Este documento presenta información sobre el sistema eléctrico en Colombia y las operaciones de ISA. Describe las características del sistema eléctrico nacional, incluida su evolución, composición y demanda. Explica los indicadores de calidad del servicio de transmisión y los tiempos de maniobra requeridos. Finalmente, detalla cómo las comunicaciones son fundamentales para la supervisión y protección del sistema de transmisión de energía de ISA, y los riesgos que una falla en las comunicaciones podría representar.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
3. OBJETIVO
Presentar una visión global de la operación, tanto del
Sistema Interconectado Nacional, como de la Red de
Transporte de Energía Eléctrica, con el fin de buscar un
entendimiento sobre el negocio de ISA por personal
de Internexa, y específicamente donde impactan las
comunicaciones en la operatividad de los equipos y el
sistema.
4. CONTENIDO
1. Características del Sistema Eléctrico en Colombia
2. Calidad en el transporte de energía eléctrica en Colombia
3. Aplicaciones de comunicaciones en el transporte de
energía
4
7. EVOLUCIÓN DE APORTES HIDRICOS
8000
Energía real
7000 Media Histórica
6000
5000
[E], GWh mes
4000
3000
2000
1000 En el año 2007 Se recibieron Aportes por 49,093 GWh
La Media Histórica es de 46,900 GWh
0
Jul/03
Jul/04
Ene/00
Jul/01
Jul/00
Ene/02
Jul/02
Ene/06
Jul/06
Jul/07
Ene/03
Ene/04
Ene/05
Jul/05
Ene/01
Ene/07
7
Fuente: CND - MEM
8. RED DE GASODUCTOS
595 MPCD
Red Nacional
de Gasoductos
Caribe 2
SABANA
Cerro
Nordeste
SAN CARLOS
ANT-SCA
Oriental 170 MPCD
Suroccidental
8
ECUADOR
9. COMPOSICIÓN DE LA GENERACIÓN-DEMANDA
GW
2.2
R: 46% Caribe 2 Flujos típicos
1.2
GT GH Generación Hidráulica
D
GT Generación Térmica
Cerro D Demanda eléctrica
0.6 Nordeste
0.3 D
GH GW
0.9 Sistema
0.7
GT D Interconectado
GW
13.3
GW
4 GT
R: 35%
GT
GW
R: 68% 3.9 8.6
Antioquia- GT
San Carlos R: 38%
1.3 2.4
GH
Oriental
D
GH
D
GH
D
GW
2.1
1.8
GT R: 14%
Suroccidental
D 9
GH
Fuente CND - XM
10. DEMANDA DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA POR
DIAS DE LA SEMANA
8500
8000
47019
7500
7000
Lunes
Demanda [MW]
Martes
6500
Miércoles
Jueves
Viernes
6000
Sábado
Domingo
5500
5000
4500
4000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 10
Periodo
12. RESPONSABILIDADES DE LOS AGENTES
CENTRO NACIONAL DE DESPACHO
Frecuencia del SIN
Operación Integrada recursos del SIN Tensión STN
Operación segura, confiable y económica Coordinación Protecciones
Planeación, coordinación, supervisión y control de SIN del SIN
EMPRESAS DE TRANSPORTE Y CONEXIÓN STN
Calidad STN
Supervisión, coordinación y control (maniobras) Disponibilidad de activos
activos propios o delegados Coordinación Protecciones de
sus equipos
GENERADORES Cumplir despacho
Operación de sus plantas generadoras Servicio Complementarios
Ejecución de maniobras Medidas suplementarias
Coordinación Protecciones
de sus equipos.
OPERADORES DE RED
Planeación, supervisión, coordinación y control Calidad servicio
activos propios o delegados STR’s, SDL’s
12
13. SISTEMAS DE TRANSMISIÓN REGIONAL Y
DE DISTRIBUCIÓN LOCAL
Sistema de Transmisión Regional - STR:
Sistema compuesto por los activos de conexión al STN y el conjunto de
líneas y subestaciones con sus equipos, que operan en el nivel de tensión
4 y que están conectados eléctricamente entre sí a este nivel de tensión
Sistema de Distribución Local - SDL:
Sistema compuesto por el conjunto de líneas y Subestaciones, con sus
equipos asociados, que operan a los niveles de tensión 3, 2 y 1 dedicados
a la prestación del servicio de uno o varios Mercados de Comercialización
Activos de Conexión al STN:
Son los bienes que se requieren para que un generador, operador de red,
usuario final, o varios de los anteriores, se conecten físicamente al STN
13
14. EL SISTEMA INTERCONECTADO
NACIONAL (SIN)
G: Generador
SDL STR G STR SDL
GC: Gran Consumidor
~
SDL: Sistema de Distribución Local:
Redes que operan en los niveles
de tensión 3, 2 y 1
STR: Sistema de Transmisión Regional:
Redes que operan en el nivel de
tensión 4. Incluye los Activos de
Conexión al STN de los
STN: 220-500 kV
Operadores de Red STR STR
Activos de Uso
Activos de
Conexión
GC
Nivel 1: Hasta 1 kV STR
STR
Nivel 2: Entre 1 kV y 30 kV
Nivel 3: Entre 30 kV y 57.5 kV
Nivel 4: Mayor de 57.5 kV
14
16. Ó N
C I
S I
CALIDAD EN EL TRANSPORTE DE ENERGÍA
N
ELÉCTRICA EN COLOMBIA
A
T R
17. MEDICIÓN DEL SERVICIO DE CALIDAD EN
EL STN
Se mide con base en Indicadores de Disponibilidad y/o
Indisponibilidad a los siguientes activos:
Activos de Conexión al STN
Bahías de Línea
Bahías de Transformación
Autotransformador
Bahías y Módulos de Compensación
Circuitos de 500 kV
Circuitos de 220 o 230 kV
17
18. META DE LAS HORAS ANUALES DE
INDISPONIBILIDAD (MHAI)
Resolución u Garantizar el libre acceso a la red de transmisión y
CREG 061/00 u Cumplir con los indices de calidad establecidos en la regulación (disponibilidad de
sus activos)
Meta Horas Anuales Acumuladas Meta Índice de Disponibilidad Anual
Indisponibilidad
ACTIVOS
2001 2002 / 05 2001 2002 / 05
Activos de Conexión al STN 48 48 99.45% 99.45%
Bahías de Línea 24 15 * 99.73% 99.83% *
Bahías de Transformación 24 15 * 99.73% 99.83% *
Autotransformador 48 48 99.45% 99.45%
Bahías de Compensación 48 15 * 99.45% 99.83% *
Módulos de Compensación 48 48 99.45% 99.45%
Circuitos 500 kV 72 72 99.18% 99.18%
Circuitos 230 kV - L ≤ 100 km 24 24 99.73% 99.73%
Circuitos 230 kV - L > 100 km 36 36 99.59% 99.59%
* Resolución CREG 011 de 2002.
18
19. META DEL ÍNDICE DE DISPONIBILIDAD
AJUSTADA
MHAI − 0.5( SCE + CPSM + ENR )
MIDA = 100 1 −
8760
MIDA: Meta del Índice de Disponibilidad Ajustada
SCE CPSM ENR
Número Acumulado de Número Acumulado de Número Acumulado de
Solicitudes de Cambios al Programa Eventos no Reportados
Consignaciones de Semestral de dentro de los quince (15)
Emergencia Mantenimientos minutos siguientes a su
Programados ocurrencia y cinco (5)
minutos para maniobras
19
20. INDISPONIBILIDADES EXCLUIDAS
Indisponibilidades programadas de activos debidas a
trabajos de expansión de la red
Indisponibilidades de activos solicitados por el CND, por
razones operativas o consideraciones de calidad o
confiabilidad
Indisponibilidades por demoras entre la declaración y la
puesta en operación
Indisponibilidades originadas en eventos de fuerza mayor
Indisponibilidades causadas por terceros
Indisponibilidades debidas a mantenimientos mayores
(96 horas en 6 años)
Indisponibilidades asociadas con eventos con duración
igual o inferior a 10 minutos
20
21. TIEMPOS DE MANIOBRA (CREG 080 DE
1999)
ACTIVO Minutos
Líneas que operen entre 220 y 230 kV 13
Líneas que operen a 500 kV 20
Transformadores que operen entre 220 y 500 kV 40
Condensadores que operen entre 220 y 230 kV 25
Reactores que operen entre 34.5 y 500 kV (conectados al sistema por interruptor) 30
Reactores que operen a 500 kV (si se debe abrir la línea para conectarlos al SIN) 40
Equipos de compensación estática reactiva que operen a 500 kV 40
UC4 y UC6 (Resolución CREG 026 de 1999) que operen entre 220 y 230 kV 20
UC5 (Resolución CREG 026 de 1999) que operen entre 220 y 230 kV 30
Cambiadores de taps que operen entre 220 y 500 kV 10
Activos diferentes a todos los anteriores 10
Las maniobras que no se ejecuten completamente en
los plazos establecidos se considerarán como
indisponibilidades que afectan los estándares de
calidad exigidos en la reglamentación vigente.
21
23. EFECTOS DE COMUNICACIONES EN EL
SISTEMA DE TRANSMISIÓN DE ISA
Los impactos sobre el sistema de transmisión para ISA,
se pueden clasificar en dos grandes grupos:
Supervisión del sistema y sus subestaciones: Esto
es supremamente importante pues la operaciones de
las subestaciones en ISA es remota y se soporta en las
comunicaciones.
Protecciones de líneas de transmisión: Esto es de
particular importancia pues puede comprometer los
equipos (daños) o el sistema por tiempo de despeje de
las fallas.
23
24. SUPERVISIÓN DEL STN
Riesgos que se derivan de las comunicaciones
para la supervisión: Falta de operatividad y
seguimiento a la dinámica del sistema.
• La criticidad de esta situación es alta, y puede
implicar desde la pérdida de una subestación, hasta
de una región o todo el sistema.
• El respaldo lo hace el Ingeniero o Asistente de
subestación, sin embargo esto toma tiempo y afecta la
oportunidad, además de la visión sistémica desde el
CSM.
24
26. Herramientas que apoyan
la operación
Sistema de Supervisión y Sistema de Supervisión y
Control - subestación Control – Servicios Auxiliares
26
27. Herramientas que apoyan
la operación
Registradores de fallas Sistema de Información de
Descargas atmosféricas SID
27
28. PROTECCIONES DE LÍNEAS DE
TRANSMISIÓN
Riesgos que se derivan de las comunicaciones
para la protección de líneas: Para los equipos por no
aislar la falla o comprometer la estabilidad del sistema
COMUNICACIONES
Interruptor
28
Protección
29. PROTECCIONES DE LÍNEAS DE
TRANSMISIÓN 500 kV
Riesgos que se derivan de las comunicaciones
para la protección de líneas a 500 kV: Para los
equipos por no aislar la falla o comprometer la
estabilidad del sistema.
COMUNICACIONES
Reactor de línea
Interruptor
Reactor de neutro
Protección 29
30. CONCLUSIONES
• Para ISA es fundamental conocer con prontitud
cualquier falla que afecte la supervisión o esquemas
de protección de las líneas.
• además de recibir un rápido diagnóstico ante la pérdida
de enlaces de comunicaciones que comprometan
supervisión o protección, y definir el tiempo esperado
de solución del problema. Esto se debe a que las
consignas de operación se condicionan con tiempos
de solución.
30
31. CONCLUSIONES
• Eventos en comunicaciones pueden comprometer la
integridad de equipos, la estabilidad del sistema
eléctrico colombiano, por esto cada caso debe ser
considerado con suma importancia, y sus
implicaciones pueden variar desde el sistema, hasta
lo económico.
• Los riesgos asociados con supervisión y protección
revisten la máxima prioridad dentro de la operación
de ISA, por implicaciones como selectividad ante
fallas o riesgos para el adecuado aislamiento de
fallas.
31