Investigations of encephalitis
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VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised (80-150 mm of H20) LEUCOCYTES : few-1000 cells/mm3 - Initially poly morpho nuclear later mononuclear cells predominate PROTEIN : Usually 50 -200 mg/dL GLUCOSE : Normal or slightly reduced ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised LEUCOCYTES: 100 cells/mm3, lymphocytosis PROTEIN : Mildly elevated GLUCOSE : Normal
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed in the brain ventricles and circulates through the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture, or spinal tap, is performed to collect a CSF sample for analysis. Routine CSF analysis includes examination of appearance, cell count and differential, glucose, and protein levels. Abnormal results can indicate infections, inflammatory conditions, tumors, or other neurological disorders. Precise evaluation of CSF findings is important for diagnosis.
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CSF examination involves collecting a sample of cerebrospinal fluid via lumbar puncture and analyzing its contents in a laboratory. The purpose is to diagnose central nervous system disorders like infections, tumors, or inflammatory diseases. Chemical analysis of glucose, protein, white blood cell count and differential provide diagnostic clues. Gram stain and cultures identify microbes. Serology tests detect diseases such as neurosyphilis. Together the test results help physicians determine appropriate treatment.
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2) Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, imaging tests showing disproportionate ventricle enlargement, and tests like lumbar puncture to check CSF pressure and flow.
3) Treatment usually involves surgically placing a CSF shunt if symptoms improve with temporary drainage, with benefits seen in 50-61% of cases but also a high risk of complications.
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1. Dr. Saha presented on the evaluation of CSF and discussed its history, production, circulation, absorption, and functions.
2. The presentation covered CSF specimen collection via lumbar puncture and laboratory tests including cell counts, chemistries, and cytology.
3. Increased proteins, cells, or ratios between CSF and serum components can indicate conditions like meningitis, tumors, or increased blood-brain barrier permeability.
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csf findings:
Elevated pressure , turbid.
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3. Increased proteins, cells, or ratios between CSF and serum components can indicate conditions like meningitis, tumors, or increased blood-brain barrier permeability.
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Inflammation of meninges – meningitis
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Acute bacterial meningitis - clinical presentation
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Appearance clear or xanthochromic
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Protein (>40mg/dl),mild hypoglycorrhachia
Chloride(>600mg/dl)
Low glucose concentration (<2.2mmol/L)
Encephalitis - clinical presentation
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In immunocompetent host- Vaicella , EBV, herpes
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•
Airway, breathing and circulation must be
maintained
•
Correct shock, respiratory distress , multiple
organ system failure
•
Paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) until the
child is stable.
•
Monitoring of pulse rate, BP and respiratory rate
•
Frequent neurologic assessment
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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Investigations of encephalitis
- 2. INVESTIGATIONS Careful history should be taken to arrive at precise etiological diagnosis Complete systemic examination should be done Exposure to toxins should be carefully assessed
- 3. LUMBAR PUNCTURE After excluding papilledema Lumbar puncture is done to assess the cerebro- spinal fluid CSF- cytology, biochemistry, serology and cultures are mandatory to assess the etiological agents in causing encephalitis
- 4. CSF FINDINGS VIRAL MENINGOENCEPHALITIS CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised (80-150 mm of H20) LEUCOCYTES : few-1000 cells/mm3 - Initially poly morpho nuclear later mononuclear cells predominate PROTEIN : Usually 50 -200 mg/dL GLUCOSE : Normal or slightly reduced
- 5. SPECIFIC CSFFINDINGS ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS CSF PRESSURE : Normal or Slightly raised LEUCOCYTES: 100 cells/mm3, lymphocytosis PROTEIN : Mildly elevated GLUCOSE : Normal
- 6. SPECIFIC FEATURES Herpes simplex virus-encephalitis Is suggested by focal findings in CT OR MRI OR EEG Herpes simplex virus and enteroviruses are detected by polymerase chain reaction of the CSF
- 7. INVESTIGATIONS ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM EEG typically shows diffuse slow wave activity usually without focal changes NEURO IMAGING STUDIES CT OR MRI may show swelling of the brain parenchyma
- 8. ISOLATION OF VIRUS SITES FOR SPECIMEN FOR CULTURE: 1) Nasopharyngeal swabs 2) urine 3) feces Detection of viral DNA or RNA by PCR is the test of choice in the diagnosis of encephalitis caused by Herpes simplex, parecho virus and enteroviruses CSF serology is the diagnostic test for west nile virus
- 9. CT AND MRI IMAGING To exclude intracranial tumour or abscess MRI is the imaging of choice IN HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS MRI is senstitive in early stages Typical features: # Areas of focal oedema in temporal lobes and orbital surface of frontal lobes # Abnormal areas may show enhancement with gadolinium
- 11. BRAIN BIOPSY Brain biopsy is rarely performed but useful in patients with focal neurological findings Brain biopsy may be helpful to identify Arbovirus,enteroviruses,tuberculosis and malignancies
- 12. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS Serum electrolytes Blood sugar Urea Blood ammonia Metabolic screening
- 13. Arterial blood gas analysis Serum lactate Urinary ketones Urinalysis Toxicological studies Serum lead level –in case of poisoning
- 14. THANK Y0U