Advanced text book advanced english 1 10 chapters ปรับใหม่Yota Bhikkhu
The document provides an introduction to English sentence structure. It discusses the five basic sentence patterns in English: subject-verb, subject-verb-object, subject-verb-adjective, subject-verb-adverb, and subject-verb-noun. Examples are given for each pattern. The subject-verb relationship is identified as the core of every English sentence. Additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases are described as ways to modify the basic sentence structures.
Advanced text book advanced english 1 12 chaptersYota Bhikkhu
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the English language. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain and displacing Celtic languages. It then covers the basic structures of English sentences, including the subject-verb relationship and how additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs and nouns can be added. Finally, it examines the spread and importance of English as a global language today due to British colonialism and American cultural influence.
English originated from Old English brought by Germanic settlers to Britain in the 5th century. It was influenced by Latin through the Christian church and by Old Norse through Viking invasions. The Norman conquest in the 11th century introduced French vocabulary and spelling conventions. The Great Vowel Shift marked the transition to Modern English from Middle English in the 15th century. English has since assimilated many words from other languages through British colonialism and American cultural influence, becoming a global lingua franca with a large vocabulary.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th-7th centuries AD. Old English emerged and gradually displaced Celtic languages, though it was influenced by Viking invasions between the 8th-9th centuries. After the Norman conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman among the upper classes, introducing many French and Latin loanwords and marking the end of Old English. Middle English then developed and was spoken until the late 15th century. Modern English emerged in the late 17th century and has since spread around the world through colonization, becoming a global lingua franca especially in business and science.
This document discusses dialects of English, focusing on American and British English. It notes that dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from each other and standard languages. It describes Received Pronunciation as the educated dialect of Southeast England, while General American is more typical of the United States and Canada. The document also outlines some differences between American and British English at the phonological, phonetical, vocabulary, and grammatical levels.
The document discusses dialects of English, American English, and English as a world language. It notes that dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Received Pronunciation is emphasized in the UK while General American is more common in North America. American English is closer to Shakespearean English than modern British English in some respects. English is widely spoken globally and functions as a lingua franca due to the historical influence and spread of British and American cultures. Approximately 375 million speak English natively while over one billion have some competence in the language.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language from its origins to modern times. It states that English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and settlers from northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Over time, English was influenced by other languages like Anglo-Norman and experienced periods of change from Old English to Middle English to Modern English due to invasions and migrations that introduced new vocabularies. English is now the most widely spoken language globally.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from northwest Germany and the Netherlands. It later absorbed vocabulary from Anglo-Norman languages after the Norman invasion in 1066. English became a widespread language used in Britain and later the world, being spoken today as a first or second language in over 60 countries. The modern English language has evolved from Old English and Middle English forms due to invasions by North Germanic and Norman peoples, which introduced new vocabulary and simplified its grammar.
Advanced text book advanced english 1 10 chapters ปรับใหม่Yota Bhikkhu
The document provides an introduction to English sentence structure. It discusses the five basic sentence patterns in English: subject-verb, subject-verb-object, subject-verb-adjective, subject-verb-adverb, and subject-verb-noun. Examples are given for each pattern. The subject-verb relationship is identified as the core of every English sentence. Additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases are described as ways to modify the basic sentence structures.
Advanced text book advanced english 1 12 chaptersYota Bhikkhu
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the English language. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain and displacing Celtic languages. It then covers the basic structures of English sentences, including the subject-verb relationship and how additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs and nouns can be added. Finally, it examines the spread and importance of English as a global language today due to British colonialism and American cultural influence.
English originated from Old English brought by Germanic settlers to Britain in the 5th century. It was influenced by Latin through the Christian church and by Old Norse through Viking invasions. The Norman conquest in the 11th century introduced French vocabulary and spelling conventions. The Great Vowel Shift marked the transition to Modern English from Middle English in the 15th century. English has since assimilated many words from other languages through British colonialism and American cultural influence, becoming a global lingua franca with a large vocabulary.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th-7th centuries AD. Old English emerged and gradually displaced Celtic languages, though it was influenced by Viking invasions between the 8th-9th centuries. After the Norman conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman among the upper classes, introducing many French and Latin loanwords and marking the end of Old English. Middle English then developed and was spoken until the late 15th century. Modern English emerged in the late 17th century and has since spread around the world through colonization, becoming a global lingua franca especially in business and science.
This document discusses dialects of English, focusing on American and British English. It notes that dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar from each other and standard languages. It describes Received Pronunciation as the educated dialect of Southeast England, while General American is more typical of the United States and Canada. The document also outlines some differences between American and British English at the phonological, phonetical, vocabulary, and grammatical levels.
The document discusses dialects of English, American English, and English as a world language. It notes that dialects differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Received Pronunciation is emphasized in the UK while General American is more common in North America. American English is closer to Shakespearean English than modern British English in some respects. English is widely spoken globally and functions as a lingua franca due to the historical influence and spread of British and American cultures. Approximately 375 million speak English natively while over one billion have some competence in the language.
The document discusses the history and development of the English language from its origins to modern times. It states that English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders and settlers from northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Over time, English was influenced by other languages like Anglo-Norman and experienced periods of change from Old English to Middle English to Modern English due to invasions and migrations that introduced new vocabularies. English is now the most widely spoken language globally.
English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from northwest Germany and the Netherlands. It later absorbed vocabulary from Anglo-Norman languages after the Norman invasion in 1066. English became a widespread language used in Britain and later the world, being spoken today as a first or second language in over 60 countries. The modern English language has evolved from Old English and Middle English forms due to invasions by North Germanic and Norman peoples, which introduced new vocabulary and simplified its grammar.
English has become the world's leading international language due to British colonial expansion in the 19th century and American cultural influence in the 20th century. It is currently spoken by over 460 million people as either a first or second language. English evolved from Germanic and Romance language influences following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. By the 14th century it had become the dominant language in England and established as the national language, replacing Latin. Its global spread was aided by England's role in international trade by 1700.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, became dominant and was used to write works like Beowulf. The Norman invasion of 1066 introduced changes that resulted in Middle English. A major phonetic change known as the Great Vowel Shift occurred towards the end of the Middle English period. Modern English emerged around 1550 as Britain became a colonial power and spread its language and culture globally.
Oxford english dictionary, the history of english convertedInvisible_Vision
1. The Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th-6th centuries established Old English, as the Germanic languages of Anglo-Saxon invaders became dominant in Britain, replacing the Celtic languages that were there previously.
2. The Scandinavian settlements from the 9th century onwards had a significant influence on the vocabulary of Old English, as Norse invaders introduced many loanwords.
3. The Norman conquest of 1066 led to enormous changes as Middle English developed, including a breakdown of Old English grammar and the influx of many words from French and Latin through Norman rule.
The document summarizes five key events that shaped the history of the English language:
1) The Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th-6th centuries introduced Old English, though it varied regionally and incorporated some vocabulary from indigenous Celtic languages.
2) Scandinavian invasions from the 9th century influenced English grammar and added many basic words through Norse languages like Old Norse.
3) The Norman conquest of 1066 and development of Middle English saw Old English replaced by a new system and huge influxes of words from French and Latin.
4) From the late Middle Ages, a London-based standard English emerged and became predominant through printing, marginalizing other regional dialects.
5) English colonialism
Vuk Lakatuš - Welcome to English Speaking CountriesGimnazijaKikinda
English is spoken as an official, majority, or plural language in many countries around the world. It became widely used due to British and American colonialism and cultural influence over the past few centuries. Varieties of English now exist as the primary or secondary language in countries like the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, India, Nigeria, and the Philippines, among others. Regional dialects and influences from other languages have led to accents and usages that are unique to different areas.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD and later incorporated vocabulary from Latin and Romance languages. English continues to evolve through the infiltration of new words from globalization and local dialects developing their own variations of the language.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD and has been influenced by Latin and other languages over time. English has evolved into a hybrid language that is now approximately half Germanic and half Romance in vocabulary origin. The ongoing process of languages infiltrating one another through conquest, trade, and other means is similar to biological evolution.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses the relationship between language, dialect, and accent. It notes that accents refer to pronunciation differences, while dialects are subordinate varieties of a language that can differ in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Dialect boundaries are influenced by both geographic distance and sociopolitical factors. The document provides examples of dialect continua in Scandinavia, Britain, and Jamaica to illustrate how dialects can vary geographically or along social strata within a single country or language.
The document provides a history of the English language from its origins to modern English. It began as Anglo-Frisian dialects brought by Germanic settlers to Britain between the 5th-6th centuries AD. Over time, Old English dialects emerged before eventually being influenced by Norse invaders and later Norman French following the Norman conquest of 1066. This led to a period of Middle English before the language modernized from the 16th century onward, incorporating extensive vocabulary from Latin, Greek and other languages through globalization and imperialism.
Matej Kojić - Welcome to English Speaking CountriesGimnazijaKikinda
This document provides an overview of English-speaking countries around the world. It begins by listing some key English-speaking nations and then discusses the origin and history of the English language. It describes how English evolved from Old English to Middle English to Modern English. The document then examines several major English-speaking countries in more depth, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, India, South Africa, and Jamaica. For each country, it provides details on how English became established and the unique characteristics of the English spoken there.
The document discusses the origins and history of the English language. It can be categorized into the origins of English, a comparison of Modern English to Old English and other languages, and reasons for language change. English has been influenced by other languages over time, incorporating vocabulary from Latin, French, and Germanic languages. Both internal linguistic changes and external political, social, and geographic factors have contributed to how English has evolved into the widely-spoken language it is today.
The evolution of the English language began in the 5th century with the arrival of Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in Britain. These tribes spoke related Germanic dialects that mixed and developed into Old English over time. Old English evolved from Proto-Germanic and was influenced by Latin and French after the Norman conquest in the 11th century. Through the British Empire's expansion and the rise of the United States as a superpower, English became a global language of trade, diplomacy, science and technology in the modern era.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated as a West Germanic language spoken in England that has since transformed into a global language. It originated from Old English dialects spoken by Germanic tribes between the 5th-10th centuries CE. Middle English then emerged between the 8th-12th centuries through language contact. Modern English developed from 1500 onward and grew as a global language through British colonialism and American economic and cultural influence in the 20th century. English is now considered a lingua franca and is widely spoken internationally.
The history of the English language began with the invasion of Britain in the 5th century AD by three Germanic tribes - the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They drove the native Celtic speakers west and north and brought their Germanic language, which developed into Old English. In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and the Norman French language became dominant for a time among ruling classes. English re-emerged as dominant by the 14th century. As the British Empire expanded, English adopted words from many other languages and varieties of English emerged around the world. Today American English is particularly influential globally due to US cultural exports.
English has become the world's leading international language due to British colonial expansion in the 19th century and American cultural influence in the 20th century. It is currently spoken by over 460 million people as either a first or second language. English evolved from Germanic and Romance language influences following the Norman conquest of England in 1066. By the 14th century it had become the dominant language in England and established as the national language, replacing Latin. Its global spread was aided by England's role in international trade by 1700.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, became dominant and was used to write works like Beowulf. The Norman invasion of 1066 introduced changes that resulted in Middle English. A major phonetic change known as the Great Vowel Shift occurred towards the end of the Middle English period. Modern English emerged around 1550 as Britain became a colonial power and spread its language and culture globally.
Oxford english dictionary, the history of english convertedInvisible_Vision
1. The Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th-6th centuries established Old English, as the Germanic languages of Anglo-Saxon invaders became dominant in Britain, replacing the Celtic languages that were there previously.
2. The Scandinavian settlements from the 9th century onwards had a significant influence on the vocabulary of Old English, as Norse invaders introduced many loanwords.
3. The Norman conquest of 1066 led to enormous changes as Middle English developed, including a breakdown of Old English grammar and the influx of many words from French and Latin through Norman rule.
The document summarizes five key events that shaped the history of the English language:
1) The Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th-6th centuries introduced Old English, though it varied regionally and incorporated some vocabulary from indigenous Celtic languages.
2) Scandinavian invasions from the 9th century influenced English grammar and added many basic words through Norse languages like Old Norse.
3) The Norman conquest of 1066 and development of Middle English saw Old English replaced by a new system and huge influxes of words from French and Latin.
4) From the late Middle Ages, a London-based standard English emerged and became predominant through printing, marginalizing other regional dialects.
5) English colonialism
Vuk Lakatuš - Welcome to English Speaking CountriesGimnazijaKikinda
English is spoken as an official, majority, or plural language in many countries around the world. It became widely used due to British and American colonialism and cultural influence over the past few centuries. Varieties of English now exist as the primary or secondary language in countries like the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, India, Nigeria, and the Philippines, among others. Regional dialects and influences from other languages have led to accents and usages that are unique to different areas.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD and later incorporated vocabulary from Latin and Romance languages. English continues to evolve through the infiltration of new words from globalization and local dialects developing their own variations of the language.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the English language from its origins to modern times. It discusses how English originated from Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD and has been influenced by Latin and other languages over time. English has evolved into a hybrid language that is now approximately half Germanic and half Romance in vocabulary origin. The ongoing process of languages infiltrating one another through conquest, trade, and other means is similar to biological evolution.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses the relationship between language, dialect, and accent. It notes that accents refer to pronunciation differences, while dialects are subordinate varieties of a language that can differ in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Dialect boundaries are influenced by both geographic distance and sociopolitical factors. The document provides examples of dialect continua in Scandinavia, Britain, and Jamaica to illustrate how dialects can vary geographically or along social strata within a single country or language.
The document provides a history of the English language from its origins to modern English. It began as Anglo-Frisian dialects brought by Germanic settlers to Britain between the 5th-6th centuries AD. Over time, Old English dialects emerged before eventually being influenced by Norse invaders and later Norman French following the Norman conquest of 1066. This led to a period of Middle English before the language modernized from the 16th century onward, incorporating extensive vocabulary from Latin, Greek and other languages through globalization and imperialism.
Matej Kojić - Welcome to English Speaking CountriesGimnazijaKikinda
This document provides an overview of English-speaking countries around the world. It begins by listing some key English-speaking nations and then discusses the origin and history of the English language. It describes how English evolved from Old English to Middle English to Modern English. The document then examines several major English-speaking countries in more depth, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, India, South Africa, and Jamaica. For each country, it provides details on how English became established and the unique characteristics of the English spoken there.
The document discusses the origins and history of the English language. It can be categorized into the origins of English, a comparison of Modern English to Old English and other languages, and reasons for language change. English has been influenced by other languages over time, incorporating vocabulary from Latin, French, and Germanic languages. Both internal linguistic changes and external political, social, and geographic factors have contributed to how English has evolved into the widely-spoken language it is today.
The evolution of the English language began in the 5th century with the arrival of Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes in Britain. These tribes spoke related Germanic dialects that mixed and developed into Old English over time. Old English evolved from Proto-Germanic and was influenced by Latin and French after the Norman conquest in the 11th century. Through the British Empire's expansion and the rise of the United States as a superpower, English became a global language of trade, diplomacy, science and technology in the modern era.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated from Germanic dialects brought to Britain by Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. It is now spoken by over 1.3 billion people as either a first or second language. English is the third most commonly spoken native language worldwide, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also widely learned and used as a lingua franca, being an official language of many countries and international organizations.
English originated as a West Germanic language spoken in England that has since transformed into a global language. It originated from Old English dialects spoken by Germanic tribes between the 5th-10th centuries CE. Middle English then emerged between the 8th-12th centuries through language contact. Modern English developed from 1500 onward and grew as a global language through British colonialism and American economic and cultural influence in the 20th century. English is now considered a lingua franca and is widely spoken internationally.
The history of the English language began with the invasion of Britain in the 5th century AD by three Germanic tribes - the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They drove the native Celtic speakers west and north and brought their Germanic language, which developed into Old English. In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded and the Norman French language became dominant for a time among ruling classes. English re-emerged as dominant by the 14th century. As the British Empire expanded, English adopted words from many other languages and varieties of English emerged around the world. Today American English is particularly influential globally due to US cultural exports.
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Historia del inglés escrito en inglés, descrito en inglés
1. ENGLISH
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones,
originated in early medieval England. The namesake of the language is the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples
that migrated to the island of Great Britain.
English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire
(succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States.[7] English is the third-most spoken native
language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish;[8] it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with
more second-language speakers than native speakers.
2. English is either the official language or one of the official
languages in 59 sovereign states (such as in India, Ireland, and
Canada). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant
language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined
by law (such as in the United States and United Kingdom). It is a
co-official language of the United Nations, the European Union,
and many other international and regional organisations. It has
also become the de facto lingua franca language of diplomacy,
science, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism,
aviation, entertainment and the internet.English accounts for at
least 70% of total speakers of the Germanic language branch,
and as of 2005, it was estimated that there were over two
billion speakers worldwide.
3. Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects
spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. Late Old English borrowed some
grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse, a North
Germanic language.Then, Middle English borrowed words
extensively from French dialects, which make up about 28% of
Modern English vocabulary, and from Latin, which also provides
about 28%.As such, although most of its total vocabulary
comes from Romance languages, its grammar, phonology, and
most commonly used words keep it genealogically classified
under the Germanic branch. English exists on a dialect
continuum with Scots and is most closely related to the Low
Saxon and Frisian languages.
4. A family tree of the West Germanic language family
English is an Indo-European language and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Old
English originated from a Germanic tribal and linguistic continuum along the Frisian North Sea coast, whose
languages gradually evolved into the Anglic languages in the British Isles, and into the Frisian languages and Low
German/Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the
Anglo-Frisian languages, are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related,
and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the North Sea Germanic
(Ingvaeonic) languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into Middle English, which in
turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of
other Anglic languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian dialect and Yola language of Ireland.
5. Like Icelandic and Faroese, the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic
languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not mutually intelligible with any continental
Germanic language, differing in vocabulary, syntax, and phonology, although some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do
show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages.
Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions
of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly Old Norse and French dialects. These left a profound mark
of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages
outside its linguistic clades—but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have
argued that English can be considered a mixed language or a creole—a theory called the Middle English creole hypothesis.
Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely
acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language.
6. English is classified as a Germanic language because it
shares innovations with other Germanic languages such
as Dutch, German, and Swedish. These shared
innovations show that the languages have descended
from a single common ancestor called Proto-Germanic.
Some shared features of Germanic languages include the
division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of
modal verbs, and the sound changes affecting Proto-
Indo-European consonants, known as Grimm's and
Verner's laws. English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian
language because Frisian and English share other
features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that
were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see
Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization).
7. History
Overview of history
The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known
as Old English or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of North
Sea Germanic dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old
English dialects were later influenced by Old Norse-speaking
Viking invaders and settlers, starting in the 8th and 9th
centuries. Middle English began in the late 11th century after
the Norman Conquest of England, when a considerable amount
of Old French vocabulary, was incorporated into English over
some three centuries.
8. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the start of the Great Vowel Shift
and the Renaissance trend of borrowing further Latin and Greek words and roots,
concurrent with the introduction of the printing press to London. This era notably
culminated in the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare.The printing press
greatly standardised English spelling,[citation needed] which has remained largely
unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects.
Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of
the worldwide influence of the British Empire and the United States. Through all types of
printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language
of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts
such as science, navigation, and law. Its modern grammar is the result of a gradual change
from a typical Indo-European dependent-marking pattern with a rich inflectional
morphology and relatively free word order to a mostly analytic pattern with little inflection
and a fairly fixed subject–verb–object word order.Modern English relies more on auxiliary
verbs and word order for the expression of complex tenses, aspects and moods, as well as
passive constructions, interrogatives, and me negation.