Investigations of acute bacterial meningitis
•Descargar como PPTX, PDF•
0 recomendaciones•51 vistas
csf findings: Elevated pressure , turbid. Elevated cell count >1000/mm3 , mostly polymorphic neutrophil. Protiens are elevated above 100mg/dl. Sugar is reduced below 50% of blood sugar level or below 40mg /dl. Microspic examination of sediments with gram stain helps to identify organisms. Collect CSF for culture. In partially treated cases CSF is clear with more lymphocytes, culture is usually sterile.
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
Recomendados
Acute bacterial meningitis
This document provides information on acute bacterial meningitis, including:
- The most common causative organisms are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Group B streptococci.
- Clinical presentation typically includes the classic triad of fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity, along with decreased consciousness.
- Diagnosis involves examination of CSF which shows pleocytosis, low glucose, and high protein. Blood cultures and neuroimaging may also be used.
- Treatment involves prompt empiric administration of antibiotics like ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and dexamethasone, with specific therapy guided by diagnostic testing.
Pyogenic meningitis in child
Acute CNS infection can cause meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the meninges and brain tissue. Viruses are a common cause, including enterovirus, arbovirus, and herpes virus. These viruses can directly invade and destroy brain cells. Clinical features include acute onset of fever, headache, irritability, and seizures. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing lymphocytic predominance and PCR or culture for the infecting virus. Treatment focuses on antivirals like acyclovir for herpes simplex virus. Outcomes depend on the specific virus and extent of brain involvement.
Tuberculous meningitis
Tuberculous meningitis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically develops secondary to a pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Symptoms progress through three stages - an initial prodromal stage with nonspecific symptoms, followed by signs of meningeal irritation and cranial nerve palsies, and finally a terminal stage with coma and death if untreated. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing lymphocytic pleocytosis and decreased glucose. Treatment consists of a combination of antitubercular drugs for 12 months along with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and complications. Prognosis depends on the stage of disease at treatment initiation, with mortality rates as high as 50%
Tuberculous meningitis
This document discusses tuberculous meningitis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the meninges and brain. India has a high burden of tuberculosis cases, with around 10% of TB patients developing central nervous system involvement like tuberculous meningitis. Risk factors include delays in diagnosis and treatment as well as immunocompromised states. Clinically, patients initially experience headaches, vomiting and fever, progressing to altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing lymphocytic predominant meningitis as well as imaging and culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves a combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs administered for 9-12 months.
Acute meningoencephalitis
Acute meningoencephalitis Powerpoint presentation.
It comprises of acute meningitis and acute encephalitis, their clinical features, physical assesment, diagnosis and treatment.
Tb meningitis
Common EPTB manifestation of TB esp. in SEA. Here, we study about all aspects of its presentations and management
pyogenic meningitis
1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
3) Clinical features include fever, irritability, vomiting, seizures, and bulging fontanelle. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid for presence of bacteria, white blood cells and
Acute meningitis
Bacterial meningitis remains a serious disease in adults, with S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis causing the majority of cases. The initial approach involves assessing for the classic triad of symptoms, but lumbar puncture may be deferred if neuroimaging is warranted due to concerns for mass lesions or decreased consciousness. Empiric antibiotic therapy should begin as soon as possible, often in combination with vancomycin and dexamethasone, which reduces mortality and morbidity when given early in treatment. Outcomes depend on severity of symptoms and causative organism, with pneumococcal meningitis carrying the highest fatality and long-term complication rates.
Recomendados
Acute bacterial meningitis
This document provides information on acute bacterial meningitis, including:
- The most common causative organisms are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Group B streptococci.
- Clinical presentation typically includes the classic triad of fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity, along with decreased consciousness.
- Diagnosis involves examination of CSF which shows pleocytosis, low glucose, and high protein. Blood cultures and neuroimaging may also be used.
- Treatment involves prompt empiric administration of antibiotics like ceftriaxone, vancomycin, and dexamethasone, with specific therapy guided by diagnostic testing.
Pyogenic meningitis in child
Acute CNS infection can cause meningoencephalitis, an inflammation of the meninges and brain tissue. Viruses are a common cause, including enterovirus, arbovirus, and herpes virus. These viruses can directly invade and destroy brain cells. Clinical features include acute onset of fever, headache, irritability, and seizures. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing lymphocytic predominance and PCR or culture for the infecting virus. Treatment focuses on antivirals like acyclovir for herpes simplex virus. Outcomes depend on the specific virus and extent of brain involvement.
Tuberculous meningitis
Tuberculous meningitis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically develops secondary to a pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Symptoms progress through three stages - an initial prodromal stage with nonspecific symptoms, followed by signs of meningeal irritation and cranial nerve palsies, and finally a terminal stage with coma and death if untreated. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing lymphocytic pleocytosis and decreased glucose. Treatment consists of a combination of antitubercular drugs for 12 months along with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and complications. Prognosis depends on the stage of disease at treatment initiation, with mortality rates as high as 50%
Tuberculous meningitis
This document discusses tuberculous meningitis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the meninges and brain. India has a high burden of tuberculosis cases, with around 10% of TB patients developing central nervous system involvement like tuberculous meningitis. Risk factors include delays in diagnosis and treatment as well as immunocompromised states. Clinically, patients initially experience headaches, vomiting and fever, progressing to altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing lymphocytic predominant meningitis as well as imaging and culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves a combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs administered for 9-12 months.
Acute meningoencephalitis
Acute meningoencephalitis Powerpoint presentation.
It comprises of acute meningitis and acute encephalitis, their clinical features, physical assesment, diagnosis and treatment.
Tb meningitis
Common EPTB manifestation of TB esp. in SEA. Here, we study about all aspects of its presentations and management
pyogenic meningitis
1) Pyogenic meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord caused most commonly by bacterial infection in infants and young children.
2) The causative agents vary by age but include Escherichia coli, Group B Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes in infants under 2 months. Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common causes in children from 2 months to 2 years.
3) Clinical features include fever, irritability, vomiting, seizures, and bulging fontanelle. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid for presence of bacteria, white blood cells and
Acute meningitis
Bacterial meningitis remains a serious disease in adults, with S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis causing the majority of cases. The initial approach involves assessing for the classic triad of symptoms, but lumbar puncture may be deferred if neuroimaging is warranted due to concerns for mass lesions or decreased consciousness. Empiric antibiotic therapy should begin as soon as possible, often in combination with vancomycin and dexamethasone, which reduces mortality and morbidity when given early in treatment. Outcomes depend on severity of symptoms and causative organism, with pneumococcal meningitis carrying the highest fatality and long-term complication rates.
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, Mycobacteriology Module, Residency year 1
King Fahd Hospital of The University
Acute cns infection in children
This document discusses acute CNS infections such as acute pyogenic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and tuberculous meningitis (TBM). It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Common causes of acute pyogenic meningitis in children include Group B streptococcus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, and HIB. Meningoencephalitis can be caused by enteroviruses, arboviruses, or herpes viruses. TBM most often affects children ages 6 months to 4 years and has distinct prodromal, abrupt, and coma stages. Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis are important for diagnosing these infections
Bacterial Meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is a common central nervous system infection caused by various bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause and produces an endotoxin responsible for circulatory collapse. It occurs sporadically or in epidemics, is transmitted via droplets, and prevalence is higher in young children and spleenectomized patients. Clinical presentation includes headache, fever, vomiting, and neck stiffness. Investigations include CSF analysis and blood cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care while complications can include neurological deficits if left untreated. Vaccination and chemoprophylaxis can help prevent further spread.
Chronic meningitis
Chronic meningitis is defined as meningitis symptoms lasting 4 or more weeks. It can have various causes including infectious, malignant, or autoimmune etiologies. Common infectious causes are bacterial, mycobacterial, spirochetal, or viral agents. Evaluation involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid and serological testing to identify the specific etiology. Empiric treatment with antitubercular therapy or antivirals may help in cases where an etiology cannot be identified.
Bacterial meningitis
This document provides information about Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal meningitis. It describes the morphological features and virulence factors of N. meningitidis, including its gram-negative diplococcal shape, polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade the immune system, and pili that enable it to attach to cells in the nasopharynx. The document also outlines the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis, noting that the bacteria spread from the nasopharynx via the bloodstream to the meninges, where it can cause inflammation and potentially fatal infection.
Cns infections
This document discusses various central nervous system infections that can be seen on CT and MRI imaging. It covers different types of infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic. It describes the routes of spread and typical presentations of these infections. Specific pathogens are discussed along with the imaging appearance of associated conditions like meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscesses and more. Common findings on CT and MRI are presented with examples of imaging findings for infections caused by organisms like herpes simplex virus, tuberculosis, HIV and fungi such as Cryptococcus.
How to Diagnose Meningitis in the Lab ?
Meningitis is an inflammatory process of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It is diagnosed through examination of cerebrospinal fluid collected via spinal tap. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows characteristics such as low glucose, high protein, and high white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance in bacterial meningitis. Culture and sensitivity testing of cerebrospinal fluid is important to identify the causative organism and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Proper collection and laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid parameters are essential for diagnosing meningitis.
Cns infections
This document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) infections, including:
1. CNS infections can be classified by the organ involved (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis) or by pathogen (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi).
2. Common causes of acute bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis is usually caused by enteroviruses.
3. Chronic CNS infections include tuberculosis (TB), neurosyphilis, fungal infections (e.g. cryptococcosis), and prion diseases (e.g. Cre
Diagnosis of cns infections
Bacterial infections of the central nervous system can cause meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscesses, and CSF shunt infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most common type and occurs when bacteria invade the subarachnoid space and CSF. The incidence is 3-5 per 100,000 people annually in the US. Bacterial meningitis and other CNS infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly. A lumbar puncture is required to diagnose meningitis by examining the CSF for white blood cell count, differential count, Gram stain, and culture. Proper collection and rapid transport of CSF specimens to the laboratory is critical for accurate diagnosis. [END SUMMARY]
Cns infections
1. The document discusses various central nervous system infections including meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral abscess. It defines these conditions and discusses their etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis.
2. Specific types of meningitis discussed in detail include pyogenic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis. Case scenarios are also presented to test the reader's knowledge.
3. Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain tissue, usually caused by viruses. The causes, presentation, and management of encephalitis are summarized.
CNS INFECTION
This document discusses common central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. It provides information on the causative organisms, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic meningitis. It also discusses meningitis cases, the anatomy of the meninges, and complications of meningitis. Encephalitis and brain abscess are also summarized, including their causes, pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic workup.
Cns infection 2019
This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections, including:
- Viral infections are more common than bacterial, which are more common than fungal/parasitic. Rickettsiae and Mycoplasma can also cause CNS infections.
- There are three main types - meningitis, encephalitis, and meningioencephalitis.
- Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Presentation depends on age. Encephalitis has multiple viral and non-viral causes. Meningioencephalitis involves both meninges and brain tissue.
Complications, diagnosis, and management are discussed for each type of infection.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain drugs. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Treatment involves immediate antibiotics, steroids, and other drugs depending on the cause. Complications can include brain damage, hearing loss, and death if not treated promptly.
Cns infection
central nervous infection for clinical pharmacists and other medical students this contains management of cns infections how it can be diagnosed and how to chose appropriate drug treatment based on age of patient.
Viral encephalitis
This document summarizes viral encephalitis, including common causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how acute febrile illness with altered consciousness can be caused by viruses that infect the brain. While clinical presentation alone cannot reliably distinguish virus type, lab tests like CSF examination and PCR can identify pathogens like HSV, VZV, EBV, arboviruses, and Naegleria fowleri amoeba. MRI may show lesions and EEG periodic sharp waves. Treatment involves supportive ICU care, antivirals like acyclovir for HSV, and longer courses if PCR remains positive. Differential diagnosis considers conditions like rabies and fungal/paras
Seminar on cns tubercuosis by Dr.Pradeep Singh
This document discusses central nervous system tuberculosis. It begins by introducing tuberculosis and its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It then classifies and describes the different forms of neurotuberculosis, including tuberculous meningitis, tuberculomas, and Pott's disease. The document outlines the pathology, signs and symptoms, investigations, diagnostic criteria and staging of tuberculous meningitis. It discusses the recommended treatment regimens and adjunctive steroid therapy. It also briefly touches on spinal tuberculosis, tuberculosis in HIV patients, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and the role of surgery in some cases of CNS tuberculosis.
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis, including definitions, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It provides details on:
1) The clinical presentation of meningitis including common symptoms like fever, altered mental status, and signs of meningeal irritation.
2) Diagnosis of meningitis primarily through lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid findings.
3) Treatment of bacterial meningitis involves early empiric antibiotics, supportive care, and management of complications. Antibiotic choices depend on the patient's age and suspected pathogens.
Medicine 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Mohammed Tahir)
The document discusses different types of central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis (bacterial, viral, fungal), encephalitis (bacterial, viral), and abscesses. It provides details on common causative agents of bacterial meningitis at different ages. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and altered mental status. Signs include meningeal signs and increased intracranial pressure. Treatment depends on the identified causative organism and may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antitubercular medications. Chronic or recurrent meningitis can be caused by persistent infection, malignancy or non-infectious inflammatory disorders.
Meningitis ppt
This document discusses the diagnostic approach for meningitis. It outlines the most common etiological agents which can cause meningitis including bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, viruses like enteroviruses and herpes viruses, fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and parasites including Entamoeba histolytica. The diagnostic approach involves clinical presentation, laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid including analysis of cell count, biochemistry, culture and microscopy, as well as blood tests and molecular methods if initial tests are negative. Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF is the mainstay of diagnosis, allowing for analysis of physical characteristics, biochemical features and cytological examination of the fluid.
Tuberculous infection of CNS
Tuberculous infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can occur via hematogenous spread or direct extension from a local infection. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous meningitis or tuberculomas. Tuberculous meningitis involves thick exudate in the subarachnoid space and can lead to hydrocephalus or ischemic infarcts. Tuberculomas appear as ring-enhancing lesions on imaging. Pott's disease is spinal tuberculosis that causes vertebral body collapse and kyphosis. Management involves antituberculous medications for at least 6-9 months.
Principles of neurocritical care
This document discusses principles of neurocritical care for traumatic brain injury (TBI). It outlines the types and pathophysiology of primary and secondary brain injury. It emphasizes monitoring and treatment of secondary injury processes like intracranial hypertension, cerebral ischemia, and brain tissue hypoxia in the ICU. Specific monitoring modalities are described including intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), transcranial Doppler, jugular venous oxygen saturation, brain tissue oxygen, and cerebral microdialysis. Systemic factors that can cause secondary brain insults like hypotension, hypoxia, anemia, and fever are also discussed.
Cns tuberculosis (tbm)
The presentation is about CNS tuberculosis ,here m tried to described about TBM & other form of CNS TB.
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis, Mycobacteriology Module, Residency year 1
King Fahd Hospital of The University
Acute cns infection in children
This document discusses acute CNS infections such as acute pyogenic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and tuberculous meningitis (TBM). It covers the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Common causes of acute pyogenic meningitis in children include Group B streptococcus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, and HIB. Meningoencephalitis can be caused by enteroviruses, arboviruses, or herpes viruses. TBM most often affects children ages 6 months to 4 years and has distinct prodromal, abrupt, and coma stages. Lumbar puncture and CSF analysis are important for diagnosing these infections
Bacterial Meningitis
Bacterial meningitis is a common central nervous system infection caused by various bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause and produces an endotoxin responsible for circulatory collapse. It occurs sporadically or in epidemics, is transmitted via droplets, and prevalence is higher in young children and spleenectomized patients. Clinical presentation includes headache, fever, vomiting, and neck stiffness. Investigations include CSF analysis and blood cultures. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care while complications can include neurological deficits if left untreated. Vaccination and chemoprophylaxis can help prevent further spread.
Chronic meningitis
Chronic meningitis is defined as meningitis symptoms lasting 4 or more weeks. It can have various causes including infectious, malignant, or autoimmune etiologies. Common infectious causes are bacterial, mycobacterial, spirochetal, or viral agents. Evaluation involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid and serological testing to identify the specific etiology. Empiric treatment with antitubercular therapy or antivirals may help in cases where an etiology cannot be identified.
Bacterial meningitis
This document provides information about Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria that causes meningococcal meningitis. It describes the morphological features and virulence factors of N. meningitidis, including its gram-negative diplococcal shape, polysaccharide capsule that allows it to evade the immune system, and pili that enable it to attach to cells in the nasopharynx. The document also outlines the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis, noting that the bacteria spread from the nasopharynx via the bloodstream to the meninges, where it can cause inflammation and potentially fatal infection.
Cns infections
This document discusses various central nervous system infections that can be seen on CT and MRI imaging. It covers different types of infections including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic. It describes the routes of spread and typical presentations of these infections. Specific pathogens are discussed along with the imaging appearance of associated conditions like meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscesses and more. Common findings on CT and MRI are presented with examples of imaging findings for infections caused by organisms like herpes simplex virus, tuberculosis, HIV and fungi such as Cryptococcus.
How to Diagnose Meningitis in the Lab ?
Meningitis is an inflammatory process of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It is diagnosed through examination of cerebrospinal fluid collected via spinal tap. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows characteristics such as low glucose, high protein, and high white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance in bacterial meningitis. Culture and sensitivity testing of cerebrospinal fluid is important to identify the causative organism and appropriate antibiotic treatment. Proper collection and laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid parameters are essential for diagnosing meningitis.
Cns infections
This document provides an overview of central nervous system (CNS) infections, including:
1. CNS infections can be classified by the organ involved (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis) or by pathogen (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi).
2. Common causes of acute bacterial meningitis include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis is usually caused by enteroviruses.
3. Chronic CNS infections include tuberculosis (TB), neurosyphilis, fungal infections (e.g. cryptococcosis), and prion diseases (e.g. Cre
Diagnosis of cns infections
Bacterial infections of the central nervous system can cause meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscesses, and CSF shunt infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most common type and occurs when bacteria invade the subarachnoid space and CSF. The incidence is 3-5 per 100,000 people annually in the US. Bacterial meningitis and other CNS infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality if not treated promptly. A lumbar puncture is required to diagnose meningitis by examining the CSF for white blood cell count, differential count, Gram stain, and culture. Proper collection and rapid transport of CSF specimens to the laboratory is critical for accurate diagnosis. [END SUMMARY]
Cns infections
1. The document discusses various central nervous system infections including meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral abscess. It defines these conditions and discusses their etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis.
2. Specific types of meningitis discussed in detail include pyogenic meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and meningococcal meningitis. Case scenarios are also presented to test the reader's knowledge.
3. Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain tissue, usually caused by viruses. The causes, presentation, and management of encephalitis are summarized.
CNS INFECTION
This document discusses common central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. It provides information on the causative organisms, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, and laboratory diagnosis of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic meningitis. It also discusses meningitis cases, the anatomy of the meninges, and complications of meningitis. Encephalitis and brain abscess are also summarized, including their causes, pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic workup.
Cns infection 2019
This document discusses central nervous system (CNS) infections, including:
- Viral infections are more common than bacterial, which are more common than fungal/parasitic. Rickettsiae and Mycoplasma can also cause CNS infections.
- There are three main types - meningitis, encephalitis, and meningioencephalitis.
- Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Presentation depends on age. Encephalitis has multiple viral and non-viral causes. Meningioencephalitis involves both meninges and brain tissue.
Complications, diagnosis, and management are discussed for each type of infection.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain drugs. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid obtained via lumbar puncture. Treatment involves immediate antibiotics, steroids, and other drugs depending on the cause. Complications can include brain damage, hearing loss, and death if not treated promptly.
Cns infection
central nervous infection for clinical pharmacists and other medical students this contains management of cns infections how it can be diagnosed and how to chose appropriate drug treatment based on age of patient.
Viral encephalitis
This document summarizes viral encephalitis, including common causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how acute febrile illness with altered consciousness can be caused by viruses that infect the brain. While clinical presentation alone cannot reliably distinguish virus type, lab tests like CSF examination and PCR can identify pathogens like HSV, VZV, EBV, arboviruses, and Naegleria fowleri amoeba. MRI may show lesions and EEG periodic sharp waves. Treatment involves supportive ICU care, antivirals like acyclovir for HSV, and longer courses if PCR remains positive. Differential diagnosis considers conditions like rabies and fungal/paras
Seminar on cns tubercuosis by Dr.Pradeep Singh
This document discusses central nervous system tuberculosis. It begins by introducing tuberculosis and its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It then classifies and describes the different forms of neurotuberculosis, including tuberculous meningitis, tuberculomas, and Pott's disease. The document outlines the pathology, signs and symptoms, investigations, diagnostic criteria and staging of tuberculous meningitis. It discusses the recommended treatment regimens and adjunctive steroid therapy. It also briefly touches on spinal tuberculosis, tuberculosis in HIV patients, anti-tuberculosis drugs, and the role of surgery in some cases of CNS tuberculosis.
Meningitis
This document discusses meningitis and encephalitis, including definitions, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It provides details on:
1) The clinical presentation of meningitis including common symptoms like fever, altered mental status, and signs of meningeal irritation.
2) Diagnosis of meningitis primarily through lumbar puncture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid findings.
3) Treatment of bacterial meningitis involves early empiric antibiotics, supportive care, and management of complications. Antibiotic choices depend on the patient's age and suspected pathogens.
Medicine 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Mohammed Tahir)
The document discusses different types of central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis (bacterial, viral, fungal), encephalitis (bacterial, viral), and abscesses. It provides details on common causative agents of bacterial meningitis at different ages. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and altered mental status. Signs include meningeal signs and increased intracranial pressure. Treatment depends on the identified causative organism and may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antitubercular medications. Chronic or recurrent meningitis can be caused by persistent infection, malignancy or non-infectious inflammatory disorders.
Meningitis ppt
This document discusses the diagnostic approach for meningitis. It outlines the most common etiological agents which can cause meningitis including bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis, viruses like enteroviruses and herpes viruses, fungi such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and parasites including Entamoeba histolytica. The diagnostic approach involves clinical presentation, laboratory examination of cerebrospinal fluid including analysis of cell count, biochemistry, culture and microscopy, as well as blood tests and molecular methods if initial tests are negative. Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF is the mainstay of diagnosis, allowing for analysis of physical characteristics, biochemical features and cytological examination of the fluid.
Tuberculous infection of CNS
Tuberculous infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can occur via hematogenous spread or direct extension from a local infection. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous meningitis or tuberculomas. Tuberculous meningitis involves thick exudate in the subarachnoid space and can lead to hydrocephalus or ischemic infarcts. Tuberculomas appear as ring-enhancing lesions on imaging. Pott's disease is spinal tuberculosis that causes vertebral body collapse and kyphosis. Management involves antituberculous medications for at least 6-9 months.
La actualidad más candente (20)
Medicine 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Mohammed Tahir)
Medicine 5th year, 5th lecture/part two (Dr. Mohammed Tahir)
Similar a Investigations of acute bacterial meningitis
Principles of neurocritical care
This document discusses principles of neurocritical care for traumatic brain injury (TBI). It outlines the types and pathophysiology of primary and secondary brain injury. It emphasizes monitoring and treatment of secondary injury processes like intracranial hypertension, cerebral ischemia, and brain tissue hypoxia in the ICU. Specific monitoring modalities are described including intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), transcranial Doppler, jugular venous oxygen saturation, brain tissue oxygen, and cerebral microdialysis. Systemic factors that can cause secondary brain insults like hypotension, hypoxia, anemia, and fever are also discussed.
Cns tuberculosis (tbm)
The presentation is about CNS tuberculosis ,here m tried to described about TBM & other form of CNS TB.
MENINGITIS.pptx
This document discusses meningitis, including the anatomy of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. It describes different types of meningitis such as septic, chronic, and aseptic meningitis. Common causes and symptoms are provided for each type. The laboratory diagnosis and examination of cerebrospinal fluid samples is explained. Important causative organisms like Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are discussed. Treatment focuses on correcting electrolyte imbalances and managing patients in the intensive care unit.
Meningitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management
Meningitis in ICU in adults is common neurological emergency where timely treatment saves and improves life quality free of disability.
Investigations of encephalitis
VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised (80-150 mm of H20)
LEUCOCYTES : few-1000 cells/mm3 - Initially poly morpho nuclear later mononuclear cells predominate
PROTEIN : Usually 50 -200 mg/dL
GLUCOSE : Normal or slightly reduced
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised
LEUCOCYTES: 100 cells/mm3, lymphocytosis
PROTEIN : Mildly elevated
GLUCOSE : Normal
045 AIDS
This document summarizes various neurological complications of HIV/AIDS, including:
- Acute retroviral syndrome occurring in the majority after initial HIV exposure, potentially causing meningitis.
- HIV-associated encephalopathy, the most common HIV-related brain disease, presenting as cognitive and motor slowing.
- Myelopathy, characterized by vacuolar changes in the thoracic spinal cord causing spasticity and sensory symptoms.
- Several types of infections are described like toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, CMV, and various types of mycobacteria.
- Primary central nervous system lymphoma is an AIDS-defining cancer that can involve the brain, eyes and spinal fluid.
- Neurotoxic
Supratentorial masses excision -anaesthetic implication
This document discusses considerations for anesthesia management of supratentorial brain tumors. It begins by describing the anatomy of the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments. Common tumor types in the supratentorial compartment include gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas and metastases. Key goals for anesthesia include maintaining adequate brain perfusion and oxygenation, facilitating tumor resection, and allowing for rapid emergence. Monitoring includes standard ASA monitors plus ICP monitoring if elevated preoperatively. Positioning can affect ventilation and ICP, so padding pressure points is important. Induction aims to avoid ICP elevations while maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure. Maintenance involves propofol, opioids and muscle relaxation to prevent movements
Toxoplasmosis
This clinical case describes a 34-year-old male with a history of HIV/AIDS who presented to the emergency room with a seizure. Imaging showed two ring-enhancing brain lesions suggestive of toxoplasmosis. He was treated with anti-toxoplasmosis medications as an inpatient but was non-compliant as an outpatient, resulting in recurrent seizures. Key challenges included limited medication availability and an inability to monitor his CD4 count over time due to being from a different region.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment and has the highest risk of complications. Common bacterial causes include streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria meningitidis, and haemophilus influenzae. Viral meningitis is generally milder and self-limiting. Tubercular meningitis has a subacute onset and causes thick basal exudates. Fungal meningitis occurs more often in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and characteristic findings depending on the cause. Treatment involves antibiotics, antivirals or antitubercular drugs depending on the
Evaluation of csf
1. Dr. Saha presented on the evaluation of CSF and discussed its history, production, circulation, absorption, and functions.
2. The presentation covered CSF specimen collection via lumbar puncture and laboratory tests including cell counts, chemistries, and cytology.
3. Increased proteins, cells, or ratios between CSF and serum components can indicate conditions like meningitis, tumors, or increased blood-brain barrier permeability.
HIV Neeurology.pptx
The document discusses various neurological complications that can occur in HIV infected individuals. It covers topics like neuropathogenesis of HIV, meningitis (aseptic and cryptococcal), focal brain conditions like cerebral toxoplasmosis, and treatment approaches. Cryptococcal meningitis is described as the most common fungal meningitis in AIDS patients. Clinical features, diagnosis, antifungal therapy, monitoring and management of increased intracranial pressure are discussed for cryptococcal meningitis.
Csf cytological studies and its interpretation1
An short PPT on CSF cytological studies and their interpretation.
CONTENT ARE
1.CSF normal physiology
2.Indication of LP
3.Microscpic examination
Acute encephalitis syndrome final shivaom
This document provides information on acute encephalitis syndrome, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management. Acute encephalitis syndrome is defined as an acute onset fever with changes in mental status or seizures. It is commonly caused by viruses and can involve inflammation of the brain tissue. Diagnosis involves examination of CSF and imaging studies. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications like acyclovir.
Presentation1.pptx
This document discusses a case of acute meningoencephalitis in a 23-year-old patient from Karnataka with fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Initial CSF analysis showed lymphocytic predominance, which could indicate viral or partially treated bacterial meningitis. Further investigations including MRI, repeat CSF analysis, and PCR ruled out conditions like tuberculosis, cerebral malaria, and bacterial meningitis. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with viral meningoencephalitis. The document also provides an overview of acute meningitis causes, presentations, diagnostic tests and interpretations.
CNS TB
Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) is a severe form of TB infection that can affect the brain and spinal cord. It is most common in children under 5 years old. Left untreated, CNS TB has an almost 100% fatality rate and can cause permanent neurological damage even with treatment. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid which shows increased white blood cells and protein with low glucose. Brain imaging also helps with diagnosis. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen administered over 9-12 months. Adjunctive steroids are also often used to reduce inflammation and complications. Even with treatment, CNS TB has poor outcomes with only one third of patients fully recovering neurologically.
cerebro spinal fluid analysis
The document provides information on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, including its production, circulation, and examination. It discusses normal CSF values and abnormalities seen in various conditions. The lumbar puncture procedure and complications are also outlined. Abnormalities in CSF parameters like increased white blood cells, decreased glucose, and elevated proteins can indicate infections like bacterial meningitis, while more subtle changes may be seen in viral meningitis and tuberculosis meningitis. CSF analysis is useful for diagnosis.
CSF EXAMINATION.pptx
CSF is produced by filtration of plasma through the choroid plexus and contains water, proteins, inorganic salts and dextrose. It is examined to detect meningeal infections, subarachnoid hemorrhage, CNS malignancy and demyelinating diseases. Examination includes physical appearance, chemical analysis of proteins, glucose and lactate levels, microscopic examination of cell counts and differentials, and microbiological studies. Abnormal results can indicate conditions like meningitis, tumors, or bleeding and aid in diagnosis. Precise collection and rapid analysis of CSF is important for accurate diagnostic testing.
MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN-1.pptx by John wambugu clinical officer paediatrics
This document provides an overview of meningitis, including its definition, causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Key points include:
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections.
- Bacterial meningitis requires urgent treatment with antibiotics as it can be fatal if untreated. Common bacterial causes include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
- Symptoms may include fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.pptx
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates in the subarachnoid space. CSF provides cushioning and maintains chemical homeostasis in the central nervous system. CSF analysis involves examination of properties like glucose, protein, white blood cells, and immunoglobulins to diagnose conditions like meningitis, tumors, and neurological diseases. Abnormalities in CSF components provide clues to underlying pathology in the brain and spinal cord.
anatomi meninges, bbb, lp.pptx
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the meninges and blood-brain barrier (BBB). It covers topics such as the Monro-Kellie doctrine, hydrocephalus (communicating and non-communicating types), aqueduct stenosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, CSF composition and production, lumbar puncture indications and procedures, and how some bacteria are able to penetrate the BBB to cause infections of the CNS.
Similar a Investigations of acute bacterial meningitis (20)
Meningitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management
Meningitis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management
Supratentorial masses excision -anaesthetic implication
Supratentorial masses excision -anaesthetic implication
MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN-1.pptx by John wambugu clinical officer paediatrics
MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN-1.pptx by John wambugu clinical officer paediatrics
Más de Ramagopalan Surenthiran
Treatment of encephalitis
This document discusses the treatment and management of encephalitis. The main aims are to maintain vital functions, provide symptomatic management, ensure adequate nutrition, and prevent neurological sequelae. Specific treatments are outlined for different causes of encephalitis, including acyclovir for herpes simplex encephalitis, doxycycline for rickettsia, and amphotericin B or fluconazole for cryptococcal infections. Complications can include personality changes, speech and language problems, memory issues, and epilepsy. The prognosis depends on the cause, with an overall 5% mortality rate and two-thirds of survivors usually recovering fully.
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
Symptomatic therapy:
Raised intracranial pressure- 20% Mannitol i.v 0.5 g/kg every 4-6 hr for maximum 6 doses.
Convulsions-Diazepam i.v followed by phenytoin.
Dyselectrolytemia-Maintenance fluids.
Hydrocephalus and persistent decerebration-Ventriculocaval shunt.
Acute central nervous system infection
Encephalopathy => cerebral dysfunction due to circulatory toxins, poisons, abnormal metabolites.
Intrinsic biochemical disorder affecting neurons without inflammatory response
Inflammation of meninges – meningitis
Involvement of brain parenchyma – meningoencephalitis
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
Tuberculous Meningitis,
Meningitis is a complication of childhood TB
More common at the age of 6 and 24 months of age
There is usually a focus of primary infection or miliary tuberculosis.
If untreated, high frequency of neurological sequelae and mortality occurs.
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
signs and symptoms:
Projectile vomiting
Shrill cry
Bulging fontanel
Altered sensorium
Seizures
Photophobia
Hypertonia
Neck rigidity
Kernig sign and Brudzinki sign positive
FUNDUS: Congestion, Pappilloedema
investigation of tuberculous bacterial meningitis
CSF analysis:
Elevated csf pressure (30-40cm h20)
Appearance clear or xanthochromic
Lymphocytic pleocytosis(100-500 cells/mm3)
Protein (>40mg/dl),mild hypoglycorrhachia
Chloride(>600mg/dl)
Low glucose concentration (<2.2mmol/L)
Encephalitis - clinical presentation
Is an inflammatory process of brain parenchyma.
Occurs most often in the first year of life
M/C in world and in INDIA _ Japanese encephalitis
In immunocompetent host- Vaicella , EBV, herpes
treatment of acute bacterial meningitis final
OUTLINE:
*INITIAL STABILIZATION
*ANTIBIOTICS THERAPY
*STEROIDS
*ICP MANAGEMENT
*SYMPTOMATIC THERAPY
*PROGNOSIS AND PREVENTION
INITIAL STABILIZATION
•
Airway, breathing and circulation must be
maintained
•
Correct shock, respiratory distress , multiple
organ system failure
•
Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) until the
child is stable.
•
Monitoring of pulse rate, BP and respiratory rate
•
Frequent neurologic assessment
Cranium- anatomy of basi-cranium, dural venous sinus
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
ovary - Anatomy, histology and embryological development of ovary
Overview
*Anatomy
Location
Peritoneal relation
External features
*Blood supply
*Lymphatics drainage
*Nerve supply
*Embryology
*histology
Organic nitrates - pharmacology
These agents are simple nitric and nitrous acid esters of polyalcohols. Otherwise called, Nitro-vasodilators
Nitroglycerin may be considered the prototype of the group.
Important molecular donors of exogenous nitric oxide.
Denitration of the organic nitrates to liberate nitric oxide.
Relax smooth muscle (especially vascular smooth muscle, but also other types including oesophageal and biliary smooth muscle).
Classification breast tumour
This document outlines the classification of breast tumours according to histopathology, grade, stage, receptor status, and DNA. It describes the WHO histological classification including epithelial and stromal tumours of the breast, as well as tumours of the male breast and nipple. Benign and malignant epithelial lesions are defined. Malignant lesions include carcinoma in situ (DCIS and LCIS) and invasive carcinoma. Molecular subtypes and specific tumour types such as lobular carcinoma are also detailed. The classification of stromal tumours, tumours of the male breast, and nipple are summarized.
Adverse effect of Phenytoin
It is a non sedating oral antiepileptic drug.
Fosphenytoin :
Used in status epilepticus
water soluble prodrug of phenytoin
i.V administration
anatomy of Para nasal sinus with clinical anatomy
Paranasal sinuses are a group of air containing spaces that surround the nasal cavity and directly open into the nasal cavity through their ostia.
Lined by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Paget's disease
pathological aspects of paget's disease of nipple with excellent animation for progress of paget's disease. all the points derived from standard reference books.
Diabetic foot ulcer
proper clinical presentation of diabetic foot with photographic picture. each point analysed from surgical manual of Das.
Femoral hernia with umbilical hernia
This document provides information on femoral triangle anatomy, femoral hernia, and umbilical hernia. It describes the boundaries of the femoral triangle and sheath. It then discusses the presentation, types, investigations, and surgical treatments of femoral hernia using various approaches like Lockwood, Lotheissen, and McEvedy. For umbilical hernia, it outlines the causes in children versus adults and various surgical repair techniques like Mayo's repair and mesh repair options based on hernia size and location.
Más de Ramagopalan Surenthiran (17)
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
tuberculous Meningitis treatment and complications
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF TB MENINGITIS
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
Cranium- anatomy of basi-cranium, dural venous sinus
Cranium- anatomy of basi-cranium, dural venous sinus
ovary - Anatomy, histology and embryological development of ovary
ovary - Anatomy, histology and embryological development of ovary
Último
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
The Diamonds of 2023-2024 in the IGRA collection
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Aberdeen
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneBÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
"How to make and deliver dynamic presentations by making it more interactive to captivate your audience attention"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Último (20)
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
NEWSPAPERS - QUESTION 1 - REVISION POWERPOINT.pptx
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Investigations of acute bacterial meningitis
- 1. INVESTIGATIONS OF ACUTE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS -M.SANTHOSH KUMAR
- 2. EXAMINATION OF CSF Perform LP without prior neuroimaging in: a. Immunocompetent patient b. No h/o recent head trauma c. Normal level of consciousness d. No evidence of papilledema / focal neurological deficit
- 3. CSF ABNORMALITIES • Elevated pressure , turbid. • Elevated cell count >1000/mm3 , mostly polymorphic neutrophil. • Protiens are elevated above 100mg/dl. • Sugar is reduced below 50% of blood sugar level or below 40mg /dl. • Microspic examination of sediments with gram stain helps to identify organisms. • Collect CSF for culture. • In partially treated cases CSF is clear with more lymphocytes, culture is usually sterile.
- 4. NEUROIMAGING • CT is not necessary for diagnosis but useful to exclude subdural effusion, brain abcess, hydrocephalus and vascular complications. • Used to differentiate between partially treated pyogenic meningitis and tubercular meningitis.
- 6. RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST • Used to distinguish between bacterial , viral and tubercular meningitis based on antigen or antibody demonstration. • Methods include : a. Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. b. Latex partical agglutination. c. ELISA. • They are unaltered by use of antibiotics.
- 7. THANK YOU