The Katyn Forest Massacre involved the murder of thousands of Polish prisoners, including over 8,000 officers, by the Soviet NKVD secret police in 1940. When the mass graves were discovered by Germany in 1943, the Soviet Union falsely blamed the Nazis for the killings. After the war, the Soviet Union continued propagating this lie and the Western allies covered up the true perpetrators to preserve their alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany. It was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union under Gorbachev finally admitted that the Soviet secret police carried out the massacre on Stalin's orders.
The document provides details about daily life at the Auschwitz concentration camp complex during World War 2. It describes the main camps - Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II Birkenau, and Auschwitz III Buna-Monowitz. Birkenau functioned as both a concentration camp and extermination camp, housing prisoners and carrying out mass killings using gas chambers. The document outlines prisoner demographics, the timeline of prisoner transports and killings, and excerpts from the diary of SS doctor Johann Paul Kremer describing selections and gas chamber operations.
One of the most frequently asked questions about the Holocaust is: How was it humanly possible?
In order to approach this question, a few things must be taken in consideration:
This document provides historical background on mass murders of Jews carried out by Task Squad B and Police Battalions 322 and 316 in Bialystok, Poland in July 1941. It discusses how the Nazi ideology viewed the war against the Soviet Union as a racial struggle that made Jews a target. The Einsatzgruppen and police battalions were given orders to purge the occupied areas of Jews and other "enemies." Excerpts from the war diary of Battalion 322 describe their gradual involvement in mass shootings and killings of over 10,000 civilians, showing how ordinary men became genocidal killers through propaganda, ideology, and a process of small escalating acts.
The document discusses the crucial role played by railway personnel and infrastructure in facilitating the deportation of Jews across Europe to Nazi extermination camps during the Holocaust. Millions of Jews were transported long distances in sealed boxcars under horrific conditions with many dying along the way. While the plans were initiated by the SS, the mass deportations required cooperation from railway workers across many levels, from executives to engineers. Some claimed after the war that they were just following orders or doing their jobs without observing the human suffering, but their participation was still integral to the Nazi genocide. The document raises questions about how modern technology and bureaucracy could be misused despite original intentions of progress and efficiency.
The document summarizes everyday life in the Warsaw Ghetto from 1941. It notes that the Nazis established the largest ghetto in Europe in Warsaw, forcing over 375,000 Jews into just 2.4% of the city's area by November 1940. Conditions in the overcrowded ghetto grew worse over time as the population swelled to 450,000 with refugees. Beginning in July 1942, deportations of Jews from the ghetto to the Treblinka death camp commenced, until the Germans ultimately liquidated the ghetto in May 1943 following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
To Zoe, Aliza, Liat, Andrew, Morgan:
I created this presentation with custom animation, which does not work with this website. HOWEVER, if you look near the top, above the presentation box, there is a link to download the powerpoint. Please download it and view the slideshow on Microsoft Powerpoint -- then you can actually read the text!
Thanks, and sorry for the inconvenience.
-Justine
The Katyn Forest Massacre involved the murder of thousands of Polish prisoners, including over 8,000 officers, by the Soviet NKVD secret police in 1940. When the mass graves were discovered by Germany in 1943, the Soviet Union falsely blamed the Nazis for the killings. After the war, the Soviet Union continued propagating this lie and the Western allies covered up the true perpetrators to preserve their alliance with the Soviet Union against Germany. It was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union under Gorbachev finally admitted that the Soviet secret police carried out the massacre on Stalin's orders.
The document provides details about daily life at the Auschwitz concentration camp complex during World War 2. It describes the main camps - Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II Birkenau, and Auschwitz III Buna-Monowitz. Birkenau functioned as both a concentration camp and extermination camp, housing prisoners and carrying out mass killings using gas chambers. The document outlines prisoner demographics, the timeline of prisoner transports and killings, and excerpts from the diary of SS doctor Johann Paul Kremer describing selections and gas chamber operations.
One of the most frequently asked questions about the Holocaust is: How was it humanly possible?
In order to approach this question, a few things must be taken in consideration:
This document provides historical background on mass murders of Jews carried out by Task Squad B and Police Battalions 322 and 316 in Bialystok, Poland in July 1941. It discusses how the Nazi ideology viewed the war against the Soviet Union as a racial struggle that made Jews a target. The Einsatzgruppen and police battalions were given orders to purge the occupied areas of Jews and other "enemies." Excerpts from the war diary of Battalion 322 describe their gradual involvement in mass shootings and killings of over 10,000 civilians, showing how ordinary men became genocidal killers through propaganda, ideology, and a process of small escalating acts.
The document discusses the crucial role played by railway personnel and infrastructure in facilitating the deportation of Jews across Europe to Nazi extermination camps during the Holocaust. Millions of Jews were transported long distances in sealed boxcars under horrific conditions with many dying along the way. While the plans were initiated by the SS, the mass deportations required cooperation from railway workers across many levels, from executives to engineers. Some claimed after the war that they were just following orders or doing their jobs without observing the human suffering, but their participation was still integral to the Nazi genocide. The document raises questions about how modern technology and bureaucracy could be misused despite original intentions of progress and efficiency.
The document summarizes everyday life in the Warsaw Ghetto from 1941. It notes that the Nazis established the largest ghetto in Europe in Warsaw, forcing over 375,000 Jews into just 2.4% of the city's area by November 1940. Conditions in the overcrowded ghetto grew worse over time as the population swelled to 450,000 with refugees. Beginning in July 1942, deportations of Jews from the ghetto to the Treblinka death camp commenced, until the Germans ultimately liquidated the ghetto in May 1943 following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
To Zoe, Aliza, Liat, Andrew, Morgan:
I created this presentation with custom animation, which does not work with this website. HOWEVER, if you look near the top, above the presentation box, there is a link to download the powerpoint. Please download it and view the slideshow on Microsoft Powerpoint -- then you can actually read the text!
Thanks, and sorry for the inconvenience.
-Justine
The document discusses survivor experiences of the Holocaust and resistance during the Holocaust. It then covers topics like memorialization, Holocaust denial, and evidence that supports the verifiable facts of the Holocaust. Key points made include that survivors responded to their experiences in different ways, like silence or feeling guilt. Armed resistance occurred in some ghettos. Memorial sites are now important for remembrance and education. Holocaust denial arguments are refuted by overwhelming documentary and eyewitness evidence.
1) Anne Frank and her family went into hiding in 1942 in Amsterdam to escape Nazi persecution. They hid with four other people in a secret annex.
2) Anne documented their time in hiding in her diary. On August 4, 1944, the group was discovered and arrested.
3) Only Otto Frank survived the Holocaust. Anne died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945 at age 15. Her diary was published after the war and became famous worldwide.
This document summarizes the key facts and arguments about the Holocaust and mass killings in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that the Holocaust was centered in Poland and the Soviet Union, where the majority of Jewish victims lived, rather than Auschwitz. It also notes that Nazi Germany carried out mass killings of non-Jewish Slavic populations and that Stalin's Soviet Union deliberately starved and executed millions of civilians, with Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states experiencing the highest death tolls from both regimes' policies of mass killing.
Operation Reinhard was the code name given to the Nazi plan to exterminate Jews in Poland between 1942-1943. The three main camps for this operation were Sobibor, Belzec, and Treblinka. Treblinka was divided into two camps - Treblinka I was a labor camp and Treblinka II was an extermination camp containing gas chambers. Over 800,000 people were murdered at Treblinka before it was closed in 1943 as Allied forces advanced.
Cursed Soldiers or Damned Soldiers refers to various Polish resistance movements that continued fighting against the Stalinist government in Poland after World War II and into the mid-1950s. One of the largest battles between Polish resistance fighters and Soviet forces took place in May 1945 where underground Polish forces killed up to 70 Russian agents. In June-July 1945, a joint Soviet-Polish operation captured over 2,000 suspected anti-communist Polish fighters, with around 600 presumed to have died in Russian custody. By the early 1950s, nearly 250,000 former Polish underground fighters had been imprisoned or sent to work camps by Russian and Polish secret police, with around 20,000 estimated killed or tortured to death.
The Warsaw Uprising was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance Home Army
to liberate Warsaw from Nazi Germany. The rebellion was timed to coincide with the Soviet
Union's Red Army approaching the eastern suburbs of the city and the retreat of German forces.
However, the Soviet advance stopped short, enabling the Germans to regroup and demolish the
city while defeating the Polish resistance, which fought for 63 days with little outside support.
It stared on August 1st 1944.
When it ended 150,000 - 200,000 W\Varsovians were dead and whole city lied in ruins.
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began in January 1943 as the Nazis started the second round of deportations of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to concentration camps. Members of the Jewish resistance groups engaged the Nazis in combat and their numbers grew to over 1,000 fighters by April 1943, though they were poorly armed with only pistols, revolvers, and small quantities of rifles. On April 19, 1943 the Nazis entered the ghetto intending to crush the uprising in three days, but were ambushed by Jewish fighters using Molotov cocktails and other improvised weapons, though the ghetto was ultimately burned to the ground by the Nazis over the following weeks. Approximately 13,000 Jews were killed during
Facts about Auschwitz the Concentration Campsherinshaju
Over 1.1 million people, primarily Jews along with Poles, Soviets, Roma, and others, died at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland between 1940-1945, making it the largest Nazi camp and site of more deaths than the combined British and American losses of WWII; the camp operated experiments, hard labor, and mass killings through gas chambers and other means on prisoners who were categorized by colored triangles on their uniforms.
Powerpoint about the Holocaust, providing basic information and statistics on the subject, for my 7th grade students. Created by a different teacher, used by me in class.
The document describes several Nazi death camps established during the Holocaust to systematically exterminate people deemed inferior by the Nazi regime. Key death camps discussed include Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest and most notorious, which used Zyklon-B gas to murder over 1.2 million people, as well as Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, Majdanek, and Stutthof, which collectively killed millions through gassing, starvation, torture and other brutal means. The Nazis targeted Jews in particular but also Roma people, Slavs, political opponents and others in their genocidal campaign.
Here are some of the names and brief details of child victims of the Holocaust:
- Judith Schwed from Hungary, died at age 12 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Herta Scheer-Krygier from Germany, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Peter Winternitz from Czechoslovakia, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Henoch Kornfeld from Poland, died at age 31⁄2.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the secret Serbian nationalist society known as The Black Hand, in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led to the start of World War I. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after their demands following the investigation into the assassination were only partially met, pulling the nations of Europe into the growing conflict through their complex system of alliances.
The document discusses several Nazi extermination camps established during the Holocaust. Chelmno was the first camp, opening in 1941 and killing 150,000-300,000 Jews. Treblinka operated from 1942-1943 and killed over 800,000 victims from various European countries. Auschwitz-Birkenau was originally a concentration camp but became a death camp, killing 1,100,000-1,500,000 people between 1940-1945. Sobibor operated from 1942-1943 and killed around 250,000 people. Belzek opened in 1941 and is estimated to have killed 500,000-600,000 people. Majdanek was initially a camp for Russian prisoners of war but became a death camp for Jews
The document outlines key events and policies of the Holocaust. It begins with definitions of key terms and describes how Nazi policies against Jews escalated in the 1930s, restricting their rights and requiring identification with yellow stars. It then details the "Final Solution" planned at the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which sought to exterminate all 11 million European Jews. Death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor were constructed for efficient mass murder using Zyklon B gas. Josef Mengele performed cruel medical experiments on prisoners. In total, approximately 6 million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust.
The Nazis conducted death marches near the end of World War II, forcing prisoners to walk long distances under harsh conditions where many were abused or killed by guards. As the Allies advanced in the west and Soviets in the east in 1944-1945, the Nazis evacuated camps, sending over 250,000 prisoners on death marches where thousands died of starvation, disease, exhaustion or were shot. By the end of April 1945, the Nazis had initiated death marches from all remaining camps as the Holocaust ended with Allied victory in the spring of 1945.
M. seleshko vinnytsia -- the katyn of ukraine - journal of historical revie...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an eyewitness account from a Ukrainian man about the mass graves discovered in Vinnytsia, Ukraine in 1943. It describes how a German commission, including the eyewitness as an interpreter, exhumed thousands of bodies from mass graves where the Soviet NKVD had buried victims. Many local Ukrainian residents identified clothes and belongings of family members they had been told were in exile. The eyewitness details several examples of women recognizing clothes or possessions of husbands who had been arrested but were actually among the executed victims. The account aims to reveal the scale of the tragedy and purge of enemies by the NKVD in Ukraine as preparation for war with Germany.
Theresienstadt was originally established as a transit camp for wealthy or culturally important Jews in Czechoslovakia. Over 140,000 Jews were sent there, with 90,000 eventually being deported to concentration camps. Conditions were poor, with disease and starvation common. In 1944, the Nazis embellished the camp to deceive the Red Cross, removing fences and deporting prisoners to hide the reality of the camp. After the visit, oppression of prisoners resumed.
Wojtek the Soldier Bear was a Syrian brown bear that served with the Polish II Corps during World War II. He was adopted by Polish soldiers in 1942 and helped carry ammunition crates during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. Wojtek was officially enlisted in the Polish Army with his own rank as a private. After the war, he lived in Edinburgh Zoo until his death in 1963 at age 21, having become a beloved mascot of the Polish Army.
The document summarizes the economic status of Polish Jews from 1937 to 1947. It describes how Jews before World War II lived in communities called shtetls and had economic freedoms, with many owning businesses. The German occupation negatively impacted the Jewish economy and population. Jews lost their businesses and many were forced into ghettos or hiding. After the war, most remaining Polish Jews emigrated due to the economic and social downfall caused by the German occupation.
The document is a script for a podcast about Auschwitz concentration camp. It provides background information on when Auschwitz opened and was liberated. Statistics are presented on the large number of deaths at Auschwitz. The script then shares the story of Toby Biber, a survivor from Poland who was imprisoned at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen before immigrating to Britain after the war. The podcast encourages remembering the Holocaust not just on the anniversary date but every day.
Louis fitz gibbon hidden aspects of the katyn massacre - journal of histori...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses the fate of the "lost 10,000" Polish prisoners from Starobielsk and Ostashkow camps in addition to the 4,500 killed at Katyn forest. It summarizes evidence that the additional 10,000 prisoners were also executed by Soviet NKVD in spring 1940 and provides details on prisoner transports from the camps. While the exact locations of the additional mass graves are unknown, the document analyzes clues that the prisoners may have been killed near Kharkov and Bologoye and buried in mass graves similar to Katyn, though containing over twice as many victims. It emphasizes the importance of continuing to investigate and uncover the truth about the full scale of the Katyn massacre.
The document discusses survivor experiences of the Holocaust and resistance during the Holocaust. It then covers topics like memorialization, Holocaust denial, and evidence that supports the verifiable facts of the Holocaust. Key points made include that survivors responded to their experiences in different ways, like silence or feeling guilt. Armed resistance occurred in some ghettos. Memorial sites are now important for remembrance and education. Holocaust denial arguments are refuted by overwhelming documentary and eyewitness evidence.
1) Anne Frank and her family went into hiding in 1942 in Amsterdam to escape Nazi persecution. They hid with four other people in a secret annex.
2) Anne documented their time in hiding in her diary. On August 4, 1944, the group was discovered and arrested.
3) Only Otto Frank survived the Holocaust. Anne died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945 at age 15. Her diary was published after the war and became famous worldwide.
This document summarizes the key facts and arguments about the Holocaust and mass killings in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that the Holocaust was centered in Poland and the Soviet Union, where the majority of Jewish victims lived, rather than Auschwitz. It also notes that Nazi Germany carried out mass killings of non-Jewish Slavic populations and that Stalin's Soviet Union deliberately starved and executed millions of civilians, with Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states experiencing the highest death tolls from both regimes' policies of mass killing.
Operation Reinhard was the code name given to the Nazi plan to exterminate Jews in Poland between 1942-1943. The three main camps for this operation were Sobibor, Belzec, and Treblinka. Treblinka was divided into two camps - Treblinka I was a labor camp and Treblinka II was an extermination camp containing gas chambers. Over 800,000 people were murdered at Treblinka before it was closed in 1943 as Allied forces advanced.
Cursed Soldiers or Damned Soldiers refers to various Polish resistance movements that continued fighting against the Stalinist government in Poland after World War II and into the mid-1950s. One of the largest battles between Polish resistance fighters and Soviet forces took place in May 1945 where underground Polish forces killed up to 70 Russian agents. In June-July 1945, a joint Soviet-Polish operation captured over 2,000 suspected anti-communist Polish fighters, with around 600 presumed to have died in Russian custody. By the early 1950s, nearly 250,000 former Polish underground fighters had been imprisoned or sent to work camps by Russian and Polish secret police, with around 20,000 estimated killed or tortured to death.
The Warsaw Uprising was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance Home Army
to liberate Warsaw from Nazi Germany. The rebellion was timed to coincide with the Soviet
Union's Red Army approaching the eastern suburbs of the city and the retreat of German forces.
However, the Soviet advance stopped short, enabling the Germans to regroup and demolish the
city while defeating the Polish resistance, which fought for 63 days with little outside support.
It stared on August 1st 1944.
When it ended 150,000 - 200,000 W\Varsovians were dead and whole city lied in ruins.
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising began in January 1943 as the Nazis started the second round of deportations of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to concentration camps. Members of the Jewish resistance groups engaged the Nazis in combat and their numbers grew to over 1,000 fighters by April 1943, though they were poorly armed with only pistols, revolvers, and small quantities of rifles. On April 19, 1943 the Nazis entered the ghetto intending to crush the uprising in three days, but were ambushed by Jewish fighters using Molotov cocktails and other improvised weapons, though the ghetto was ultimately burned to the ground by the Nazis over the following weeks. Approximately 13,000 Jews were killed during
Facts about Auschwitz the Concentration Campsherinshaju
Over 1.1 million people, primarily Jews along with Poles, Soviets, Roma, and others, died at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland between 1940-1945, making it the largest Nazi camp and site of more deaths than the combined British and American losses of WWII; the camp operated experiments, hard labor, and mass killings through gas chambers and other means on prisoners who were categorized by colored triangles on their uniforms.
Powerpoint about the Holocaust, providing basic information and statistics on the subject, for my 7th grade students. Created by a different teacher, used by me in class.
The document describes several Nazi death camps established during the Holocaust to systematically exterminate people deemed inferior by the Nazi regime. Key death camps discussed include Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest and most notorious, which used Zyklon-B gas to murder over 1.2 million people, as well as Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, Majdanek, and Stutthof, which collectively killed millions through gassing, starvation, torture and other brutal means. The Nazis targeted Jews in particular but also Roma people, Slavs, political opponents and others in their genocidal campaign.
Here are some of the names and brief details of child victims of the Holocaust:
- Judith Schwed from Hungary, died at age 12 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Herta Scheer-Krygier from Germany, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Peter Winternitz from Czechoslovakia, died at age 21 in Auschwitz concentration camp.
- Henoch Kornfeld from Poland, died at age 31⁄2.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the secret Serbian nationalist society known as The Black Hand, in June 1914 triggered a series of events that led to the start of World War I. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after their demands following the investigation into the assassination were only partially met, pulling the nations of Europe into the growing conflict through their complex system of alliances.
The document discusses several Nazi extermination camps established during the Holocaust. Chelmno was the first camp, opening in 1941 and killing 150,000-300,000 Jews. Treblinka operated from 1942-1943 and killed over 800,000 victims from various European countries. Auschwitz-Birkenau was originally a concentration camp but became a death camp, killing 1,100,000-1,500,000 people between 1940-1945. Sobibor operated from 1942-1943 and killed around 250,000 people. Belzek opened in 1941 and is estimated to have killed 500,000-600,000 people. Majdanek was initially a camp for Russian prisoners of war but became a death camp for Jews
The document outlines key events and policies of the Holocaust. It begins with definitions of key terms and describes how Nazi policies against Jews escalated in the 1930s, restricting their rights and requiring identification with yellow stars. It then details the "Final Solution" planned at the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which sought to exterminate all 11 million European Jews. Death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor were constructed for efficient mass murder using Zyklon B gas. Josef Mengele performed cruel medical experiments on prisoners. In total, approximately 6 million Jewish people were murdered in the Holocaust.
The Nazis conducted death marches near the end of World War II, forcing prisoners to walk long distances under harsh conditions where many were abused or killed by guards. As the Allies advanced in the west and Soviets in the east in 1944-1945, the Nazis evacuated camps, sending over 250,000 prisoners on death marches where thousands died of starvation, disease, exhaustion or were shot. By the end of April 1945, the Nazis had initiated death marches from all remaining camps as the Holocaust ended with Allied victory in the spring of 1945.
M. seleshko vinnytsia -- the katyn of ukraine - journal of historical revie...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides an eyewitness account from a Ukrainian man about the mass graves discovered in Vinnytsia, Ukraine in 1943. It describes how a German commission, including the eyewitness as an interpreter, exhumed thousands of bodies from mass graves where the Soviet NKVD had buried victims. Many local Ukrainian residents identified clothes and belongings of family members they had been told were in exile. The eyewitness details several examples of women recognizing clothes or possessions of husbands who had been arrested but were actually among the executed victims. The account aims to reveal the scale of the tragedy and purge of enemies by the NKVD in Ukraine as preparation for war with Germany.
Theresienstadt was originally established as a transit camp for wealthy or culturally important Jews in Czechoslovakia. Over 140,000 Jews were sent there, with 90,000 eventually being deported to concentration camps. Conditions were poor, with disease and starvation common. In 1944, the Nazis embellished the camp to deceive the Red Cross, removing fences and deporting prisoners to hide the reality of the camp. After the visit, oppression of prisoners resumed.
Wojtek the Soldier Bear was a Syrian brown bear that served with the Polish II Corps during World War II. He was adopted by Polish soldiers in 1942 and helped carry ammunition crates during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. Wojtek was officially enlisted in the Polish Army with his own rank as a private. After the war, he lived in Edinburgh Zoo until his death in 1963 at age 21, having become a beloved mascot of the Polish Army.
The document summarizes the economic status of Polish Jews from 1937 to 1947. It describes how Jews before World War II lived in communities called shtetls and had economic freedoms, with many owning businesses. The German occupation negatively impacted the Jewish economy and population. Jews lost their businesses and many were forced into ghettos or hiding. After the war, most remaining Polish Jews emigrated due to the economic and social downfall caused by the German occupation.
The document is a script for a podcast about Auschwitz concentration camp. It provides background information on when Auschwitz opened and was liberated. Statistics are presented on the large number of deaths at Auschwitz. The script then shares the story of Toby Biber, a survivor from Poland who was imprisoned at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen before immigrating to Britain after the war. The podcast encourages remembering the Holocaust not just on the anniversary date but every day.
Louis fitz gibbon hidden aspects of the katyn massacre - journal of histori...RareBooksnRecords
The document discusses the fate of the "lost 10,000" Polish prisoners from Starobielsk and Ostashkow camps in addition to the 4,500 killed at Katyn forest. It summarizes evidence that the additional 10,000 prisoners were also executed by Soviet NKVD in spring 1940 and provides details on prisoner transports from the camps. While the exact locations of the additional mass graves are unknown, the document analyzes clues that the prisoners may have been killed near Kharkov and Bologoye and buried in mass graves similar to Katyn, though containing over twice as many victims. It emphasizes the importance of continuing to investigate and uncover the truth about the full scale of the Katyn massacre.
The Warsaw Uprising began on August 1, 1944 as an armed rebellion against German occupation forces by the Polish Home Army (AK). The uprising had both strategic and political goals - to prevent the establishment of a Soviet-backed puppet government in Poland and deny Stalin's plans to place Poland within the Soviet sphere of influence after the war. After two months of bloody fighting, the uprising was suppressed by October 3. The uprising was a tragedy not only due to the 63 days of battle, but also because of the long-term effects - Hitler ordered the systematic destruction of Warsaw and the Polish forces were later persecuted by Soviet authorities. While the uprising was a cry of protest against occupation, the division of Europe between the great powers had already
This document provides details about Wojtek, a Syrian brown bear who served as a soldier in the Polish army during World War 2. It describes how Wojtek was found as a cub by Polish soldiers during their journey from Russia to Iraq. The soldiers cared for Wojtek and he became a mascot for their regiment. To allow Wojtek to travel with the soldiers to Italy, he was officially enlisted in the army with his own rank and paybook. Wojtek helped carry supplies and munitions during battles. After the war, Wojtek lived at Edinburgh Zoo where he was a popular attraction until his death. He helped strengthen bonds between Scotland and Poland.
Tykocin, Poland was once home to a thriving Jewish community that comprised over 70% of the town's population in the mid-19th century. However, the German occupation during WWII led to the mass deportation and murder of Tykocin's Jews. On August 25th, 1941, over 1,400 Jews were forced to march to nearby forests where they were massacred, along with another 700 Jews who were caught hiding later. In total, around 2,100 Jews from Tykocin were murdered, leaving the once vibrant Jewish community destroyed. Today, there are memorial efforts to commemorate Tykocin's erased Jewish past.
The document lists and provides brief biographies of several important Polish national heroes from throughout history. It discusses military leaders that fought for Polish independence like Tadeusz Kościuszko and General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. It also profiles figures from the Polish resistance like Irena Sendlerowa who saved Jewish children during the Holocaust and Jerzy Popiełuszko, a priest murdered by communist officers for his support of Solidarity. Many of these national heroes sacrificed their lives fighting for Polish sovereignty and defending their values of honor, independence and faith in the face of oppression.
Stepan Bandera is considered a national hero in Ukraine. As a patriot who fought for Ukraine's independence throughout his life, authoring the Declaration of the Ukrainian State in 1941, Bandera played a key role in Ukraine's struggle for sovereignty against Soviet rule. Though assassinated by the Soviet government in Munich who saw him as a threat, Bandera has since become a symbol of Ukrainian independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The document examines why many Ukrainians view Bandera as a national hero for his contributions to Ukraine.
Holocaust in Poland. During the II World War, jewish and non-jewish residents of Poland have suffered from Hitler Germany's ruthless policy. In particular, Hitler was aiming to kill every single jew in the world. Jews predominantly were living in Poland, Germany constructed extremination and concentration camps, as well as ghettos within the territory of Poland, in order to ruin them very quickly.
This Presentation was for Holocaust in Central and Eastern Europe Course.
In southern Poland lies the small town of Oswiecim, also known by its German name Auschwitz. During World War II, the Nazis established a concentration camp just outside the town. Between 1940 and 1945, as many as 3 million prisoners, mostly Jews and Poles, were systematically murdered at Auschwitz and the neighboring camp at Treblinka. After the war, the facilities at Auschwitz were turned into a Polish museum documenting the Nazi atrocities that occurred there.
The document provides an overview of several cemeteries located in Wrocław, Poland. It describes the largest cemetery, Osobowicki Cemetery, which covers over 50 hectares and contains graves from World War I as well as a memorial. It also mentions the Grabiszyński Cemetery and cemeteries associated with specific parishes. Further, it summarizes some notable graves and memorials located within the Jewish cemeteries on Ślężna and Lotnicza Streets.
The document summarizes key events from 1939-1941 that led to the beginning of the Holocaust. It describes Hitler's racist ideology and Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, which started WWII. It then details Germany's rapid conquest of Western European countries in 1940 through its "Blitzkrieg" tactics. The Nazis occupied these countries and quickly imposed anti-Jewish policies, including forced labor, property confiscation, and isolating Jews in ghettos. Over 800 ghettos were established in Eastern Europe by 1942, where Jews faced dire living conditions, forced labor, and eventual "liquidation." The document also outlines Germany's expansion eastward through alliances with Italy and Japan and invasion of the Soviet Union in
1. The document provides definitions and information about the Holocaust and genocide, including how Adolf Hitler led the systematic extermination of six million Jewish people in Europe through concentration camps and the "Final Solution."
2. It describes the major death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, where over 1 million people, mostly Jews, were killed using gas chambers and other methods.
3. Two other major death camps discussed are Chelmno, the first established, and the camps used for Operation Reinhard, which combined Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka II to murder victims using gas chambers.
The Nazi regime established over 10,000 concentration and forced labor camps across occupied Europe between 1933-1945. In occupied Poland, concentration camps served as places for mass murder of Jews and Polish elites. Six dedicated extermination camps were built in Poland for industrial scale genocide - Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau and Majdanek. These camps utilized gas chambers and gas vans to systematically murder millions of Jews transported there by rail. Concentration camps also subjected prisoners to horrific human experiments, starvation rations, beatings and disease. By 1945 over 11 million people had passed through the camp system, with over 6 million murdered in Polish territories alone, including
The document provides details about Treblinka death camp, including its location, construction, operations, victims, and significance. It describes how the camp was designed to disguise itself as a transit camp to deceive victims onto trains. Over 800,000 Polish Jews and others were murdered there between 1942-1943. The camp was destroyed by the Nazis in 1943 to cover up evidence but has since been commemorated as a memorial site.
We live in Golub-Dobrzyń, a town in central Poland located on both sides of the Drwęca River. Poland is officially called the Republic of Poland and is located in Central Europe, bordering Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Baltic Sea, Russia and Lithuania. Some key facts about Poland include its population of over 38.5 million, national colors of white and red, and coat of arms featuring a white eagle.
This document provides information about Poland in 3 sections. It begins with basic facts about Poland's location, capital, climate, population, government and history. The second section describes landmarks and symbols of Poland like the flag, coat of arms and neighboring countries. The third section highlights some Polish cities and traditions, including the capital Warsaw, Wroclaw known for architecture and Katowice for its mining industry. Overall the document offers a brief overview of key details about Poland's geography, demographics, culture and famous places.
The document discusses several monuments located in Lublin, Poland. It provides details about the artists, historical figures, and events commemorated by each monument. Some of the monuments mentioned are dedicated to Stefan Wyszynski and Pope John Paul II, Marie Curie, Jozef Pilsudski, and Holocaust victims. The monuments are located in various public spaces around Lublin and commemorate important Polish figures and events in history.
Wojtek was a brown bear that was bought as a cub by Polish soldiers in Iran in 1942. He joined the soldiers as they traveled through the Middle East and into Italy, becoming the unofficial mascot of the 22nd Artillery Supply Company. To allow him to travel by ship, Wojtek was enlisted as a private in the Polish Army. He helped carry ammunition boxes during the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. After the war, Wojtek lived in Edinburgh Zoo in Scotland, where he became popular with visitors until his death in 1963 at age 21. Wojtek came to symbolize the friendship between the Polish and British soldiers.
Rudyard Kipling's poem "If" provides a father's advice to his son on how to conduct oneself with strength, resilience, and integrity. The poem outlines various challenges and hardships one may face in life and counsels the son that if he can maintain composure and equanimity in the face of doubt, hatred, lies, failures and losses, treat all people as equals, and perseveringly pursue his goals, then he will achieve great success and truly know himself as a man.
Stay with me, Lord, for I need Your strength and light. Without You, I am weak, lack fervor, and am in darkness. I desire to love You, be faithful to You, and find consolation in You. As life passes quickly, I fear darkness, temptations, and sorrows without Your presence. Help me recognize You at Communion and be one with You, especially at my hour of death. Grant that I may love You with my whole heart on earth and for all eternity.
This prayer asks God to remind people to pursue heaven on earth and reach for higher goals, even when it seems difficult. It asks God to bless the new year and help people recognize their abundance so they can generously share with those in need. It also asks God to help open eyes to injustice and human rights violations around the world, and guide people back to pursuing love, grace and peace as called to by God.
This document discusses the true meaning of Christmas and encourages readers to welcome Jesus into their hearts. It notes that while Christmas is associated with gifts, lights, and celebrations, it really commemorates Jesus Christ coming into the world and should inspire people to let him into their lives. It urges readers to prepare their hearts for Jesus's arrival by opening themselves to him in prayer, Mass, and confession so he finds them receptive when he comes to them.
This document discusses how Jesus transcends human categories and classifications. It asserts that Jesus is eternal, the truth, and holy rather than being defined by human ideologies. The document asks a series of rhetorical questions suggesting that since Jesus is all-wise, the way to God, king, and lord, he should be followed, believed, enjoyed, consulted, worshipped, obeyed, and given the final say over our lives. It concludes by citing Revelation 19:16 which declares Jesus as "King of kings, and Lord of lords."
This poem expresses wishes for the reader to find peace and strength in difficult times, to believe in goodness in others and the potential for peace in the world, and to always feel loved. It encourages teaching love to those who know hate and finding beauty daily. It wishes for the reader to value inner goodness over material things and to see their future as promising.
The poem reminds the reader that they are loved and encourages self-acceptance. It asks if anyone has assured the reader that they are enough just as they are. Being true to oneself is most important. The world would feel incomplete without the reader, as they fill a unique role. The reader should not doubt their own worth, as they were created to be perfect and capable of achieving their dreams.
God's hands are described through a series of adjectives highlighting their strength, size, gentleness, protectiveness, reassurance, power, parental guidance, mastery, compassion, healing, calming, giving, and faithfulness. The hands of God will uphold, enfold, embrace, cover, quiet, defend, train, conform, care for, renew, comfort, bless, and never let down the person they hold.
The document contains two poems addressed to God. The first poem expresses the speaker's gratitude for God's love and support through difficult times in their life. It acknowledges God's role in helping the speaker overcome hardships and heal from past mistakes and sorrows. The second poem asks God for courage, strength, and guidance to get through times of turmoil until happier days return. It expresses confidence that with God by their side, the speaker will survive and overcome challenges.
This document discusses what true love is versus infatuation, compromise, lust, inferiority complex, charity, and friendship. True love is feeling another person's pain more than your own, being attracted to them without regrets, and letting them go if they need to go even if they don't want to. A poem is included that emphasizes showing care, acceptance, communication, and support for someone you truly love.
The poem describes a dream where the narrator walks along the shore and sees footprints in the sand, realizing God was walking beside them. Later during a storm, the narrator only sees one set of footprints and asks God why He left them alone. God replies that He carried the narrator during the troubled times, which is why there was only one set of footprints. The narrator finds comfort knowing God will always be with them on life's journey.
The Hill of Crosses is a site in Lithuania where crosses have been placed for centuries as a testament to faith and in remembrance of those who died. Located near the city of Siauliai, the hill contains over 50,000 crosses of varying sizes that were first mentioned in 1850 but are believed to have begun as memorials for rebellion victims in 1831. Throughout the Soviet era, authorities regularly destroyed the crosses but they were repeatedly replaced, serving as a symbol of resistance. It now receives thousands of pilgrims annually and has become an important religious symbol in Lithuania and beyond since gaining international attention after a 1993 papal visit.
This document provides advice to trust God's ways even when they differ from your own, take His hand when it means letting go of what you're holding onto, and obey His Word even when hearing opposing opinions. It encourages depending on His strength despite being aware of weaknesses, following His path through valleys and hills, pleasing His heart without others' approval, waiting for His time instead of acting immediately, giving Him praise though wanting different circumstances, and being at rest instead of worrying or fearing.
The document is a song pleading with God to help humanity. It expresses concerns that the world is falling apart due to hate, violence, and selfishness. It questions whether God is still listening and asks for forgiveness, a chance to start over, and help fixing the problems in the world like God had provided before. It acknowledges humanity has misused free will and desperately needs God's love.
The document provides a list of uplifting things people can do in a day such as smiling at strangers, dropping coins for children to find, learning something new and teaching others, expressing love to others through hugs, calls or saying "I love you", forgiving those who have wronged you, keeping promises, standing up for beliefs, listening more than talking, being thankful for creation, apologizing when needed, encouraging those feeling down, cherishing each day, and telling others about Jesus.
The document discusses how people come into our lives for a reason, whether to teach us a lesson or help us figure out who we want to become. It also talks about how painful experiences can help us realize our potential strength if we overcome obstacles. Finally, it emphasizes making the most of each day and appreciating every moment because the future is unknown.
The document discusses the meaning and significance of the cross and empty tomb of Jesus Christ. It states that the cross allows us to look back with gratitude, while the empty tomb allows us to look ahead with hope. It also says that the cross represents Jesus' death for humanity, while the empty tomb represents His resurrection and eternal life. The resurrection further brings the assurance that death has been defeated and believers have a secure home in heaven.
The document celebrates Jesus's death and resurrection for Christians. It emphasizes that Jesus died for humanity while they were still sinners according to the Bible. Jesus's death and resurrection demonstrates God's love and provides forgiveness, salvation, and redemption for all.
God provides 10 guidelines for living: 1) Don't worry and put your burdens on God's list; 2) Trust that God will take care of problems once given to him; 3) Don't take your burdens back and have faith that God will handle them; 4) Leave problems with God and let him do his job; 5) Talk to God often and include him in your life; 6) Have faith that God knows what he is doing; 7) Share your blessings with others; 8) Be patient as God's timing is perfect; 9) Be kind to others as God loves them; 10) Love yourself as God created you to be loved.
The document discusses the importance of finding and carrying one's cross daily as Jesus taught. It states that only by resisting selfishness out of love for God can we experience Christ's peace. Just as Jesus' crucifixion led to resurrection, carrying our cross can lead to joy. We each have our own challenges in life that make up our cross, and we must pick it up daily to follow Christ.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.