Este documento analiza el efecto del costo del diseño sismo resistente en la construcción en Colombia. Presenta estudios de costos que muestran cómo variables como el sistema estructural, la irregularidad del edificio, la zona sísmica, y la altura afectan el consumo de concreto, acero y el costo total. Los edificios más altos y en zonas sísmicas más activas requieren más materiales y son más costosos.
El documento presenta los planos y detalles constructivos de un conjunto arquitectónico compuesto por un museo, un edificio comercial y de oficinas, y una torre de viviendas. Los diferentes elementos cuentan con accesos independientes pero también conexiones entre sí. Se describen aspectos como la estructura, los materiales y los sistemas constructivos de cada parte.
La empresa se dedica al diseño de interiores desde 1994. Ofrece asesoría en diseño de interiores, planos arquitectónicos, diseño de mobiliario e instalación para proyectos corporativos, industriales y residenciales. La empresa se enfoca en el manejo de espacios, la imagen y el funcionamiento, con excelente mano de obra y seguridad en la fabricación e instalación.
Este documento presenta el análisis sísmico de un edificio multifamiliar de 10 niveles ubicado en Tacna, Perú. Describe los principios de diseño sismo resistente, la normativa aplicable, la zonificación sísmica de Tacna, y realiza un análisis estático del edificio para calcular la fuerza cortante en la base. Incluye la descripción del sitio, suelos, y sismicidad de la zona, así como los resultados del análisis modal espectral dinámico del edificio.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
El documento presenta los planos y detalles constructivos de un conjunto arquitectónico compuesto por un museo, un edificio comercial y de oficinas, y una torre de viviendas. Los diferentes elementos cuentan con accesos independientes pero también conexiones entre sí. Se describen aspectos como la estructura, los materiales y los sistemas constructivos de cada parte.
La empresa se dedica al diseño de interiores desde 1994. Ofrece asesoría en diseño de interiores, planos arquitectónicos, diseño de mobiliario e instalación para proyectos corporativos, industriales y residenciales. La empresa se enfoca en el manejo de espacios, la imagen y el funcionamiento, con excelente mano de obra y seguridad en la fabricación e instalación.
Este documento presenta el análisis sísmico de un edificio multifamiliar de 10 niveles ubicado en Tacna, Perú. Describe los principios de diseño sismo resistente, la normativa aplicable, la zonificación sísmica de Tacna, y realiza un análisis estático del edificio para calcular la fuerza cortante en la base. Incluye la descripción del sitio, suelos, y sismicidad de la zona, así como los resultados del análisis modal espectral dinámico del edificio.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
En la ciudad de Pasto, estamos revolucionando el acceso a microcréditos y la formalización de microempresarios informales con nuestra aplicación CrediAvanza. Nuestro objetivo es empoderar a los emprendedores locales proporcionándoles una plataforma integral que facilite el acceso a servicios financieros y asesoría profesional.
Ofrecemos herramientas y metodologías para que las personas con ideas de negocio desarrollen un prototipo que pueda ser probado en un entorno real.
Cada miembro puede crear su perfil de acuerdo a sus intereses, habilidades y así montar sus proyectos de ideas de negocio, para recibir mentorías .
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
En la ciudad de Pasto, estamos revolucionando el acceso a microcréditos y la formalización de microempresarios informales con nuestra aplicación CrediAvanza. Nuestro objetivo es empoderar a los emprendedores locales proporcionándoles una plataforma integral que facilite el acceso a servicios financieros y asesoría profesional.
Ofrecemos herramientas y metodologías para que las personas con ideas de negocio desarrollen un prototipo que pueda ser probado en un entorno real.
Cada miembro puede crear su perfil de acuerdo a sus intereses, habilidades y así montar sus proyectos de ideas de negocio, para recibir mentorías .
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Como afecta el costo por diseno sismo resistente ing. luis-garcia
1. ¿COMO AFECTA EL COSTO POR
DISENO SISMO RESISTENTE?
–
LA EXPERIENCIA COLOMBIANA
Luis E. García
Proyectos y Diseños Ltda. (Ingenieros consultores)
Profesor de Ingeniería Civil , Universidad de los Andes
(Bogotá, Colombia)
Expresidente del American Concrete Institute - ACI
2. ESTUDIOS DE COSTOS REALIZADOS
„ Efecto del sistema estructural
„ Efecto de la irregularidad de la
estructura
„ Efecto de la zona de amenaza sísmica
„ Efecto del límite de la deriva
„ Efecto de los requisitos de detallado
„ Efecto de la luz y la relación entre
luces
„ Efecto de la altura del edificio
3. SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES
„ Pórtico de concreto reforzado resistente
a momentos
„ Pórtico y muros de concreto
„ Dual + Muros de concreto
„ Dual + Muros de mampostería
„ Mampostería estructural
„ Mampostería confinada
4. 3 4 5 6
1 3.02 2 3.02 .41 2.20 .41 3.02 7 3.02 8
.85
A .15 .05 A
1.20 .05 .05
1.20
B B
1.40 1.40
C C
2.50 2.50
D D
.60 .60
E E
3.10
3.10
F .60
F
.05
.05
3.02 3.02 .41 2.20 .41 3.02 3.02
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PLANTA ARQUITECTÓNICA
25. REFUERZO UTILIZADO
50
45
40
35
30 COLUMNAS Y
MUROS
kg/m² 25
VIGAS
20 TOTAL
15
10
5
0
A B C D E F G H I J K L
EDIFICIO
26. CONCRETO UTILIZADO
0.50
0.40
COLUMNAS Y
0.30 MUROS
m³/m²
0.20 VIGAS
TOTAL
0.10
0.00
A C E G I K
EDIFICIO
27. COSTO ASOCIADO CON
LA ZONIFICACION SISMICA
„ 24 edificios estudiados:
– 3, 5, 8, 12 pisos
– Edificios de apartamentos
– Suelo tipo S2
5.00 m
5.00 m
5.00 m
6.00 m 6.00 m 6.00 m 6.00 m
28. INDICE DEL COSTO
TOTAL DE LA ESTRUCTURA
2.40
2.20
INDICE DE COSTO
2.00
12 PISOS
1.80 8 PISOS
1.60 5 PISOS
3 PISOS
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Aa - Av
29. COSTO vs. ALTURA
2.4
2.2
Baja- 0.05
INDICE DE COSTO
2 Baja- 0.10
Intermedia - 0.10
1.8 Intermedia - 0.15
1.6 Intermedia - 0.20
Alta - 0.20
1.4 Alta - 0.25
1.2 Alta - 0.30
1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
No DE PISOS
36. ESPECTROS MICROZONIFICACIÓN
SÍSMICA DE BOGOTÁ
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
Zona 1 - Cerros
0.50
Zona 2 - Piedemonte
0.45
Sa Zona 3 - Lacustre A
(g) 0.40 Zona 4 - Lacustre B
0.35
Zona 5 - Terrazas y Conos
0.30 NSR-98 S4
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
T (s)
37. LOS CASOS
„ 26
edificios que en total suman un área de
243 000 m2
–19 edificios de apartamentos
–5 edificios de oficinas
–2 edificios de aulas
„ Alturas de 7 a 20 pisos
–12 pisos en promedio
„ Áreas de 1 200 a 50 000 m2
–9 400 m2 en promedio
38. Localización de los edificios
„ 6 Edificios N
en Zona 1 Zona 4
„ 4 Edificios Zona 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 km
en la Zona 2
Escala
transición
entre Zonas
1y2
Zona 1 - Cerros
Zona 3
Zona 2 - Piedemonte
Zona 3 - Lacustre A
„ 2 Edificios Zona 4 - Lacustre B
en Zona 2
Zona 5A - Terrazas y Conos
Zona 5B
Zona 5B - Terrazas y Conos
Zona 5A Potencialmente Licuables
„ 12 Edificios
en Zona 3
„ 2 Edificios
en Zona 4
39. AHORA MIREMOS LOS SIGUIENTES
PARÁMETROS
„ Período de vibración fundamental calculado por el
método de Rayleigh
„ Estimativo del período fundamental con base en el
número de pisos
„ Deflexión horizontal al nivel de cubierta
„ Área de muros estructurales en función del número
de pisos
„ Corte basal resistente obtenido por medio de
mecanismos de colapso
„ Relación capacidad/demanda para fuerzas
horizontales sísmica
40. Período de vibración T (s)
1.50
1.25
Período Dirección y (s)
1.00
Zona 1
Trans 1-2
0.75 Zona 2
Zona 3
Zona 4
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
Período Dirección x (s)
41. Estimativo del Período Fundamental
30
25
20
Zona 1
Media = 16
# pisos/Ty
Trans 1-2
15 Zona 2
Zona 3
Zona 4
10
SEAOC
T=N/10
5
M
Media = 14
0
0 5 10 15
15 20 25 30
# pisos/Tx
42. Deflexión Cubierta Gn como % de hn
1.0
= 1.55 (promedio)
0.8
Deflexión Cubierta Y (%hn)
0.6 Zona 1
Trans 1-2
Media = 0.47% Zona 2
Deriva de piso máxima
a
Zona 3
0.4 Zona 4
Deriva promedio
0.2
Media = 0.63%
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
6 0.8 1.0
Deflexión Cubierta X (%hn)
43. p = Área de muros estructurales / Área piso
5.0
Media = 0.72%
Área muros direcc. Y/Área del piso
4.0
Zona 1
3.0
Trans 1-2
Zona 2
Zona 3
2.0 Zona 4
Media = 1.23%
1.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Área muros direcc. X/Área del piso
45. Corte Basal Resistente Vn (%W)
60
50
Corte Basal Resistente Y (%W)
40
Zona 1
Trans 1-2
Zona 2
30
Zona 3
Media = 21% Zona 4
20
10
Media = 20%
0
0 10 20
0 30 40 50 60
Corte Basal Resistente X (%W)
46. Capacidad/Demanda
8
7
6
Media = 2.0
a 0
5 Zona 1
Vny/(SayW)
Trans 1-2
4 Zona 2
Zona 3
Zona 4
3
Media
Media = 2.2
e
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vnx/(SaxW)
58. Metodología del estudio
„ Definición de la planta del edificio
„ Producción de grupos de dimensiones razonables para
diferentes números de pisos
„ Análisis estructural de todas las soluciones
„ Diseño de vigas y columnas incluyendo todos los
detalles de las armaduras, siguiendo los requisitos del
grado de capacidad de disipación de energía apropiado
para la zona de amenaza sísmica
„ Estudio de las diferentes soluciones con respecto al
cumplimiento de los requisitos de deriva, nuevos y
viejos
„ Evaluación del costo en todas las soluciones
„ Estudio de las variaciones entre costo y los parámetros
relevantes de diseño
59. Metodología
El procedimiento empleado puede describirse como:
1 - dejar que la estructura responda ante las fuerzas
sísmicas que le corresponda, obteniendo la deriva
que resulte de las dimensiones y las fuerzas
sísmicas impuestas
2 - determinar el costo comparativo con otras
soluciones con diferentes dimensiones de los
elementos
3 - calcular las implicaciones de restringir la deriva a
valores menores
60. Edificio de apartamentos estudiado
„ Pórtico resistente a momentos de concreto
reforzado
„ 4, 8, 12, y 20 pisos
„ Zonas de amenaza sísmica intermedia y alta
Z A S Intermedia (Aa = 0.20)
Z A S Alta (Aa = 0.25)
„ Perfil de suelo S1 (roca)
„ Columnas cuadradas con la misma dimensión
en toda la altura del edificio
61. Planta del Edificio Estudiado
7.5
N
7.5 22.5
7.5
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
36.0
all dimensions inen m
dimensiones meters
62. Un caso en detalle
„ Edificio de 8 pisos
„ Zona de Amenaza Sísmica Intermedia (Aa=0.20)
„ Perfil de suelo S1 (Roca)
„ Columnas cuadradas de 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 m
„ Vigas de b=0.4 m x h=0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 m
„ En total 20 combinaciones de dimensiones de columnas
y vigas
63. Refuerzo vigas
18
18
16
16
14
14 columnas de 1.0 m
columnas de 1.0 m
12
12 columnas de 0.8 m
columnas de 0.8 m
columnas de 0.6 m
acero 10
acero 10
columnas de 0.6 m
columnas de 0.4 m
columnas de 0.4 m
(kg/m²)
(kg/m²) 8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
64. Refuerzo columnas
18
18
16
16
columnas de 1.0 m
14
14 columnas de 1.0 m
12
12 columnas de 0.8 m
columnas de 0.8 m
columnas de 0.6 m
acero 10
acero 10
columnas de 0.6 m
columnas de 0.4 m
columnas de 0.4 m
(kg/m²)
(kg/m²) 8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
65. Consumo total de concreto y acero
(columnas y vigas únicamente)
concreto
30 0.16
0.14
25
0.12
20 0.10
acero 15 0.08 concreto
(kg/m²) (m³/m²)
0.06
10 columnas de 1.0 m
acero columnas de 0.8 m 0.04
5 columnas de 0.6 m 0.02
columnas de 0.4 m
0 0.0
0.00
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
altura viga (m)
72. Pórticos
„ El índice de costo mínimo (ic = 1.0) es el de la solución
de menor costo para el edificio de 4 pisos, la cual
corresponde a la de dimensiones mínimas
„ Pueden obtenerse reducciones importantes de la
deriva con aumentos de costo marginales. Por lo
tanto, reducciones de la deriva del 1.5%h al 1.0%h,
como exigen las NSR-98 son ampliamente factibles
desde el punto de vista económico.
„ Reducciones aún mayores de la deriva tienen un
impacto económico proporcionalmente mayor debido
al aumento de pendiente de las dimensiones
constantes de columna al reducir la deriva, lo cual
significa proporcionalmente un mayor costo.
73. Definición del índice de área de muros
H área aferente al muro
h
t
D
D área sección del muro
p=
área del piso aferente al muro
74. Relación teórica entre p y la deriva
(Amenaza sísmica intermedia)
2.0
1.8
H/D = 7
1.6
H/D = 6
1.4 H/D = 5
1.2 H/D = 4
deriva 1.0 H/D = 3
(%h) H/D = 2
0.8 H/D = 1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
p = área total de muros / área del piso (%)
75. Esquema de muros con una luz
7.5
N
7.5 22.5
7.5
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
36.0
dimensiones en metros
76. Esquema de muros con dos luces
7.5
N
7.5 22.5
7.5
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
36.0
dimensiones en metros
79. Índice de costo
(edificio de 8 pisos - amenaza sísmica intermedia)
1.4 - 1.5
1.5
1.3 - 1.4
1.4 1.2 - 1.3
1.1 - 1.2
1.3
índice costo 1.0 - 1.1
1.2
índice de costo
1.1
1.0 t=0.45
H/D=3.41 t=0.30
H/D=2.84 espesor
H/D=1.71 t=0.15 del muro
H/D=1.42 (m)
relación de esbeltez del muro
80. Índice de costo vs. Deriva
(edificio 8 pisos - zona de amenaza sísmica intermedia)
Deriva=0.15%h Deriva=0.10%h Deriva=0.05%h
t=0.45
Deriva=0.20%h espesor
del muro 1.4 - 1.5
(m) 1.3 - 1.4
t=0.30 1.2 - 1.3
1.1 - 1.2
1.0 - 1.1
Deriva=0.25%h índice costo
t=0.15
H/D=3.41 H/D=2.84 H/D=1.71 H/D=1.42
relación de esbeltez del muro
81. Índice de costo vs. Deriva
(edificio 8 pisos - amenaza sísmica alta)
Deriva=0.20%h Deriva=0.15%h Deriva=0.10%h Deriva=0.05%h
t=0.45
1.4 - 1.5
espesor 1.3 - 1.4
del muro 1.2 - 1.3
(m)
t=0.30 1.1 - 1.2
1.0 - 1.1
Deriva=0.25%h
índice costo
t=0.15
H/D=3.41 H/D=2.84 H/D=1.71 H/D=1.42
relación de esbeltez del muro
82. Muros vs. Pórtico
„ Para zonas de amenaza sísmica intermedia:
–El pórtico más económico, sin muros, emplea 14
kg/m2 of acero, y 0.07 m3/m2 de concreto, y reporta
una deriva máxima de 2.4%h.
–Usando muros la deriva se puede reducir a
0.05%h con un incremento de costo de menos de
10%.
„ Para zonas de amenaza sísmica alta:
–Las derivas son mayores y los incrementos de
costo también, pero las tendencias generales se
mantienen.
83. Conclusiones
„ Reducciones del límite de deriva hasta valores del
orden de 0.75%h, empleando pórticos es factible
económicamente.
„ Definir las dimensiones de la sección de la
columna antes de las de la viga, permite encontrar
más rápidamente una estructura que cumpla con
un límite de deriva preestablecido.
„ Para límites de deriva menores de 0.75%h, debe
investigarse el uso de muros estructurales.
84. Comentarios finales
Este es solo un ejemplo del tipo de estudios que deben
llevarse a cabo cuando se desea investigar la relación
entre las diferentes variables que intervienen en el
costo y comportamiento de las estructuras de edificios.
Debe tenerse cuidado con las numerosas variables que
no se estudiaron a pesar de la cantidad de casos
empleados, especialmente las variaciones locales.
El dilema de comportamiento óptimo contra el menor
costo real solo puede resolverse empleando el mejor
criterio y la mayor experiencia por parte de los
diseñadores.