is being used.
3/4/2024 8
9. Cadastral Map.
A cadastral map shows the boundaries of every plot of
land (Parcel).
It indicates the relationship of legal boundaries (the
spatial extents) of a given parcel and ownership right of
the property.
It is the basis for legal aspects like ownership as well as
fiscal aspects like taxation of land.
It also provides data for planning assignments (for
example, boundaries of constructions, land use, and
soil).
Cadaster is all about the answers of where?‘ and how
3/4/2024 9
10. Map Making Process
The process involves the
transformation of information.
The cartographer's task -
explore the ramifications of
each mapping possibility.
Choose the most appropriate
for the intended task based on
the audience.
3/4/2024 10
11. Characteristics of Map
Location( Where is parcel?)
Attribution (Who owns, what extent?)
Reduction of reality (Modelling)
Scale (project based)
Geometrical
transformation/projection(3D to 2D)
Abstractions of reality (Globe)
Mapping data sources
Aerial photograph, Ground surveying, Remote sensing and Existing maps
3/4/2024 11
12. Map Elements
• Maps are composed of a varying number of elements.
• There are potentially dozens of map elements but we focus here on a few key ones.
• Most maps contain the same common elements:
Data Frame
Map Legend
Map Title
North Arrow
Map Scale
Map Citation
Map Scale
• On the basis of their scale at which they are prepared maps can be categorized into:
• Large scale maps: that can be drawn at the scale 1:50,000
• Medium scale maps: which can be drawn at the scale between 1:50,000-1:500,000
• Small scale maps: those maps prepared at the scale 1:500,000
3/4/2024 12
13. 𝑀𝑎𝑝 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝑀𝑎𝑝 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
=
𝐺𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Mapprojection =
Map Distance
GlobeDistance
E.g.: a scale of 1:50,000 (1 unit on the map , 50,000 units on the ground)
Three ways of showing a scale on a map:
• Statement in words 1cm= 10km
• Representative fraction (R.F) e.g. 1:50000
• Linear Scale
Map
Scale…..Cont’d
3/4/2024 13
14. Example:
If the map distance obtained through measurement using a ruler on a given map
whose scale is 1: 25,000 is 8.5 cm so the ground distance will be calculated in the
following manner.
Multiply distance by scale: 8.5cm x 25,000 = 212,500
cm
Convert to meters: 212,500 / 100 =2,125 m
Convert to km: 2,125 / 1,000 =2.125 km
3/4/2024 14
15. Map Symbolization
• Symbolization is an important skill in cartography,
or map making.
• It is the process of choosing an appropriate
representation for specific features on a map.
• Symbols are a code instead of text.
• Basic building blocks of symbolization are
Geometry (points, lines, and areas) and
Visual variables (shape, size, hue/colour, and
value).
3/4/2024 15
19. Plans
Plans are a set of drawings or two-dimensional
diagrams used to describe a place or object, or to
communicate design or construction instructions.
• It can be paper based or digital.
• Most planning applications require both a site
plan and location plan.
Site plan
Site plan is also known as a ‘block plan’ shows the
proposed development in relation to the property
boundary. It includes:
• The size and position of the existing building in
relation to the property boundary
• The position and use of any other buildings
within the property boundary
• The position and width of any adjacent streets.
3/4/2024 19
20. Plan…..Cont’d
Location Plan
• Location plan shows the proposed development
in relation to its surrounding properties.
Location plan is prepared based on an up-to-
date base map and produced at the scale of
either 1:1,250 for the urban areas and small
properties or 1:2,500 for rural areas and large
properties.
3/4/2024 20
21. Drawing is a form of visual art used to represent the visual world with no definite scale by
making of dots, lines and areas onto paper or other materials like walls. It is the oldest forms of
human expression within the visual art.
Drawing types can be categorized into various classes depending on the classification criteria,
such as:
and etc.
• Concept Drawing: Often freehand, that are used as a quick and simple way of
exploring initial ideas for designs.
• Working Drawing: Provide dimensioned, graphical information that can be
used; by a contractor to construct the works.
• Design Drawing: Used to develop and communicate ideas about a developing
design.
• Detail Drawing: provide a detailed description of the geometric form of a part of an
object such as a building, bridge, tunnel, machine, plant, and so on.
Types of Drawing and their Functions
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22. Coordinate System
• Coordinate system is a set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are
to be assigned to points. Or, it is a system that uses numbers or coordinates to
determine the position of a point or geometric element within a geographic
framework.
• Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for
integration. It includes the definition of the coordinate axes, the units to be used and
the geometry of the axes.
• There are two types of coordinate systems:
• Geographic Coordinate Systems
• Projected Coordinate Systems
3/4/2024 22
23. Geographic Coordinate Systems (GCS): uses a three-
dimensional spherical surface to define locations on
the earth in the form of Latitude and Longitude (For
example: World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84))
Projected Coordinate Systems (PCS):
• is defined on a flat, two-dimensional surface.
• It is always based on a GCS that is based on a
sphere or spheroid and include a map projection.
projection.
• For example: Universal Transverse Mercator
projection (UTM).
Geographic Coordinate Systems
3/4/2024 23
Latitude is the Y axis, longitude is the X axis