This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by describing cache location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, and physical characteristics. It then covers the different mapping techniques used in caches, including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also discusses cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, block size, and multilevel cache hierarchies. It provides examples of specific processor cache designs like those used in Intel Pentium processors.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses the memory hierarchy from registers to external memory. Common cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping are explained. The document also covers cache performance, replacement algorithms, write policies, and how locality of reference relates to cache effectiveness.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical characteristics, and organization. It describes the memory hierarchy including registers, cache, main memory, and external memory. It discusses different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also covers cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, line size, and multilevel caches. It provides examples of cache organizations from various processors like Intel Pentium 4.
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by describing cache location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, and organization. It then provides more details on location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods including sequential, direct, random and associative, and memory hierarchy including registers, main memory, and external memory. The document also discusses performance metrics, physical types, physical characteristics, cache organization methods like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and replacement algorithms. It covers write policies, line size, multilevel caches, hit ratios, and unified versus split caches. Specific processor cache architectures like those of the Pentium 4 are also summarized.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical types, organization, and memory hierarchy. It discusses different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also covers cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, line size, and multilevel caches. As an example, it analyzes the cache architecture of Intel Pentium 4 processor.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses the memory hierarchy from registers to external memory. Common cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, associative mapping, and set associative mapping are explained. The document also covers cache design considerations such as replacement algorithms and write policies.
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by describing cache location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, and physical characteristics. It then covers the different mapping techniques used in caches, including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also discusses cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, block size, and multilevel cache hierarchies. It provides examples of specific processor cache designs like those used in Intel Pentium processors.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses the memory hierarchy from registers to external memory. Common cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping are explained. The document also covers cache performance, replacement algorithms, write policies, and how locality of reference relates to cache effectiveness.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical characteristics, and organization. It describes the memory hierarchy including registers, cache, main memory, and external memory. It discusses different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also covers cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, line size, and multilevel caches. It provides examples of cache organizations from various processors like Intel Pentium 4.
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by describing cache location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, and organization. It then provides more details on location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods including sequential, direct, random and associative, and memory hierarchy including registers, main memory, and external memory. The document also discusses performance metrics, physical types, physical characteristics, cache organization methods like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and replacement algorithms. It covers write policies, line size, multilevel caches, hit ratios, and unified versus split caches. Specific processor cache architectures like those of the Pentium 4 are also summarized.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical types, organization, and memory hierarchy. It discusses different cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. The document also covers cache performance factors like hit ratio, replacement algorithms, write policies, line size, and multilevel caches. As an example, it analyzes the cache architecture of Intel Pentium 4 processor.
This document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses the memory hierarchy from registers to external memory. Common cache mapping techniques like direct mapping, associative mapping, and set associative mapping are explained. The document also covers cache design considerations such as replacement algorithms and write policies.
Cache memory provides fast access to recently accessed data. It sits between the CPU and main memory. There are three key aspects of cache design - mapping function, replacement algorithm, and write policy. The mapping function determines how addresses map to cache locations. Direct mapping maps each block to one location, while associative mapping allows blocks to map to any location. Replacement algorithms determine which block to replace when new data is added. Write policies handle updating memory on writes.
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions and data from main memory. It improves performance by reducing access time compared to main memory. There are three main characteristics of cache memory: 1) it uses the principle of locality of reference, where data that is accessed once is likely to be accessed again soon; 2) it is organized into blocks that are transferred between cache and main memory as a unit; and 3) it uses mapping and tagging to determine if requested data is in cache or needs to be fetched from main memory.
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by listing characteristics of cache memory such as location, capacity, access methods, and physical types. It then discusses specific cache memory topics in more detail, including direct mapping, set associative mapping, replacement algorithms, write policies, and examples of cache sizes from different processors over time. The document aims to explain the basic concepts of cache memory.
The document discusses characteristics of computer memory systems including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and hierarchy. It covers different types of memory like registers, cache, main memory, disk, and tape. It describes cache mapping techniques like direct, associative, and set associative mapping. It also discusses memory management techniques like page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal page replacement. Finally, it provides an overview of input/output modules that interface between the CPU and external devices.
Cache Memory for Computer Architecture.pptrularofclash69
The document discusses cache memory characteristics including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and mapping functions. It provides details on direct mapping, associative mapping, set associative mapping, replacement algorithms, and write policies for cache memory. Key aspects covered include cache hierarchy, cache operation, typical cache organization, comparison of cache sizes over time, and how mapping functions, block size, and number of sets/ways impact cache design.
Cache memory is a type of fast memory located close to the CPU that temporarily stores frequently accessed data from main memory to improve performance. There are multiple levels of cache with different characteristics. The L1 cache is the fastest but smallest, located directly on the CPU chip, while higher level caches like L2 and L3 are larger but slower. Caches use mapping functions like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping to determine where to store data blocks from main memory in the cache.
The document summarizes key aspects of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses cache memory hierarchies, characteristics of different memory types, mapping techniques like direct mapping and set associative mapping, and factors that influence cache design like block size and replacement algorithms. The goal of using a cache is to improve memory access time by taking advantage of temporal and spatial locality in programs.
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that temporarily stores frequently accessed data. It improves performance by providing faster access for the CPU compared to accessing main memory. There are different types of cache memory organization including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. Direct mapping maps each block of main memory to only one location in cache while set associative mapping divides the cache into sets with multiple lines per set allowing a block to map to any line within a set.
The document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical types, organization, and hierarchy. It discusses cache memory in terms of where it is located (internal or external to the CPU), its typical sizes (word, block), access techniques (sequential, random, associative), performance metrics (access time, transfer rate), common physical implementations (SRAM, disk), and organizational aspects like mapping functions, replacement algorithms, and write policies. A cache sits between the CPU and main memory, using fast but small memory to speed up access to frequently used data from larger but slower main memory.
This document discusses various aspects of computer memory systems including cache memory. It begins by defining key terms related to memory such as capacity, organization, access methods, and physical characteristics. It then covers cache memory in particular, explaining the basic concept of caching as well as aspects of cache design like mapping, replacement algorithms, and write policies. Examples of cache configurations from different processor models over time are also provided.
The document discusses cache design and organization. It describes how caches work, sitting between the CPU and main memory to provide fast access to frequently used data. The key aspects covered include cache size, block size, mapping techniques, replacement algorithms, write policies, and the evolution of cache hierarchies in processors like the Pentium IV with multiple levels of on-chip and off-chip caches.
The document discusses cache design and organization. It describes how caches work, sitting between the CPU and main memory to provide fast access to frequently used data. The key aspects covered include cache size, block size, mapping techniques, replacement algorithms, write policies, and the evolution of cache hierarchies in processors like the Pentium IV with multiple levels of on-chip and off-chip caches.
This document discusses memory subsystems and hierarchy. It begins by describing the memory hierarchy which includes registers, main memory (RAM), and external memory. It then discusses different types of memory in terms of read/write capability, volatility, and erasure mechanisms. The document outlines cache organization and mapping techniques including direct mapping, set associative, and fully associative mapping. It provides examples of address mapping for each technique. The document also discusses RAM and ROM types as well as memory subsystem organization.
This document discusses memory hierarchy and caching. It begins by describing the memory hierarchy pyramid from fastest and smallest (registers) to slowest and largest (disk). The key concepts of locality of reference—temporal and spatial locality—are introduced. Cache aims to exploit locality by storing recently accessed data in faster memory closer to the CPU. Direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping are described as techniques for mapping memory blocks to cache lines. Replacement policies for determining which cache line to overwrite are also discussed.
This document discusses memory hierarchy and caching. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Memory is organized in a hierarchy from fastest and smallest (registers and cache) to slowest and largest (disk). Cache sits between CPU and main memory to improve performance by exploiting locality of reference.
2. Caches use mapping functions to determine which block of main memory corresponds to each cache line. Direct mapping allocates blocks to lines in a fixed way while fully associative mapping allows blocks to map to any line.
3. Cache hits are faster than misses, which involve reading a block from lower levels. Hit rates above 95% can improve average memory access time significantly compared to lower hit rates.
This document discusses the key characteristics of computer memory, including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, physical characteristics, and organization. It covers different types of memory like CPU registers, main memory, cache, disk, and tape. The different access methods like sequential, direct, random, and associative access are explained. The memory hierarchy and performance aspects like access time, memory cycle time, and transfer rate are defined. Factors like cache size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, block size that impact cache performance are also summarized.
This document provides information about memory hierarchy and cache design. It discusses the different types of memory technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are used at different levels of the memory hierarchy. It describes the basic operations of DRAM and SRAM. It also covers cache organization concepts like direct-mapped caches, cache hits, misses, and handling reads and writes. The goal of the memory hierarchy is to provide fast access to frequently used data while also providing large storage capacity.
Memory Hierarchy PPT of Computer Organization2022002857mbit
The document discusses memory hierarchy and cache design. It begins by listing sources used to create slides on this topic. It then provides definitions of key terms like cache hit, miss, hit time, and miss penalty. The document explains the principles of memory hierarchy, including exploiting locality of reference and implementing multiple memory levels with decreasing size but increasing speed. It discusses technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are commonly used for caches and main memory. The document also addresses four important questions in cache design: block placement, block identification, block replacement, and write strategy.
The document provides a review for chapters 5-6 on computer architecture and memory hierarchies. It begins with an overview of the memory hierarchy from registers to disk, explaining how caches exploit locality through temporal and spatial locality. It then discusses cache performance measures like hit rate and miss penalty. The remainder analyzes key design questions for memory hierarchies, including block placement, identification, replacement, and write strategies.
This document discusses cache memory and its characteristics. It begins by defining cache memory as a smaller, faster memory located close to the CPU that stores copies of frequently accessed data from main memory. This is done to achieve higher CPU performance by allowing faster access to cached data compared to main memory. The document then covers various characteristics of cache memory like location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, organization, mapping functions, replacement algorithms, and write policies. Diagrams are included to illustrate cache read operations and different mapping approaches.
Cache memory provides fast access to recently accessed data. It sits between the CPU and main memory. There are three key aspects of cache design - mapping function, replacement algorithm, and write policy. The mapping function determines how addresses map to cache locations. Direct mapping maps each block to one location, while associative mapping allows blocks to map to any location. Replacement algorithms determine which block to replace when new data is added. Write policies handle updating memory on writes.
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that stores frequently accessed instructions and data from main memory. It improves performance by reducing access time compared to main memory. There are three main characteristics of cache memory: 1) it uses the principle of locality of reference, where data that is accessed once is likely to be accessed again soon; 2) it is organized into blocks that are transferred between cache and main memory as a unit; and 3) it uses mapping and tagging to determine if requested data is in cache or needs to be fetched from main memory.
This document discusses cache memory organization and characteristics. It begins by listing characteristics of cache memory such as location, capacity, access methods, and physical types. It then discusses specific cache memory topics in more detail, including direct mapping, set associative mapping, replacement algorithms, write policies, and examples of cache sizes from different processors over time. The document aims to explain the basic concepts of cache memory.
The document discusses characteristics of computer memory systems including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and hierarchy. It covers different types of memory like registers, cache, main memory, disk, and tape. It describes cache mapping techniques like direct, associative, and set associative mapping. It also discusses memory management techniques like page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU and optimal page replacement. Finally, it provides an overview of input/output modules that interface between the CPU and external devices.
Cache Memory for Computer Architecture.pptrularofclash69
The document discusses cache memory characteristics including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, organization, and mapping functions. It provides details on direct mapping, associative mapping, set associative mapping, replacement algorithms, and write policies for cache memory. Key aspects covered include cache hierarchy, cache operation, typical cache organization, comparison of cache sizes over time, and how mapping functions, block size, and number of sets/ways impact cache design.
Cache memory is a type of fast memory located close to the CPU that temporarily stores frequently accessed data from main memory to improve performance. There are multiple levels of cache with different characteristics. The L1 cache is the fastest but smallest, located directly on the CPU chip, while higher level caches like L2 and L3 are larger but slower. Caches use mapping functions like direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping to determine where to store data blocks from main memory in the cache.
The document summarizes key aspects of cache memory including location, capacity, access methods, performance, and organization. It discusses cache memory hierarchies, characteristics of different memory types, mapping techniques like direct mapping and set associative mapping, and factors that influence cache design like block size and replacement algorithms. The goal of using a cache is to improve memory access time by taking advantage of temporal and spatial locality in programs.
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that temporarily stores frequently accessed data. It improves performance by providing faster access for the CPU compared to accessing main memory. There are different types of cache memory organization including direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping. Direct mapping maps each block of main memory to only one location in cache while set associative mapping divides the cache into sets with multiple lines per set allowing a block to map to any line within a set.
The document summarizes key characteristics of cache memory including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical types, organization, and hierarchy. It discusses cache memory in terms of where it is located (internal or external to the CPU), its typical sizes (word, block), access techniques (sequential, random, associative), performance metrics (access time, transfer rate), common physical implementations (SRAM, disk), and organizational aspects like mapping functions, replacement algorithms, and write policies. A cache sits between the CPU and main memory, using fast but small memory to speed up access to frequently used data from larger but slower main memory.
This document discusses various aspects of computer memory systems including cache memory. It begins by defining key terms related to memory such as capacity, organization, access methods, and physical characteristics. It then covers cache memory in particular, explaining the basic concept of caching as well as aspects of cache design like mapping, replacement algorithms, and write policies. Examples of cache configurations from different processor models over time are also provided.
The document discusses cache design and organization. It describes how caches work, sitting between the CPU and main memory to provide fast access to frequently used data. The key aspects covered include cache size, block size, mapping techniques, replacement algorithms, write policies, and the evolution of cache hierarchies in processors like the Pentium IV with multiple levels of on-chip and off-chip caches.
The document discusses cache design and organization. It describes how caches work, sitting between the CPU and main memory to provide fast access to frequently used data. The key aspects covered include cache size, block size, mapping techniques, replacement algorithms, write policies, and the evolution of cache hierarchies in processors like the Pentium IV with multiple levels of on-chip and off-chip caches.
This document discusses memory subsystems and hierarchy. It begins by describing the memory hierarchy which includes registers, main memory (RAM), and external memory. It then discusses different types of memory in terms of read/write capability, volatility, and erasure mechanisms. The document outlines cache organization and mapping techniques including direct mapping, set associative, and fully associative mapping. It provides examples of address mapping for each technique. The document also discusses RAM and ROM types as well as memory subsystem organization.
This document discusses memory hierarchy and caching. It begins by describing the memory hierarchy pyramid from fastest and smallest (registers) to slowest and largest (disk). The key concepts of locality of reference—temporal and spatial locality—are introduced. Cache aims to exploit locality by storing recently accessed data in faster memory closer to the CPU. Direct mapping, set associative mapping, and fully associative mapping are described as techniques for mapping memory blocks to cache lines. Replacement policies for determining which cache line to overwrite are also discussed.
This document discusses memory hierarchy and caching. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Memory is organized in a hierarchy from fastest and smallest (registers and cache) to slowest and largest (disk). Cache sits between CPU and main memory to improve performance by exploiting locality of reference.
2. Caches use mapping functions to determine which block of main memory corresponds to each cache line. Direct mapping allocates blocks to lines in a fixed way while fully associative mapping allows blocks to map to any line.
3. Cache hits are faster than misses, which involve reading a block from lower levels. Hit rates above 95% can improve average memory access time significantly compared to lower hit rates.
This document discusses the key characteristics of computer memory, including location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, physical type, physical characteristics, and organization. It covers different types of memory like CPU registers, main memory, cache, disk, and tape. The different access methods like sequential, direct, random, and associative access are explained. The memory hierarchy and performance aspects like access time, memory cycle time, and transfer rate are defined. Factors like cache size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, block size that impact cache performance are also summarized.
This document provides information about memory hierarchy and cache design. It discusses the different types of memory technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are used at different levels of the memory hierarchy. It describes the basic operations of DRAM and SRAM. It also covers cache organization concepts like direct-mapped caches, cache hits, misses, and handling reads and writes. The goal of the memory hierarchy is to provide fast access to frequently used data while also providing large storage capacity.
Memory Hierarchy PPT of Computer Organization2022002857mbit
The document discusses memory hierarchy and cache design. It begins by listing sources used to create slides on this topic. It then provides definitions of key terms like cache hit, miss, hit time, and miss penalty. The document explains the principles of memory hierarchy, including exploiting locality of reference and implementing multiple memory levels with decreasing size but increasing speed. It discusses technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are commonly used for caches and main memory. The document also addresses four important questions in cache design: block placement, block identification, block replacement, and write strategy.
The document provides a review for chapters 5-6 on computer architecture and memory hierarchies. It begins with an overview of the memory hierarchy from registers to disk, explaining how caches exploit locality through temporal and spatial locality. It then discusses cache performance measures like hit rate and miss penalty. The remainder analyzes key design questions for memory hierarchies, including block placement, identification, replacement, and write strategies.
This document discusses cache memory and its characteristics. It begins by defining cache memory as a smaller, faster memory located close to the CPU that stores copies of frequently accessed data from main memory. This is done to achieve higher CPU performance by allowing faster access to cached data compared to main memory. The document then covers various characteristics of cache memory like location, capacity, unit of transfer, access methods, performance, organization, mapping functions, replacement algorithms, and write policies. Diagrams are included to illustrate cache read operations and different mapping approaches.
Similar a Chache memory ( chapter number 4 ) by William stalling (20)
Lecture number 5 Theory.pdf(machine learning)ZainabShahzad9
This document discusses computer networks and routing protocols. It provides an overview of key topics including:
- The difference between routed protocols like IPv4 and IPv6 that transfer user data, and routing protocols like RIP and OSPF that send route update packets.
- Common routing and routed protocols including IGPs, EGPs, RIP, OSPF, EIGRP and BGP.
- Desirable properties of routing algorithms such as correctness, robustness, stability, fairness and efficiency.
- Types of routing including fixed, flooding, dynamic and default routing. Characteristics of distance vector and link state routing protocols are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of network topologies:
- Bus topology connects all devices to a single cable or line. It is easy to set up but not suitable for large networks.
- Ring topology arranges each node in a closed loop connected to exactly two other nodes. It provides equal access but if one node fails the whole network fails.
- Star topology connects each device to a central hub/switch. It is reliable but the hub is a single point of failure.
- Mesh topology connects all devices to each other providing multiple redundant paths but is complex and expensive to implement.
- Tree topology combines aspects of bus and star topologies, providing some redundancy but is difficult to configure.
- Hybrid
1. The document discusses finite automata with output, including Moore machines.
2. A Moore machine consists of states, input/output alphabets, transition and output tables. The transition table specifies the next state for each input, while the output table gives the output for each state.
3. An example Moore machine is given with 4 states that maps the input string "abbabbba" to the output string "100010101".
The document describes operating system concepts related to resource allocation and deadlocks. It defines a system model where processes compete for shared resources. A deadlock occurs when a set of processes are blocked waiting for resources held by other processes in the set, forming a circular wait. The document outlines four conditions for deadlock and describes methods to prevent, avoid, detect, and recover from deadlocks using techniques like safe state algorithms, resource ordering, and process termination.
This document discusses solutions to the critical-section problem in operating systems. It describes the critical-section problem, which involves processes accessing shared resources and needing to prevent concurrent access to critical sections. It outlines three requirements for a solution: mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting. Two general approaches are described - preemptive and nonpreemptive kernels. Peterson's solution and use of synchronization hardware like mutex locks and semaphores are presented as classic software solutions to enforce mutual exclusion between processes in critical sections.
This document contains information about the development of a hospital management system including normalized relational schemas and a revised ER diagram. It describes 10 functional requirements for the system such as allowing patients to book appointments and view medical history. It then analyzes 10 relations and their functional dependencies to show that each relation is in 3NF. The document was written by Hrishikesh Athalye for their class project on developing a hospital management system using ReactJS, Node.js, and MySQL.
This project aims to create a file repository system that allows users to easily manage files through a login system. The system will use classes, priority queues, and file handling to provide users with usernames and passwords to securely create, delete, insert, read and write files. The estimated time for completion is two weeks. Key aspects of the system include assigning fixed or custom priorities to files for accessing them, and an attempt will be made to develop a Windows application interface using Visual Studio, though the core project is console-based.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
5. Unit of Transfer
• Internal
— Usually governed by data bus width
• External
— Usually a block which is much larger than a
word
• Addressable unit
— Smallest location which can be uniquely
addressed
— Word internally
— Cluster on M$ disks
6. Access Methods (1)
• Sequential
— Start at the beginning and read through in
order
— Access time depends on location of data and
previous location
— e.g. tape
• Direct
— Individual blocks have unique address
— Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential
search
— Access time depends on location and previous
location
— e.g. disk
7. Access Methods (2)
• Random
— Individual addresses identify locations exactly
— Access time is independent of location or
previous access
— e.g. RAM
• Associative
— Data is located by a comparison with contents
of a portion of the store
— Access time is independent of location or
previous access
— e.g. cache
8. Memory Hierarchy
• Registers
— In CPU
• Internal or Main memory
— May include one or more levels of cache
— “RAM”
• External memory
— Backing store
10. Performance
• Access time
— Time between presenting the address and
getting the valid data
• Memory Cycle time
— Time may be required for the memory to
“recover” before next access
— Cycle time is access + recovery
• Transfer Rate
— Rate at which data can be moved
16. So you want fast?
• It is possible to build a computer which
uses only static RAM (see later)
• This would be very fast
• This would need no cache
— How can you cache cache?
• This would cost a very large amount
17. Locality of Reference
• During the course of the execution of a
program, memory references tend to
cluster
• e.g. loops
18. Cache
• Small amount of fast memory
• Sits between normal main memory and
CPU
• May be located on CPU chip or module
21. Cache operation – overview
• CPU requests contents of memory location
• Check cache for this data
• If present, get from cache (fast)
• If not present, read required block from
main memory to cache
• Then deliver from cache to CPU
• Cache includes tags to identify which
block of main memory is in each cache
slot
23. Cache Design
• Addressing
• Size
• Mapping Function
• Replacement Algorithm
• Write Policy
• Block Size
• Number of Caches
24. Cache Addressing
• Where does cache sit?
— Between processor and virtual memory management
unit
— Between MMU and main memory
• Logical cache (virtual cache) stores data using
virtual addresses
— Processor accesses cache directly, not thorough physical
cache
— Cache access faster, before MMU address translation
— Virtual addresses use same address space for different
applications
– Must flush cache on each context switch
• Physical cache stores data using main memory
physical addresses
25. Size does matter
• Cost
— More cache is expensive
• Speed
— More cache is faster (up to a point)
— Checking cache for data takes time
28. Mapping Function
• Cache of 64kByte
• Cache block of 4 bytes
— i.e. cache is 16k (214
) lines of 4 bytes
• 16MBytes main memory
• 24 bit address
— (224
=16M)
29. Direct Mapping
• Each block of main memory maps to only
one cache line
— i.e. if a block is in cache, it must be in one
specific place
• Address is in two parts
• Least Significant w bits identify unique
word
• Most Significant s bits specify one memory
block
• The MSBs are split into a cache line field r
and a tag of s-r (most significant)
30. Direct Mapping
Address Structure
Tag s-r Line or Slot r Word w
8 14 2
• 24 bit address
• 2 bit word identifier (4 byte block)
• 22 bit block identifier
— 8 bit tag (=22-14)
— 14 bit slot or line
• No two blocks in the same line have the same Tag field
• Check contents of cache by finding line and checking Tag
35. Direct Mapping Summary
• Address length = (s + w) bits
• Number of addressable units = 2s+w
words or bytes
• Block size = line size = 2w words or bytes
• Number of blocks in main memory = 2s+
w/2w = 2s
• Number of lines in cache = m = 2r
• Size of tag = (s – r) bits
36. Direct Mapping pros & cons
• Simple
• Inexpensive
• Fixed location for given block
— If a program accesses 2 blocks that map to the
same line repeatedly, cache misses are very
high
37. Victim Cache
• Lower miss penalty
• Remember what was discarded
— Already fetched
— Use again with little penalty
• Fully associative
• 4 to 16 cache lines
• Between direct mapped L1 cache and next
memory level
38. Associative Mapping
• A main memory block can load into any
line of cache
• Memory address is interpreted as tag and
word
• Tag uniquely identifies block of memory
• Every line’s tag is examined for a match
• Cache searching gets expensive
42. Tag 22 bit
Word
2 bit
Associative Mapping
Address Structure
• 22 bit tag stored with each 32 bit block of data
• Compare tag field with tag entry in cache to
check for hit
• Least significant 2 bits of address identify which
16 bit word is required from 32 bit data block
• e.g.
— Address Tag Data Cache line
— FFFFFC FFFFFC24682468 3FFF
43. Associative Mapping Summary
• Address length = (s + w) bits
• Number of addressable units = 2s+w
words or bytes
• Block size = line size = 2w words or bytes
• Number of blocks in main memory = 2s+
w/2w = 2s
• Number of lines in cache = undetermined
• Size of tag = s bits
44. Set Associative Mapping
• Cache is divided into a number of sets
• Each set contains a number of lines
• A given block maps to any line in a given
set
— e.g. Block B can be in any line of set i
• e.g. 2 lines per set
— 2 way associative mapping
— A given block can be in one of 2 lines in only
one set
45. Set Associative Mapping
Example
• 13 bit set number
• Block number in main memory is modulo
213
• 000000, 00A000, 00B000, 00C000 … map
to same set
49. Set Associative Mapping
Address Structure
• Use set field to determine cache set to
look in
• Compare tag field to see if we have a hit
• e.g
— Address Tag Data Set number
— 1FF 7FFC 1FF 12345678 1FFF
— 001 7FFC 001 11223344 1FFF
Tag 9 bit Set 13 bit
Word
2 bit
51. Set Associative Mapping Summary
• Address length = (s + w) bits
• Number of addressable units = 2s+w
words or bytes
• Block size = line size = 2w words or bytes
• Number of blocks in main memory = 2d
• Number of lines in set = k
• Number of sets = v = 2d
• Number of lines in cache = kv = k * 2d
• Size of tag = (s – d) bits
52. Direct and Set Associative Cache
Performance Differences
• Significant up to at least 64kB for 2-way
• Difference between 2-way and 4-way at
4kB much less than 4kB to 8kB
• Cache complexity increases with
associativity
• Not justified against increasing cache to
8kB or 16kB
• Above 32kB gives no improvement
• (simulation results)
55. Replacement Algorithms (2)
Associative & Set Associative
• Hardware implemented algorithm (speed)
• Least Recently used (LRU)
• e.g. in 2 way set associative
— Which of the 2 block is lru?
• First in first out (FIFO)
— replace block that has been in cache longest
• Least frequently used
— replace block which has had fewest hits
• Random
56. Write Policy
• Must not overwrite a cache block unless
main memory is up to date
• Multiple CPUs may have individual caches
• I/O may address main memory directly
57. Write through
• All writes go to main memory as well as
cache
• Multiple CPUs can monitor main memory
traffic to keep local (to CPU) cache up to
date
• Lots of traffic
• Slows down writes
• Remember bogus write through caches!
58. Write back
• Updates initially made in cache only
• Update bit for cache slot is set when
update occurs
• If block is to be replaced, write to main
memory only if update bit is set
• Other caches get out of sync
• I/O must access main memory through
cache
• N.B. 15% of memory references are
writes
59. Line Size
• Retrieve not only desired word but a number of
adjacent words as well
• Increased block size will increase hit ratio at first
— the principle of locality
• Hit ratio will decreases as block becomes even
bigger
— Probability of using newly fetched information becomes
less than probability of reusing replaced
• Larger blocks
— Reduce number of blocks that fit in cache
— Data overwritten shortly after being fetched
— Each additional word is less local so less likely to be
needed
• No definitive optimum value has been found
• 8 to 64 bytes seems reasonable
• For HPC systems, 64- and 128-byte most
common
60. Multilevel Caches
• High logic density enables caches on chip
— Faster than bus access
— Frees bus for other transfers
• Common to use both on and off chip
cache
— L1 on chip, L2 off chip in static RAM
— L2 access much faster than DRAM or ROM
— L2 often uses separate data path
— L2 may now be on chip
— Resulting in L3 cache
– Bus access or now on chip…
62. Unified v Split Caches
• One cache for data and instructions or
two, one for data and one for instructions
• Advantages of unified cache
— Higher hit rate
– Balances load of instruction and data fetch
– Only one cache to design & implement
• Advantages of split cache
— Eliminates cache contention between
instruction fetch/decode unit and execution
unit
– Important in pipelining
63. Pentium 4 Cache
• 80386 – no on chip cache
• 80486 – 8k using 16 byte lines and four way set
associative organization
• Pentium (all versions) – two on chip L1 caches
— Data & instructions
• Pentium III – L3 cache added off chip
• Pentium 4
— L1 caches
– 8k bytes
– 64 byte lines
– four way set associative
— L2 cache
– Feeding both L1 caches
– 256k
– 128 byte lines
– 8 way set associative
— L3 cache on chip
64. Intel Cache Evolution
Problem Solution
Processor on which feature
first appears
External memory slower than the system bus.
Add external cache using faster
memory technology.
386
Increased processor speed results in external bus becoming a
bottleneck for cache access.
Move external cache on-chip,
operating at the same speed as the
processor.
486
Internal cache is rather small, due to limited space on chip
Add external L2 cache using faster
technology than main memory
486
Contention occurs when both the Instruction Prefetcher and
the Execution Unit simultaneously require access to the
cache. In that case, the Prefetcher is stalled while the
Execution Unit’s data access takes place.
Create separate data and instruction
caches.
Pentium
Increased processor speed results in external bus becoming a
bottleneck for L2 cache access.
Create separate back-side bus that
runs at higher speed than the main
(front-side) external bus. The BSB is
dedicated to the L2 cache.
Pentium Pro
Move L2 cache on to the processor
chip.
Pentium II
Some applications deal with massive databases and must have
rapid access to large amounts of data. The on-chip caches are
too small.
Add external L3 cache. Pentium III
Move L3 cache on-chip. Pentium 4
66. Pentium 4 Core Processor
• Fetch/Decode Unit
— Fetches instructions from L2 cache
— Decode into micro-ops
— Store micro-ops in L1 cache
• Out of order execution logic
— Schedules micro-ops
— Based on data dependence and resources
— May speculatively execute
• Execution units
— Execute micro-ops
— Data from L1 cache
— Results in registers
• Memory subsystem
— L2 cache and systems bus
67. Pentium 4 Design Reasoning
• Decodes instructions into RISC like micro-ops before L1
cache
• Micro-ops fixed length
— Superscalar pipelining and scheduling
• Pentium instructions long & complex
• Performance improved by separating decoding from
scheduling & pipelining
— (More later – ch14)
• Data cache is write back
— Can be configured to write through
• L1 cache controlled by 2 bits in register
— CD = cache disable
— NW = not write through
— 2 instructions to invalidate (flush) cache and write back then
invalidate
• L2 and L3 8-way set-associative
— Line size 128 bytes
69. ARM Cache Organization
• Small FIFO write buffer
— Enhances memory write performance
— Between cache and main memory
— Small c.f. cache
— Data put in write buffer at processor clock
speed
— Processor continues execution
— External write in parallel until empty
— If buffer full, processor stalls
— Data in write buffer not available until written
– So keep buffer small