INT 1010 06-3.pdf

Introduction to Information Technology
6.3. Networking & Communications: Resources in Networks
INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
1
06.3
Networking & Communications:
Providing Resources in a Network

2
Introduction Network
Basics
Resources in
Networks
Internet
Connections
Network
trends
Network
Security
Summary

3
Clients and
Servers
Network
Components
Network
Representations
Networks in
many sizes
Resources in
Networks
Types of
Networks

4
Networks in
many sizes
Networking &
Communications

5
Networks come in all sizes.
They can go from basic networks consisting of two
PCs to networks interfacing with many gadgets.
Basic networks introduced in homes empower
sharing of assets, for example, printers, archives,
pictures, and music between a couple of nearby
PCs.
Worldwide internet users expect always to stay
connected to the internet.
They expect their connected devices to do the
following:
• Stay connected to the internet to complete their work.
• Have the ability to send and receive data fast.
• Have the ability to send small and large quantities of data
globally via any device connected to the internet.

6
Home office networks and small office networks are regularly
set up by people who work from home or remote offices.
They need to associate with a corporate network or other
concentrated assets.
Moreover, numerous independently employed business
people utilize home office and small office networks to
publicize and sell items, request supplies and speak with
clients.
The Internet is the biggest network presently.
Indeed, the term Internet implies a network of networks.
The internet is the global worldwide network that connects
millions of computers around the world.
A computer can connect to another computer in a different
country via the internet.

7
Clients and
Servers
Network
Components
Network
Representations
Networks in
many sizes
Resources in
Networks
Types of
Networks

8
Clients and
Servers
Networking &
Communications

9
All PCs associated with a network are named
hosts. Hosts are also called end devices.
Servers are PCs with programming that
empower them to give data, similar to emails
or website pages, to other network devices
called clients.
Each assistance requires separate server
programming.
For instance, a server requires web server
programming to give web administrations to
the network.
A PC with server programming can offer types
of assistance at the same time to one or
numerous customers.

10
Furthermore, a solitary PC can run numerous sorts
of server programming.
It might be vital for one PC to go about as a
document server, a web server, and an email server
in a home or private company.
Clients are PCs with programming introduced that
empower them to ask for and show the server's data.
A case of client programming is an internet browser,
similar to Chrome or Firefox.
A solitary PC can likewise run different kinds of
custom programming.
For instance, a client can browse email and view a
site page while texting and tuning in to Internet
radio.

11
Clients and
Servers
Network
Components
Network
Representations
Networks in
many sizes
Resources in
Networks
Types of
Networks

12
Network
Components
Networking &
Communications

13
The link between the sender and the receiver can be as
simple as a single cable connection between these two
devices or more sophisticated as a set of switches and
routers between them.
The network framework contains three classes of
network segments:
• Devices
• Media
• Services
Devices and media are the physical components, or
equipment, of the network.
Equipment is regularly the noticeable segment of the
network stage, for example, a PC, switch, remote
passageway, or the cabling used to associate the devices.

14
Administrations incorporate a
significant number of the basic
network applications individuals
utilize each day, similar to email
facilitating administrations and
web facilitating administrations.
Procedures give the usefulness
that coordinates and moves the
messages through the network.
Procedures are more subtle to us
yet are basic to the activity of
networks.

15
End Devices
An end device is either the source or
destination of a message transmitted over the
network.
Each end device is identified by an IP address
and a physical address.
Both addresses are needed to communicate
over a network.
IP addresses are unique logical IP addresses
that are assigned to every device within a
network.
If a device moves from one network to
another, then the IP address has to be
modified.

16
Physical addresses, also known as MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, are
unique addresses assigned by the device manufacturers.
These addresses are permanently burned into the hardware.

17
Intermediary Network Devices
Some devices act as intermediaries
between devices.
They are called delegated devices.
These delegated devices give
availability and guarantee that
information streams over the network.
Routers utilize the destination end
device address, related to data about
the network interconnections, to
decide how messages should take
through the network.

18
Network Media
A medium called network media carries the act of
transport data.
The medium gives the channel over which the
message makes a trip from source to destination.
Present-day organizations basically utilize three
sorts of media to interconnect devices and give the
pathway over which information can be transmitted.
These media are:
• Metallic wires within cables (Copper) - information is
encoded into electrical driving forces.
• Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable) - information is
encoded as beats of light.
• Wireless transmission - information is encoded utilizing
frequencies from the electromagnetic range.

19
Various sorts of network media have various highlights and advantages.
Not all network media have similar qualities, nor are they all appropriate for the
same purpose.
Network Cables Fiber Optic Cable

20
Bluetooth
While Bluetooth is not generally used
to connect a device to the Internet, it is
an important wireless technology that
has enabled many functionalities that
are used every day.
When created in 1994 by Ericsson, it
was intended to replace wired
connections between devices.
Today, it is the standard method for
connecting nearby devices wirelessly.

21
Bluetooth has a range of approximately
300 feet and consumes very little
power, making it an excellent choice
for various purposes.
Some applications of Bluetooth
include: connecting a printer to a
personal computer, connecting a
mobile phone and headset, connecting
a wireless keyboard and mouse to a
computer, and connecting a remote for
a presentation made on a personal
computer.

22
Clients and
Servers
Network
Components
Network
Representations
Networks in
many sizes
Resources in
Networks
Types of
Networks

23
Network
Representations
Networking &
Communications

24
To draw a diagram of a network, symbols are
utilized by network professionals to represent
the different devices and connections which
make up a network.
A diagram gives a simple method to see how
devices in a huge network are associated.
This kind of "picture" of a network is
known as a topology diagram.
The capacity to perceive the legitimate
portrayals of the physical systems
administration segments is basic to have the
option to imagine the association and activity
of a network.

25
Notwithstanding these portrayals, particular
phrasing is utilized while discussing how every one
of these devices and media interfaces with one
another. Significant terms to recall are:
• Network Interface Card: A NIC or LAN connector gives
the physical association with the PC or opposite end
device's network. The media that are associating the PC to
the network administration device plug legitimately into
the NIC.
• Physical Port: A connector or outlet on a network
administration device where the media is associated with
an end device or another network administration device.
• Interface: Specialized ports on a network administration
device that associate with singular networks. Since
switches are utilized to interconnect networks, the ports
on a network allude to network interfaces.

26
Switches in a rack

27
Topology Diagrams
Understanding topology diagrams are required for
anybody working with a network.
They give a visual guide of how the network is
associated.
There are two sorts of Topology diagrams:
• Physical topology and Logical topology diagrams. The
physical topology diagrams identify the physical location
of intermediary devices and cable installation.
• The Logical topology diagrams identify devices,
addressing schemes, and ports.
With physical topology, it is quite self-explanatory.
It is how they are interconnected with cables and
wires physically. The logical topology is how
connected devices are seen to the user.

28

29

30
Point-to-point: displays the network of exactly two hosts (computers,
servers, switches or routers) connected with a cable.
Bus: nodes are directly connected to a common half-duplex link called a bus.
Ring: each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single
continuous pathway for signals through each node – a ring.
Star: each network component is physically connected to a central node
such as a router, hub or switch. The central hub acts like a server and the
connecting nodes act like clients.

31
Tree: hybrid network topology in which star networks are interconnected via
bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical, and each node can have an
arbitrary number of child nodes.
Mesh: infrastructure nodes (i.e. bridges, switches, and other infrastructure
devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many
other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route
data to and from clients.
Hybrid: type of network topology that uses two or more differing network
topologies.

32
Clients and
Servers
Network
Components
Network
Representations
Networks in
many sizes
Resources in
Networks
Types of
Networks

33
Types of
Networks
Networking &
Communications

34
Networks foundations can fluctuate extraordinarily
regarding:
• Size of the territory secured
• Number of users connected
• Number and kinds of administrations accessible
• Territory of obligation
The two most normal sorts of system frameworks:
• Local Area Network (LAN): A network framework that
gives access to clients and end devices in a small
geographical zone, commonly an enterprise, small
business, home, or small business network possessed and
oversaw by an individual or IT department.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): A network foundation that
gives access to different networks over a wide geographical
region, commonly possessed and overseen by a broadcast
communications specialist co-op.

35
Different kinds of networks include:
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A
network foundation that traverses a
physical region bigger than a LAN yet
smaller than a WAN (e.g., a city). Keep
an eye that they are ordinarily
maintained by a solitary substance, for
example, a huge association.
• Wireless LAN (WLAN): Like a LAN, it
remotely interconnects clients and
focuses on a small geographical region.
• Storage Area Network (SAN): A network
foundation intended to help record
servers and give information stockpiling,
recovery, and replication.

36

37
Local Area Networks
LANs are a network foundation that
traverses a small geographical territory.
Explicit highlights of LANs include:
• LANs interconnect end devices in a restricted
region, for example, a home, school, place of
business, or grounds.
• A solitary association or person normally
directs a LAN. The managerial control that
oversees the security and access control
arrangements is upheld on the network level.
• LANs give rapid data transfer capacity to
inward end gadgets and delegate devices.

38
Wide Area Networks
WANs are a network foundation that
traverses a wide topographical zone.
WANs are ordinarily overseen by
specialist organizations (SP) or
Internet Service Providers (ISP).
Explicit highlights of WANs include:
• WANs interconnect LANs over wide
geographical zones, for example, between
urban areas, states, territories, nations, or
the mainland.
• Numerous specialist organizations typically
manage WANs.
• WANs ordinarily give more slow speed joins
between LANs

39
The Internet
The Internet is an overall assortment
of interconnected networks
(internetworks or web for short).
A portion of the LAN models is
associated with one another through a
WAN association. WANs are then
associated with one another.
The WAN association lines speak to all
the assortments of ways we interface
networks.
WANs can connect through copper
wires, fiber optic cables, and wireless
transmissions.

40
No individual or group own the
Internet.
Guaranteeing compelling
correspondence over this various
framework requires the use of
steady and generally perceived
advances and norms, just as the
collaboration of many network
organization offices.
Some associations have been
produced to keep up the structure
and normalization of Internet
conventions and procedures.

41
These organizations incorporate the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), and the Internet
Architecture Board (IAB), in addition to
numerous others.
Have you ever wondered how your
smartphone can function the way it does?
Have you ever wondered how you can search
for information on the web and find it within
milliseconds?
The world’s largest implementation of
client/server computing and internetworking
is the Internet.

42
The internet is also a system, which is the most
extensive public way of communicating.
The internet began in the 20th century; it initially
started as a network for the U.S Department of
Defense to globally connect university professors
and scientists.
Most small businesses and homes have access to
the internet by subscribing to an internet service
provider (ISP), a commercial organization with a
permanent connection to the internet, which sells
temporary connections to retail subscribers.

43
A DSL (Digital subscriber line) operates over
existing telephone lines to carry data, voice,
and video transmission rates.
The base of the internet is TCP/IP networking
protocol suite.
When two users on the internet exchange
messages, each message is decomposed into
packets using the TCP/IP protocol.
Have you ever wondered what happens when
you type a URL in the browser and press
enter?
The browser checks a DNS record in the
cache to find the corresponding IP address to
the domain.

44
First, you type in a specific URL into your browser.
The browser then checks the cache for a DNS record
to find the website's corresponding IP address.
If the URL is not in the cache, ISP’s (Internet Service
Provider)’s DNS server starts a DNS query to find
the server's IP address that hosts the website.
The browser then starts a TCP connection with the
server.
Then, the browser sends an HTTP request to the
webserver.
After that, the server handles the request and sends
an HTTP response back.
Finally, the browser shows the HTML content.

45
For example, www.Wikipedia.org has an
IP address, that specific IP address could
be searched starting with http:// on a
browser.
The DNS contains a list of URLs,
including their IP addresses.
The DNS (Domain Name System)
changes domain names into IP addresses.
The domain name is the English name of
the thing, and that has 32-bits which are
unique and numeric to that English name.
To access a computer on the internet,
they only need to specify the domain
name.

46
Intranets and Extranets
There are two different terms which
are like the term Internet: Intranets
and Extranets.
Intranet is a term frequently used to
describe a private association of LANs
and WANs that has a place with an
association.
It is intended to be available only for
approved individuals, workers, or
others of an organization.

47

48
An extranet is a term used to
describe the case when an organization
wants to give secure and safe access to
people who work for another
organization yet expect access to the
association's information.
Examples of extranets include:
• An organization that is giving access to
outside providers and temporary workers.
• An emergency clinic gives a booking system
to specialists so they can make
arrangements for their patients.
• A nearby office of training gives spending
plans and staff data to the schools in its
region.

49

50

51
True or False?
Server are more powerful computers and clients are
standalone computers
FALSE
TRUE

52
True or False?
The Internet is the biggest network presently
FALSE
TRUE

53
What is an “End Device”?
(all that apply)
1. is the source of a message transmitted
over the network.
2. is the destination of a message
transmitted over the network.
3. is identified by an IP address and a
physical address
4. all PCs associated with a network devices

54
What are physical or MAC
addresses?
1. IP address assigned by the server
2. unique address assigned by the End
Device
3. IP address and physical address
together
4. unique addresses assigned by the device
manufacturers

55
What is a network
topology?
1. a diagram of a network
2. a detailed description or representation
on a map of the features of an area
3. IP address and physical address
together
4. unique addresses assigned by the device
manufacturers

56
What do these acronyms
stand for?
1. LAN
2. WAN
3. MAN
4. WLAN

57

Textbook
59
https://eng.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_
Georges_Community_College/INT_1010%
3A_Concepts_in_Computing
Purchase of a book is not
required.

Professor C
60
castellr@pgcc.edu
eLearning Expert
BS in Systems Engineering
MS in Systems Engineering
HC Dr in Education
IT Professor | Spanish Instructor
LCINT1010.wordpress.com
Presentation created in 01/2022.
Slides last updated on 10/2023

INT-1010
Prof C
Luis R Castellanos
61
06.3
Networking & Communications:
Providing Resources in a Network

INT 1010 06-3.pdf

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