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CHAPTER 5 - Lecture 5.2. Challenge in Water management at all scales.pptx
1. Challenge in Water management at all
scales
Shadow of Water wars
Biofluids and Biosystems Modelling Lab
2. ISSEI KATO / REUTERS
Overview
A) Causes of water wars
o A quarter of Mondial death mortality is due to the Pollution
o Drought: agriculture is under pressure again
o Climate Change : Flooding affects more and more on the daily life
o Wastewater kills more than wars
o Blue Gold: A resource will decrease
B) Shadow of water wars
C) Ocean pollution and Ocean polluters
D) Solutions?
4. PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP
2019 Global Environment Outlook
(UNO) in some figures :
• 9 million dead due to environmental
pollutions in 2015
• 1.4 million dead due to a lack of access
to drinking water each year
• 6 to 7 million premature deaths due to air
pollution each year
A1) A quarter of Mondial death mortality is due to the Pollution
5. PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP
• Decrease of 60% of vertebrate
populations between 1970 and 2014
• 8 million plastic wastes released into
the ocean each year
• How to lower those figures ?
• Decrease of pesticide uses, of CO2
emissions, investments in green energy,
avoid food waste…
• But the main levers remain lifestyle
changes and shift from capitalism and
economic growth to a more sustainable
production
6. F/Alpaca/Andia.fr
Exceptional climate for 2022
summer in France characterized
by strong drought
Strong impact on the
agricultural sector:
• shortfall in maize production
and fruits impacting the whole
livestock sector
• Coupled with grilled pastures
and disturbance of animals due
to high temperatures, the
production of milk might
drop. Cost will rise.
A2) Drought: agriculture is under pressure again
7. F/Alpaca/Andia.fr
Usually, dairy production is 10%
surplus. Thus, the impact will
only be a least presence of dairy
products in France
The wheat production will not be
impacted ?????
8. A3) Climate Change: Flooding affects more and more on the daily
life
Jakarta, Indonesia, Donal Husni/NurPhoto
The melting of ice, and the dilatation of
oceans due to the rise of temperatures
and acidification of oceans entail the rise
of sea levels
300 millions of people will be subject to
at least one flood per year by 2050
including 93 millions of people in China,
according to Climate Central experts
At-risk areas defined by a model from
Climate Central
That issue requires both adaptation
(dikes..) and attenuation (reduction of
GES and link to climate change)
9. AMOS GUMULIRA/AFP
The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019 : (UNO)
Water access subject to large inequalities :
• A safe access to drinking water is not
provided to 30% of population
• 2 million of people live on a country
collecting more water than the
available one
The release of wastewater in the
environment responsible for 10 times the
amount of death caused by wars in 2018
Between 2010 and 2018, 263 conflicts
linked to water (UNO)
A4) Wastewater kills more than wars
10. AMOS GUMULIRA/AFP
Access to water must be guaranteed by
municipalities, thus it is not applicable to
slum populations
Increasing demand due to development
and growing population
Earth provide enough drinkable water to
meet the needs of 9 billion people, if
wisely used.
**What is the meaning of slum population?
A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or
more of the following conditions: •Access to improved water •Access to improved sanitation
•Sufficient-living area •Durability of housing •Security of tenure. M&E Framework: Determinant.
11. Gardon bed in South-East of France during
the 2005 drought, DOMINIQUE
FAGET/AFP
Increasing water scarcity due to climate
change
IPCC reports and scenarios :
• precipitation decrease from 16 to 23 %
during summer in France
• ecrease of groundwater recharge from
10 to 25%
Rising sea levels would entail the
increase of the saltwater wedge level :
• Risk of contamination of coastal
groundwater by salty water intrusion
• ex : between Spain and Marseille
(France)
A5) Blue Gold: A ressource will decrease
13. B1) The world faces the shadow of water wars
Drought in Senegal WESSELS/AFP
Water scarcity :
• Increasing demand
• Disruption of water cycle
• Increase of intense events
(stormwater events, droughts),
entailing a poor water uptake by
soils and rivers
Between 2010 and 2018, 263 conflicts
linked to water (UNO)
• Ex: Egypt/Ethiopia and the
Renaissance dam
• reinforcement of political
instability
• Increase of health risks
14. 10% of population is water-stressed
Partly due to population growth, intensive agriculture or
urbanization
Unevenly distributed on Earth, water is a source of
conflict (Water resource grabbed by countries upstream
these resources: dams, diversion of rivers…)
• Ex : Euphrates and Tigris shared between Turkey, Syria
and Iraq
• Ex : Chinese dams
“Water access” is a “universal right” (UNO)
However, since the 80’s, the blue gold is seen as a
commodity (ethically controversial)
Diagonal of thirst
Conflict due to water distribution
16. Renaissance dam- Etchiopia AMANUEL SILESHI / AFP
1. Senegal-Mauritania : Sahel
dam
2. Slovakia Hungary : Danube
3. Ukraine Russia : Crimea
canal
4. Lebanon : extreme water
stress
5. Turkey, Syria and Iraq :
Euphrates and Tigris
6. Ethiopia : Renaissance dam
7. Yemen : cultivation of qat
8. India Pakistan : Indus river
B2) The 12 points of tension on the world
17. Renaissance dam- Etchiopia AMANUEL SILESHI / AFP
9. China Laos Vietnam :
Chinese dams on Mekong
10. Canada United States : River
Treaty
11. United States Mexico : Rio
Grande
12. Brazil Argentina Paraguay :
Rio Parana
20. • Desalination (but costly and ecological risk for marine
ecosystems)
• Wastewater recycling (require a huge amount of
energy and might increase climate change)
• Consumption regulation and sobriety
• Reducing climate change effects
• Respect of International rules and sanctions about
water resources.