Is Sociology a Science ,Nature of Sociology.pptx
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Sociology is a science of society. It studies society using scientific methods and techniques. Sociology was first named "Social Physics." Human behavior is distinct from nature, and cannot be completely based on natural sciences.
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Sociology Unit I.docx
This document provides an overview of sociology as presented in a nursing college course. It defines sociology and discusses its nature, scope, significance for nursing, branches, and factors in its origin. Specifically, it defines sociology as the scientific study of human social life, groups and societies. It explains that sociology's nature makes it a social rather than physical science. It discusses debates around sociology's scope. And it outlines several key branches of sociology like theoretical, historical, rural/urban, and industrial sociology. The document also explains factors in sociology's origin like the Industrial Revolution, imperialism, and success of natural sciences.
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Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It emerged in the 19th century due to factors like the industrial revolution and philosophical inquiry. Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and is considered the father of the discipline. Sociology studies societies and social phenomena like institutions, communities, and social groups. It has many branches that look at topics such as religion, the economy, urban and rural areas, politics, law, and more. Sociology uses both empirical observation and rational theories to understand social dynamics.
Sociology Unit I.pptx
This document provides an introduction to the topic of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human societies, groups, and social interactions. It discusses the key founders and theories of sociology. It also outlines the nature and scope of sociology as a social science that studies societies and social phenomena using both empirical observation and rational analysis. The document aims to help students understand and appreciate the importance of sociology as a field of study.
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Sociology is the study of human society and social interaction. It was coined by Auguste Comte in 1839 and is considered the youngest of the social sciences. There are two main perspectives on the scope of sociology - the specialist/formalistic school views it as studying specific aspects of human relationships, while the synthetic school sees it as studying all aspects of society. Sociology is important for nursing as most illnesses have social causes and consequences. Understanding sociology helps nurses deal with patients by comprehending their habits, norms, culture and behaviors. It also aids in understanding the social factors influencing health and barriers to treatment. Nurses can apply sociological knowledge to approach patients on emotional, cultural and intellectual levels.
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Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It examines how groups and individuals are influenced by social structures and culture. The document outlines two perspectives on the scope of sociology - the specialist/formalistic school which views sociology as confined to studying certain aspects of human relationships, and the synthetic school which sees sociology as a general science that studies all human interactions and society. Key thinkers from each school such as Durkheim, Hobhouse, and Sorokin are discussed in regards to their views on defining the nature and scope of sociology.
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Sociology Unit I.docx
This document provides an overview of sociology as presented in a nursing college course. It defines sociology and discusses its nature, scope, significance for nursing, branches, and factors in its origin. Specifically, it defines sociology as the scientific study of human social life, groups and societies. It explains that sociology's nature makes it a social rather than physical science. It discusses debates around sociology's scope. And it outlines several key branches of sociology like theoretical, historical, rural/urban, and industrial sociology. The document also explains factors in sociology's origin like the Industrial Revolution, imperialism, and success of natural sciences.
sociologyuniti-220325064255.pdf
Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It emerged in the 19th century due to factors like the industrial revolution and philosophical inquiry. Auguste Comte coined the term sociology and is considered the father of the discipline. Sociology studies societies and social phenomena like institutions, communities, and social groups. It has many branches that look at topics such as religion, the economy, urban and rural areas, politics, law, and more. Sociology uses both empirical observation and rational theories to understand social dynamics.
Sociology Unit I.pptx
This document provides an introduction to the topic of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human societies, groups, and social interactions. It discusses the key founders and theories of sociology. It also outlines the nature and scope of sociology as a social science that studies societies and social phenomena using both empirical observation and rational analysis. The document aims to help students understand and appreciate the importance of sociology as a field of study.
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Sociology is the study of human society and social interaction. It was coined by Auguste Comte in 1839 and is considered the youngest of the social sciences. There are two main perspectives on the scope of sociology - the specialist/formalistic school views it as studying specific aspects of human relationships, while the synthetic school sees it as studying all aspects of society. Sociology is important for nursing as most illnesses have social causes and consequences. Understanding sociology helps nurses deal with patients by comprehending their habits, norms, culture and behaviors. It also aids in understanding the social factors influencing health and barriers to treatment. Nurses can apply sociological knowledge to approach patients on emotional, cultural and intellectual levels.
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Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interactions. It examines how groups and individuals are influenced by social structures and culture. The document outlines two perspectives on the scope of sociology - the specialist/formalistic school which views sociology as confined to studying certain aspects of human relationships, and the synthetic school which sees sociology as a general science that studies all human interactions and society. Key thinkers from each school such as Durkheim, Hobhouse, and Sorokin are discussed in regards to their views on defining the nature and scope of sociology.
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Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human society and social interaction. It emerged in the 19th century as an independent science aimed at understanding social behavior, relationships, and institutions. There are differing views on the scope of sociology, with some arguing it should focus only on defined aspects of relationships while others see it as a general science studying all aspects of social life. Key thinkers outlined sociology as the study of forms of social relationships and interactions. It is a social science that aims to categorically observe and analyze social phenomena rather than make normative claims. Sociology provides importance benefits like scientific understanding of society, insights into social problems and institutions, and contributions to human culture and international understanding.
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Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interaction. It examines how people interact in groups and shape each other's behavior. Sociology studies social phenomena at both the micro and macro levels. At the micro level, sociology examines interpersonal interactions between individuals and small groups through face-to-face relationships. At the macro level, it analyzes properties of large social systems through societal institutions and cultural norms. Sociology aims to understand social order, disorder, stability and change by applying the scientific method to human social behavior and organization.
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1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology".
3. Serafin M. Macaraig was the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology.
4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
5. Father Valentin Marin introduced sociology in the Philippines with the opening of a criminology program at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in the 1950s.
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Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and society. It examines how people interact with each other and how they organize themselves into larger social groups. Some key aspects of sociology covered in the document include:
- Sociology studies social interactions, social organizations, social change, social structure, and social relationships.
- The origins and emergence of sociology are traced back to the Industrial Revolution and the works of early theorists like Comte, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber.
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Sociology has debated whether it should be considered a science. Positivists argue it can be like the natural sciences by being empirical, testable, theoretical, cumulative, and objective. However, interpretivists argue sociology's subject of human social action requires understanding meanings rather than external causes. While some feel sociology can fit views of science like falsification, paradigms, or open systems, others argue it should not try to be a science given issues like a lack of objectivity and potential harms from certain applications of science.
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Sociology is derived from Latin Word Socius meaning Society & Logos meaning Study. = Study of society
First coined the term sociology – Auguste Comte in 1839 Widely Recognized as a “Father of Sociology
Meaning of sociology –
1. According to Ogburn & Nimcoff – “Study of social life”.
2. According to Morris Ginsburg – “Sociology is the study of Human Interaction and interrelations”.
3. According to AW Small – “Science of Social Relationships”.
Definitions of sociology –
1. According to Kimball Young – “Sociology deals with the behaviour of men in a group”.
2. According to Lester – “Sociology is the science of society or of social phenomenon”.
. According to HP Fairchild – “Sociology is the study of the relationship between man & human environment.”
4. According to Lester – “Sociology is concerned with the study of social life & it’s relationships to the factors of culture, natural environment, heredity and groups”.
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY
dependent Science –
sociology is treated as an independent Science with its own subject matter, theories & methods. It is not treated studies as a branch of any other sciences.
Social Science –
sociology consider as a social science it deals with human beings & social phenomenon, it closely associated with man’s social behaviour, social activity . It is related with anthropology, psychology.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Pure science, not an applied science –
sociology does not deal with practical works. It simply observed the society in a theoretical way studies the factors underlying various social phenomenon.
Sociology is Abstract, not a Concrete -
sociology studies the society in general form. It studies abstract forms of human events & their patterns such as marriage, religion etc.
Sociology is science of Generalization not a particular or individual -
sociology tries to determine general laws or principles about human interaction & society. It does not study social phenomenon from a particular angle .
Sociology is a General social science, not a special social science -
The area of inquiry of sociology is general, not specialized. It Concerned the things in general way , religion or social activities.
Sociology is Both Rational & Empirical science -
The Sociology is an empirical and rational science As an empirical science it emphasizes experiences and the facts, that comes to light from observation, It collects facts.
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This document discusses the meaning, nature, and subject matter of sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and social behavior. Sociology emerged as an independent social science in the 19th century to study and describe social phenomena and the relationships between individuals in society. The document outlines that sociology is a generalizing science that studies society as a whole rather than individuals. It examines the primary units of social life, institutions like family and religion, fundamental social processes, and various topics within specialized areas of sociology.
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This document provides information about different types of science and how they relate to each other. It discusses natural science, physical science, biological science, and social science. It then focuses on comparing and contrasting sociology with other social sciences like economics, political science, history, anthropology, and social psychology. The key differences discussed are the scope, subject matter, approach, methods, and relative maturity of each field.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of sociology. It defines sociology as the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. Participation is expected in sociology courses, but certain distracted behaviors like sleeping or using phones are not considered participation. The document then discusses some key founders and aspects of sociology like its emergence as a field and common methods used.
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This document provides an overview of sociology and related concepts. It discusses key sociological thinkers like Marx, Durkheim and Weber. It also summarizes different sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it outlines what sociologists study - how and why people interact in groups, societies and institutions.
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Sociology draws from other social sciences but maintains its distinct focus on social life, social interaction, and how society functions as a system. It analyzes various social phenomena and seeks to understand human behavior in a social context. Sociology both influences and is influenced by related disciplines as it works to explain the development and organization of human
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Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social interaction. It examines how people interact in groups and shape each other's behavior. Sociology studies social phenomena at both the micro and macro levels. At the micro level, sociology examines interpersonal interactions between individuals and small groups through face-to-face relationships. At the macro level, it analyzes properties of large social systems through societal institutions and cultural norms. Sociology aims to understand social order, disorder, stability and change by applying the scientific method to human social behavior and organization.
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1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior.
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Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior and society. It examines how people interact with each other and how they organize themselves into larger social groups. Some key aspects of sociology covered in the document include:
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Sociology has debated whether it should be considered a science. Positivists argue it can be like the natural sciences by being empirical, testable, theoretical, cumulative, and objective. However, interpretivists argue sociology's subject of human social action requires understanding meanings rather than external causes. While some feel sociology can fit views of science like falsification, paradigms, or open systems, others argue it should not try to be a science given issues like a lack of objectivity and potential harms from certain applications of science.
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Sociology is derived from Latin Word Socius meaning Society & Logos meaning Study. = Study of society
First coined the term sociology – Auguste Comte in 1839 Widely Recognized as a “Father of Sociology
Meaning of sociology –
1. According to Ogburn & Nimcoff – “Study of social life”.
2. According to Morris Ginsburg – “Sociology is the study of Human Interaction and interrelations”.
3. According to AW Small – “Science of Social Relationships”.
Definitions of sociology –
1. According to Kimball Young – “Sociology deals with the behaviour of men in a group”.
2. According to Lester – “Sociology is the science of society or of social phenomenon”.
. According to HP Fairchild – “Sociology is the study of the relationship between man & human environment.”
4. According to Lester – “Sociology is concerned with the study of social life & it’s relationships to the factors of culture, natural environment, heredity and groups”.
NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY
dependent Science –
sociology is treated as an independent Science with its own subject matter, theories & methods. It is not treated studies as a branch of any other sciences.
Social Science –
sociology consider as a social science it deals with human beings & social phenomenon, it closely associated with man’s social behaviour, social activity . It is related with anthropology, psychology.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Positive Science –
sociology studies things “as it is” and not “as it to be”. It does not make any value judgement or direction.
Pure science, not an applied science –
sociology does not deal with practical works. It simply observed the society in a theoretical way studies the factors underlying various social phenomenon.
Sociology is Abstract, not a Concrete -
sociology studies the society in general form. It studies abstract forms of human events & their patterns such as marriage, religion etc.
Sociology is science of Generalization not a particular or individual -
sociology tries to determine general laws or principles about human interaction & society. It does not study social phenomenon from a particular angle .
Sociology is a General social science, not a special social science -
The area of inquiry of sociology is general, not specialized. It Concerned the things in general way , religion or social activities.
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This document provides an overview of sociology and its importance and application in nursing. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and social behavior. It discusses the different views on the scope and nature of sociology as a social science. It outlines how sociology is important for understanding health in social context and how social factors influence disease. Finally, it describes how sociology can be applied in nursing to understand patients' social environments, cultures, and economic situations in order to provide holistic care.
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Interpretevism vs positivism
Khurram Zafar Awan presented on interpretivism theory and its differences from positivism. Interpretivism developed among researchers dissatisfied with positivism's inability to reflect nuances in human interaction. Interpretivists believe research values influence findings and seek meaning in individuals' subjective experiences rather than objective perspectives. Examples provided include Paul Willis's study of working class "lads" using ethnography and Emile Durkheim's positivist study of suicide rates across demographics.
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This document provides an overview of sociology as an academic discipline. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human social behavior and groups. Key aspects discussed include the sociological perspective of seeing humans as social beings shaped by social structures and culture. The document traces the history and development of sociology from early social philosophers like Comte and Spencer to founders like Durkheim who established it as a scientific discipline through empirical study of social facts and statistics.
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This document provides an overview of sociology as a field of study. It discusses why sociology is studied, including to understand society objectively and see one's place within it. It outlines some of the key thinkers in the development of sociology, such as Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and Weber, and their contributions to establishing sociology as a science. It also summarizes the different areas of sociology including social organization, social psychology, social change, and applied sociology. Finally, it discusses the relationship between sociology and other social sciences.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of sociology. It defines sociology as the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. Participation is expected in sociology courses, but certain distracted behaviors like sleeping or using phones are not considered participation. The document then discusses some key founders and aspects of sociology like its emergence as a field and common methods used.
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This document provides an overview of sociology and related concepts. It discusses key sociological thinkers like Marx, Durkheim and Weber. It also summarizes different sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it outlines what sociologists study - how and why people interact in groups, societies and institutions.
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A social problem is defined as a condition that is considered undesirable by many in a society and can be addressed through collective action. Some key points:
- Social problems must negatively impact many people and social institutions. They violate widely shared social norms.
- They have multiple interconnected causes and cannot be easily solved. Examples mentioned are unemployment, poverty, and crime.
- Four stages of the "natural history" of social problems are identified: emergence, legitimacy, renewed claims making, and alternative strategies development.
- Common social problems in India mentioned include poverty, casteism, unemployment, communalism, corruption, and crimes against women.
sociological Perspectives.pptx
This slide is prepared on Sociological Perspectives that is going to be beneficial to the students of sociology in UG and PG and aspirants for competitive exams.
SOCIAL MOBILITY.pptx
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification. The document discusses the concept of social mobility, including its introduction by sociologist Pitrim Sorokin and various definitions provided by scholars. It also outlines different types of social mobility such as vertical, horizontal, intergenerational, and intragenerational mobility. Determinants that influence social mobility rates are identified as industrialization, urbanization, migration, education levels, and demographic changes. Both positive and negative consequences of social mobility are discussed. Statistics show that social mobility is relatively low in India compared to other countries. Suggestions to improve social mobility in India focus on employment generation, education investments, career guidance,
what is Sociology.pptx
Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. It examines how people interact within groups, organizations, and societies. Sociology investigates the structure of these social contexts and seeks to understand human behavior and social change. The field of sociology emerged in the 19th century and is considered the youngest of the social sciences. Key thinkers in the development of sociology include Auguste Comte, who coined the term in 1838, and Emile Durkheim, who emphasized studying social institutions and forces that influence people's lives. Sociology employs diverse methods to study topics ranging from crime to religion and social stability to change across different societies.
what is Sociology.pptx
Introduction to Sociology.
Basic Understanding about Sociology
Founder, Origin, Definition, Scope and Emerging Branches
Gender sensitisation.pptx
This document discusses gender sensitization and related topics. It defines gender sensitization as creating awareness about gender equality and examining attitudes and thought processes related to gender bias. It discusses how gender sensitization works to modify behaviors and instill empathy through awareness campaigns, workshops, education, and socialization. Key topics covered include sex and gender differences, gender stereotypes, issues faced by women such as violence and discrimination, and legal protections and initiatives promoting women's empowerment and rights. The need for ongoing gender sensitization efforts is highlighted by statistics on continuing high levels of crimes against women in India.
Globalisation.pptx
Globalization is defined as the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries through the opening of international borders and fast flow of goods, services, finance, people and ideas globally. It involves the free flow of goods, capital, technology, labor, and ideas across national borders. Key aspects of globalization include the economic integration and expansion of capital across borders, the spread of global culture and values, and the development of international political organizations to address global issues. Globalization has led to a more interconnected world with increased economic competition and the growth of multinational corporations operating on a global scale.
Modernisation.pptx
This document discusses the concept of modernization. It defines modernization as a process of transition from traditional to modern societies involving factors like urbanization, industrialization, increasing literacy, and adoption of science and technology. Key theorists like Daniel Lerner, Becker, and M.N. Srinivas are cited for their definitions of modernization as a process of social change. Features of modernization discussed include urbanization, industrialization, rising literacy and education levels, growth of mass media, and a shift from ascription to achievement. Causes mentioned are education, communication, ideology, government support, and industrialization. Modernization is said to occur at social, cultural and political levels. Some modern nations and books related to the
westernization.pptx
Westernization refers to the changes brought to Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, according to M.N. Srinivas. It is a process whereby societies come under or adopt aspects of Western culture such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values. Westernization implies value preferences like secularization, humanitarianism, rationality, and equality. It brought changes to social institutions in India and accelerated mobility outside the caste system. Westernization had impacts such as changes to the caste system, marriage, family system, spread of education, means of transportation and communication, and the status of women.
Deviance.pptx
This document discusses the meaning and types of deviance. It defines deviance as behavior that does not conform to social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviants discussed, including freaks, criminals, sick individuals, and aliens. Deviance is a relative concept that depends on social and cultural norms. It can occur at the individual or group level. Causes of deviance include lack of socialization, weak sanctions, and rationalization of violating norms. While deviance involves social disapproval, crime is a formal violation of legal codes that is punished by law enforcement.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
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analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
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RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Is Sociology a Science ,Nature of Sociology.pptx
- 1. DR ANIL BHATT (Sociology)) DEPT OF HIGHER EDUCATION UTTARAKHAND NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY
- 2. Firstly, we need to know this…
- 3. Meaning of Science.. Science as a term is derived from the latin word Scientia meaning gaining knowledge in the form of testable explanation The term science refers to the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation Science is the use of systematic methods of empirical investigation, analysis of Data, theoretical thinking, and logical assessment of arguments to develop a body of knowledge about a particular subject matter. Sociology is a scientific endeavour and fulfils all requirement of science.
- 4. Is Sociology a science? SCIENCE Systemati c organized Based on facts Observatio n Experimentatio n Collection of Data Cause & Effect RELATIONSHI P Hypothesis
- 5. It can be said…
- 6. Sociology is a Science August Comte- Sociology like other scientific disciplines is regulated by some natural Laws Emile Durkheim- Sociology is a science as it adopts and utilizes the scientific methods Sociology is based on reason and evidence Based on interview questionnaires and case studies Sociology has aims to provide general laws as it studies various societies and then formulates general consensus. It is capable of accurate observation even though it lacks a laboratory. Study on Suicide by Durkheim co- related different causes with different effects
- 7. Study of Suicide by Durkheim co-relating cause &effect Altruistic Suicide To much integration Often a result of excessive regulation of individuals by social forces such that a person may be moved to kill themselves for the benefit of a cause or for society at large. Example-hijackers that crashed the airplanes into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania in 2001. Egoistic Suicide Too Less integration- Bonds are weakened through retirement or loss of family and friends, the likelihood of egoistic suicide increases Fatalistic Suicide Occurs under conditions of extreme social regulation Resulting in oppressive conditions and a denial of the self and of agency. In such a situation a person may elect to die rather than continue enduring the oppressive conditions, such as the case of suicide among prisoners. Anomic Suicide- Too Less Regulation Normlesness, Anomie occurs during periods of serious social, economic, or political upheaval, which result in quick and extreme changes to society and everyday life. In such circumstances, a person might feel so confused and disconnected that they choose to commit suicide. Lack of social cohesion.
- 8. Robert Bierstedt American Sociologist Born- 1913, USA Died- 1998, Virginia USA He was a student of Russian Sociologist Pritrim Sorokin Books- 1- The Social Order (1974) 2-American Sociological Theory: A critical history (1981)
- 9. Nature of Sociology as per Bierstadt's “The Social Order” Sociology is a Social and Not a Physical Science- studies social Behaviour and activities Sociology is an independent science- not a branch of any other discipline. It has created its own subject matter and is not treated as branch of any other science. Sociology has also created its many sub-disciplines and branches. Sociology is categorical and not Normative science- studies what is and not what ought to be . It is Ethically neutral. It is neither moral nor immoral but Amoral, Does not make any value Judgements. Acquires knowledge of society the way it is in the present duration. Sociology is a contemporary discipline Sociology is an Abstract Science not a concrete science- studies-marriage, religion, social relationships, traditions etc. It is more focussed on family as an institution and not any family in particular. As a science sociology proceeds on the plane of abstractions.
- 10. Sociology is a General Science and not particularising Science- Seeks general principles about human behaviour. Does not study any specific battle but war as a recurrent social phenomenon. Sociology addresses social issues by acquiring objective knowledge free from bias. Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science.- More concerned with the acquisition of knowledge. Applied aspect of Sociology is Social Work. Pure- ACQUISITION of knowledge, Applied- APPLICATION of Knowledge Sociology is both Rational and Empirical Science- based on experimentation, collection of data reason, logical inference, cause and effect. It is also a practical discipline.
- 11. Objections for Sociology as a Science Subject matter of sociology is too complex to be studied scientifically Too young a discipline to develop its laws and principles as that of Natural Sciences Lacks Scientific Objectivity Incapable of measuring its subject matter No Predictability No Laboratories Incapability to be free from bias Sociology is not an Exact Science
- 12. THANK YOU