1. Carbon exists in Earth's crust and atmosphere and forms millions of compounds due to its ability to catenate and be tetravalent. Organic chemistry studies carbon compounds except oxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.
2. Berzelius proposed that organic compounds could only be synthesized in living organisms, but Wohler synthesized urea in the laboratory in 1828, disproving this vital force theory.
3. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons in stable octet configurations, allowing it to form diverse chains, rings, and functional groups that exhibit properties ranging from nonpolar to ionic.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms covalent bonds and exists in multiple allotropes depending on how its atoms are arranged. It can form linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbons ranging from methane with one carbon to complex molecules like cellulose. Key properties depend on factors like the number of carbon atoms, their arrangement into straight chains, branches, or rings, and whether bonds are single or double. Functional groups determine characteristic reactions by specific atoms within organic molecules.
* CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group IV on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
* Bonding in Carbon-Covalent Bond
* Allotropes of Carbon
* Graphite
* Diamond
* Fullerenes
* Organic Chemistry
* Isomerism
* Soaps
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
1) Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years under high pressure and temperature conditions underground.
2) Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into different hydrocarbon fractions like gasoline, kerosene and diesel in a fractionating column based on their boiling points.
3) Short hydrocarbon fractions are collected at the top of the fractionating column while longer fractions are collected at the bottom during the fractional distillation process.
Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. Graphite has layered structures that allow for easy sliding of layers and is used as lubricant and pencil lead. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure and is the hardest material. Fullerenes like buckminsterfullerene have soccer ball shapes. Carbon also forms many inorganic compounds including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates, carbides and cyanides that have various applications. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms covalent bonds and exists in multiple allotropes depending on how its atoms are arranged. It can form linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbons ranging from methane with one carbon to complex molecules like cellulose. Key properties depend on factors like the number of carbon atoms, their arrangement into straight chains, branches, or rings, and whether bonds are single or double. Functional groups determine characteristic reactions by specific atoms within organic molecules.
* CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group IV on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
* Bonding in Carbon-Covalent Bond
* Allotropes of Carbon
* Graphite
* Diamond
* Fullerenes
* Organic Chemistry
* Isomerism
* Soaps
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
1) Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years under high pressure and temperature conditions underground.
2) Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into different hydrocarbon fractions like gasoline, kerosene and diesel in a fractionating column based on their boiling points.
3) Short hydrocarbon fractions are collected at the top of the fractionating column while longer fractions are collected at the bottom during the fractional distillation process.
Carbon exists in several allotropes with unique properties. Graphite has layered structures that allow for easy sliding of layers and is used as lubricant and pencil lead. Diamond has a tetrahedral structure and is the hardest material. Fullerenes like buckminsterfullerene have soccer ball shapes. Carbon also forms many inorganic compounds including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, bicarbonates, carbides and cyanides that have various applications. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to form chains, branches and rings through catenation. It can form single, double and triple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens. Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps and detergents. Ethanol is used as a solvent and in medicines and drinks. Ethanoic acid is used to make vinegar and its esters. Soaps clean with water through micelle formation but don't work in hard water while detergents do.
Carbon is a key element that forms the basis of many important compounds due to its ability to bond with other carbon atoms and elements. It exists in several allotropes with varying properties, including diamond and graphite. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create large, complex molecules through catenation. Saturated carbon compounds contain only single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds. Functional groups and structural isomers give compounds unique reactivity and properties. Important carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents.
Carbon belongs to the group IV of the periodic table.
It has four electrons in its outermost orbit, so its valency is four.
Carbon is a non-metal.
Why so many Carbon Compounds in nature
Because carbon is chemically unique.
Only carbon atoms have the ability to combine with themselves to form long chains
The number of carbon compounds is larger than that of all other elements put together.
Occurrence of carbon
The name ‘carbon’ is derived from the Latin
word ‘carbo’ meaning coal. Carbon is found in
nature in free as well as compound state. Carbon in
the free state is found as diamond and graphite, and
in the combined state in the following compounds.
1. As carbon dioxide and in the form of carbonates
such as calcium carbonate, marble, calamine
(ZnCO3)
2. Fossil fuel – coal, petroleum, natural gas
3. Carbonaceous nutrients – carbohydrates,
proteins, fats
4. Natural fibres – cotton, wool, silk
Properties of carbon
Allotropic nature of Carbon
Allotropy - Some elements occur in nature in more than one form. The chemical properties
of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This
property of elements is called allotropy. Like carbon, sulphur and phosphorus also exhibit
allotropy.
Allotropes of carbon
A. Crystalline forms
1. A crystalline form has a regular and definite arrangement of atoms.
2. They have high melting points and boiling points.
3. A crystalline form has a definite geometrical shape, sharp edges and plane surfaces.
Acid Bases and Salts and Chemical EquationsSanchit Duseja
1) The document discusses chemical reactions and equations, focusing on chemical changes, types of chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2) It then covers the five main types of chemical reactions - combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
3) Finally, it discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids and bases, lists their key properties, methods of classification, common examples, and uses.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Carbon And its compound, Class 10A CBSE BasedHarsh Sorathiya
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms four covalent bonds. It exists in three isotopes, two of which are stable. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons have all single bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can add hydrogen through addition reactions with catalysts like palladium. Saturated hydrocarbons are generally inert but can undergo substitution reactions when exposed to chlorine or sunlight. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature that is commonly known as alcohol and is used in drinks and medicines due to its solubility in water.
1. The document discusses carbon compounds and their properties. It covers hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature.
2. Specific carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Reactions of ethanol and ethanoic acid with substances like sodium, chlorine, and alcohols are described.
3. Soaps are introduced as cleansing agents made of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Their structure allows them to interact with both water and oils/fats.
ppt on hydrogen for class XI th chemistrylokesh meena
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Protium is the most common isotope, making up over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron, while tritium contains one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years. Deuterium and tritium are used in nuclear reactions and as tracers. Unstable isotopes of hydrogen from 4H to 7H have been synthesized in laboratories but not observed naturally.
This presentation will help students to understand the various topics related with halogen compounds in a very short time.it also help teachers during the recapitulation of the chapter content.it will also help students to revise the content in short time especially by those students who r preparing for various competitive exams after class 12th.
The document discusses chemical bonding, including:
1. Defining ionic and covalent bonding, and explaining how different types of bonds are formed through electron sharing or transfer.
2. Describing the properties of ionic and covalent compounds, such as high melting points for ionic solids and variable states of matter for covalent substances.
3. Illustrating examples of single, double, and triple covalent bonds through Lewis dot structures of molecules like H2, O2, and N2.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on carbon and its compounds submitted by a student group. It provides information on carbon including that it is a nonmetallic element with an atomic number of 6 that forms covalent bonds. It discusses the origin of carbon in nature, the reasons for its versatility including catenation and tetracovalency. The presentation also covers different forms of carbon including graphite, diamond and fullerenes as well as saturated and unsaturated compounds. It provides examples of functional groups and homologous series and discusses chemical properties and uses of carbon compounds.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
This document outlines key concepts about acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water. There are strong acids that fully ionize and weak acids that partially ionize. Bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals. Alkalis are soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids and bases react to form salts and water in a neutralization reaction. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. Indicators change color with pH. There are four types of oxides. Salts contain cations from bases and anions from acids. Common salts have various industrial and domestic uses.
The document discusses the properties of group 14 elements. It notes that carbon and silicon are non-metals, germanium is a metalloid, and tin and lead are metals. It discusses their electronic configurations, atomic radii, ionization energies, electronegativity, oxidation states, and physical properties. Carbon exhibits allotropes like diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerenes which have the same chemical composition but different physical properties. Diamond has a high melting point and hardness due to its strong covalent bonds.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the key topics of functional groups, organic synthesis reagents, organic structure and reactions, elements involved in organic chemistry, and oxidation and reduction reactions. The main points are that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions, it is essential to life processes, and the carbon atom can form many different bonds giving rise to a huge variety of organic molecules and isomers.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the basic components and structures of organic molecules, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions. Carbon can form many different structures by bonding to itself and other elements, resulting in a huge number and variety of possible organic compounds.
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to form chains, branches and rings through catenation. It can form single, double and triple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens. Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps and detergents. Ethanol is used as a solvent and in medicines and drinks. Ethanoic acid is used to make vinegar and its esters. Soaps clean with water through micelle formation but don't work in hard water while detergents do.
Carbon is a key element that forms the basis of many important compounds due to its ability to bond with other carbon atoms and elements. It exists in several allotropes with varying properties, including diamond and graphite. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other atoms, allowing it to create large, complex molecules through catenation. Saturated carbon compounds contain only single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds. Functional groups and structural isomers give compounds unique reactivity and properties. Important carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps, and detergents.
Carbon belongs to the group IV of the periodic table.
It has four electrons in its outermost orbit, so its valency is four.
Carbon is a non-metal.
Why so many Carbon Compounds in nature
Because carbon is chemically unique.
Only carbon atoms have the ability to combine with themselves to form long chains
The number of carbon compounds is larger than that of all other elements put together.
Occurrence of carbon
The name ‘carbon’ is derived from the Latin
word ‘carbo’ meaning coal. Carbon is found in
nature in free as well as compound state. Carbon in
the free state is found as diamond and graphite, and
in the combined state in the following compounds.
1. As carbon dioxide and in the form of carbonates
such as calcium carbonate, marble, calamine
(ZnCO3)
2. Fossil fuel – coal, petroleum, natural gas
3. Carbonaceous nutrients – carbohydrates,
proteins, fats
4. Natural fibres – cotton, wool, silk
Properties of carbon
Allotropic nature of Carbon
Allotropy - Some elements occur in nature in more than one form. The chemical properties
of these different forms are the same but their physical properties are different. This
property of elements is called allotropy. Like carbon, sulphur and phosphorus also exhibit
allotropy.
Allotropes of carbon
A. Crystalline forms
1. A crystalline form has a regular and definite arrangement of atoms.
2. They have high melting points and boiling points.
3. A crystalline form has a definite geometrical shape, sharp edges and plane surfaces.
Acid Bases and Salts and Chemical EquationsSanchit Duseja
1) The document discusses chemical reactions and equations, focusing on chemical changes, types of chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2) It then covers the five main types of chemical reactions - combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
3) Finally, it discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids and bases, lists their key properties, methods of classification, common examples, and uses.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Carbon And its compound, Class 10A CBSE BasedHarsh Sorathiya
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms four covalent bonds. It exists in three isotopes, two of which are stable. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons have all single bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can add hydrogen through addition reactions with catalysts like palladium. Saturated hydrocarbons are generally inert but can undergo substitution reactions when exposed to chlorine or sunlight. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature that is commonly known as alcohol and is used in drinks and medicines due to its solubility in water.
1. The document discusses carbon compounds and their properties. It covers hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated compounds, functional groups, and nomenclature.
2. Specific carbon compounds discussed include ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Reactions of ethanol and ethanoic acid with substances like sodium, chlorine, and alcohols are described.
3. Soaps are introduced as cleansing agents made of sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. Their structure allows them to interact with both water and oils/fats.
ppt on hydrogen for class XI th chemistrylokesh meena
Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium (1H), deuterium (2H), and tritium (3H). Protium is the most common isotope, making up over 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton and one neutron, while tritium contains one proton and two neutrons. Tritium is radioactive with a half-life of 12.32 years. Deuterium and tritium are used in nuclear reactions and as tracers. Unstable isotopes of hydrogen from 4H to 7H have been synthesized in laboratories but not observed naturally.
This presentation will help students to understand the various topics related with halogen compounds in a very short time.it also help teachers during the recapitulation of the chapter content.it will also help students to revise the content in short time especially by those students who r preparing for various competitive exams after class 12th.
The document discusses chemical bonding, including:
1. Defining ionic and covalent bonding, and explaining how different types of bonds are formed through electron sharing or transfer.
2. Describing the properties of ionic and covalent compounds, such as high melting points for ionic solids and variable states of matter for covalent substances.
3. Illustrating examples of single, double, and triple covalent bonds through Lewis dot structures of molecules like H2, O2, and N2.
This document is a PowerPoint presentation on carbon and its compounds submitted by a student group. It provides information on carbon including that it is a nonmetallic element with an atomic number of 6 that forms covalent bonds. It discusses the origin of carbon in nature, the reasons for its versatility including catenation and tetracovalency. The presentation also covers different forms of carbon including graphite, diamond and fullerenes as well as saturated and unsaturated compounds. It provides examples of functional groups and homologous series and discusses chemical properties and uses of carbon compounds.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses the structures of organic compounds including Lewis structures, condensed structures, and bond line representations. It also describes three-dimensional representations using wedges and dashes. The document classifies organic compounds as acyclic, alicyclic, or aromatic. It discusses IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming organic compounds including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and isomers. Finally, it briefly touches on reaction mechanisms and bond cleavage in organic reactions.
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
This document outlines key concepts about acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water. There are strong acids that fully ionize and weak acids that partially ionize. Bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals. Alkalis are soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids and bases react to form salts and water in a neutralization reaction. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. Indicators change color with pH. There are four types of oxides. Salts contain cations from bases and anions from acids. Common salts have various industrial and domestic uses.
The document discusses the properties of group 14 elements. It notes that carbon and silicon are non-metals, germanium is a metalloid, and tin and lead are metals. It discusses their electronic configurations, atomic radii, ionization energies, electronegativity, oxidation states, and physical properties. Carbon exhibits allotropes like diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerenes which have the same chemical composition but different physical properties. Diamond has a high melting point and hardness due to its strong covalent bonds.
1) Experiments with cathode ray tubes led to the discovery of the electron as a negatively charged fundamental particle.
2) Further experiments showed that atoms are mostly empty space and contain a small, dense nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit.
3) The photoelectric effect showed that light behaves as a particle (photon) rather than just a wave, transferring its energy in discrete quantized amounts to electrons and ejecting them from metal surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the key topics of functional groups, organic synthesis reagents, organic structure and reactions, elements involved in organic chemistry, and oxidation and reduction reactions. The main points are that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions, it is essential to life processes, and the carbon atom can form many different bonds giving rise to a huge variety of organic molecules and isomers.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the basic components and structures of organic molecules, including hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains that organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds and their properties and reactions. Carbon can form many different structures by bonding to itself and other elements, resulting in a huge number and variety of possible organic compounds.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene. It discusses key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and may also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.
- There are two main ways organic compounds are obtained: isolation from nature and synthesis in the laboratory.
- Hydrocarbons are divided into saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes) groups based on the presence of double or triple carbon bonds.
- Nomenclature rules are provided for naming straight-chain, branched, cyclic, and substituted organic compounds according to IUPAC conventions.
The document outlines the key learning outcomes and content covered in a chapter on hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and how carbon can form chains and rings. It introduces the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes, including their molecular formulas, structures and characteristic reactions. Specific topics covered include the combustion and halogenation of alkanes and alkenes, as well as the hydration and hydrogenation of alkenes. Real-world uses of alkanes and alkenes are also mentioned.
This document outlines the key learning outcomes for a chapter on hydrocarbons. It will cover the alkane and alkene homologous series, including writing formulas, drawing structures, naming compounds, and describing characteristic reactions. Specific topics include properties and uses of alkanes and alkenes, the combustion and substitution reactions of alkanes, and addition reactions of alkenes with halogens, water, hydrogen and other reagents. The introduction provides background on carbon bonding and the different types of organic compounds and formulas.
Carbon being the most versatile element on this earth is also the most important element for mankind. Carbon (from Latin: carbo "coal") is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust.
The document outlines learning outcomes and content about hydrocarbons. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and classification of organic compounds. It then focuses on the homologous series, structures, properties and reactions of two types of hydrocarbons - alkanes and alkenes. For alkanes, it describes the alkane homologous series, structures of alkanes, and their combustion and substitution reactions with halogens. For alkenes, it covers similar topics including their unsaturated nature and addition reactions with halogens.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including definitions of organic compounds, differences between organic and inorganic compounds, and key concepts. It discusses the early history when vitalism prevented the synthesis of organic compounds. Friedrich Wöhler was the first to synthesize an organic compound in a laboratory. The document also outlines types of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, and how they are named according to IUPAC rules. Carbon properties and different hybridizations that allow multiple bonds are covered.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including definitions of key terms and concepts. It discusses:
- The early history of organic chemistry and the discovery that organic compounds could be synthesized in the lab.
- The main differences between organic and inorganic compounds in terms of their properties and bonding.
- The central role of carbon atoms in organic compounds and their ability to form chains and complex structures through catenation.
- The different classes of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and their IUPAC naming conventions.
- Important organic functional groups derived from hydrocarbons like alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, al
This document provides an overview of hydrocarbons and outlines the key learning outcomes of Chapter 15. It discusses the bonding ability of carbon and how carbon can form chains, branches, and rings. It then focuses on two major classes of hydrocarbons - alkanes and alkenes. For each, it defines the homologous series, provides examples, and describes their structures, properties, reactions, and uses. It also introduces topics like isomerism that are important for understanding organic compounds.
Organic Compounds and Functional Groups..pptxkriselcello
This document provides information about organic compounds and their classification. It defines organic compounds as carbon-containing compounds, and notes they can be differentiated from inorganic compounds. The document then classifies and describes the properties and examples of several classes of organic compounds including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and others identified by their functional groups. Specific organic compounds are given as examples along with their common uses.
Organic compounds can be classified based on their functional groups. Members of the same homologous series have similar chemical properties and their physical properties change gradually with increasing carbon chain length. Key factors that affect the physical properties of organic compounds include the structure of the functional group, length of carbon chains, and ability to form hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions. Non-polar compounds have lower boiling points than polar compounds due to weaker intermolecular forces.
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It defines organic compounds as those containing carbon, originally thought to originate only from living organisms (vital force theory). This theory was disproven when Wohler synthesized urea from inorganic compounds in 1828. Organic chemistry is now defined as the study of carbon compounds, which are found in both living and non-living systems. Key topics covered include classification of organic compounds into open chain and cyclic types, functional groups like alkyls, and the unique properties of carbon that allow for large numbers of organic structures.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
1) It defines organic chemistry as the study of carbon-containing compounds and discusses the variety of structures from simple to complex molecules.
2) It explains different types of chemical formulas and discusses structural formulas that provide information about molecular structure.
3) It introduces homologous series and discusses how physical properties such as boiling point change with increasing carbon chain length.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Class 10 chemistry Carbon and its compounds.pdfankitrajak629
Carbon is a unique element that can form large numbers of compounds. It has four valence electrons and forms covalent bonds, allowing it to link together in chains, branches, and rings. There are three main allotropes of carbon: diamond, graphite, and fullerene. Diamond has a three-dimensional crystalline structure that makes it very hard, while graphite has stacked hexagonal layers that allow for conductivity. Carbon forms the basis of all known life and many important compounds like fuels, plastics, and organic chemicals.
This document discusses different functional groups that are commonly found in organic compounds. It describes the key characteristics of several functional groups including alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines. For each group, it identifies the specific atoms present, common bonding patterns, physical properties, naming conventions, and how they can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on their structure.
Similar a L.05 carbon and its compounds gr 10, 2019-20 (20)
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. Surface chemistry presentation will provide lots of valuable information about its day-to-day applications in real life. It explains concepts of adsorption, absorption, activation energy, Arrhenius equation, colloids, solutions, chemical processes etc.
It also elaborates on specific chemical reactions like peptisation reaction.
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/.
This presentation is about a biology topic. It talks about the skeletal and nervous system. It tasks about their structures and different parts involved in the structure. It is a really informative presentation.
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/.
This presentation has all topics of coal and petroleum covered. It talks about their real-world uses and application in electricity generation, automobile, fuel etc. It also talks about the disadvantages of using fossil fuels. It promotes sustainable and renewable energy sources over conventional fossil fuels. It also talks about hydrogen being the cleanest fuel and mixing with petrol.
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This presentation explains the characteristic features of Falcon 9 and what sets it apart from other conventional rockets. It explains how it would eventually help humans become a space-faring civilization. it is about recent advancements in space technology and space research and breakthroughs.
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This presentation explains the characteristic features of Falcon 9 and what sets it apart from other conventional rockets. It explains how it would eventually help humans become a space-faring civilisation.
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TOP 20 FUN FACTS OF STARS
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Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
2. ● Earth’s crust has 0.02% of carbon in the form of
minerals (like carbonates, hydrogen carbonates,
coal and petroleum)
● Atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide.
● The branch of chemistry that deals with the study
of carbon and its compounds ( except for oxides
of carbon, carbonate and bicarbonate) is known
as Organic Chemistry.
3. Properties of carbon compounds
● Most carbon compounds are poor conductors
of electricity.
● Bonding in these compounds does not give
rise to any ions.
● Force of attraction between the molecules is
not very strong.
4. Vital force theory
● In 1815 AD, a Swedish chemist J.J. Berzelius put forward vital force theory to
explain the origin of organic compound.
● According to this theory, organic compound are formed and synthesized only
within living species( plants and animals ). The word ‘vital’ is derives from
Latin term ‘vita’ which means life. This theory does not account synthesis of
organic compounds in laboratory.
● However, in 1828 AD, a German chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized
organic compound ‘urea’ from simple inorganic compound ammonium
cyanate. This theory defied the vital force theory.
5. Bonding in Carbon compounds
● Carbon could gain four electrons to form C4- anion. But it
will be difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on
to the ten electrons,ie, the extra four electrons.
● Carbon could lose four electrons and form C4+ cation. But
it requires large amount of Ionisation energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind a carbon with six protons in
its nucleus holding on to just two electrons
6. Covalent Bonding
A chemical bond formed by sharing of valence shell electrons so that each atoms
acquires the nearest noble gas configuration is known as covalent bond and
compounds formed by sharing of electrons are known as covalent compounds.
Eg: Formation of methane
Bonding in hydrogen Bonding in oxygen Bonding in nitrogen
Single bond Double bond Triple bond
7. Electron dot structure for methane
● Methane is widely used as a fuel
● Major component of biogas and CNG
10. Characteristic of covalently bonded compounds
● Covalently bonded molecules have strong bonds within
the molecule but intermolecular forces are small. This give
rise to low MP and BP.
● Since electrons are shared between atoms, no charged
particles are formed. Such covalent compounds are
generally poor conductors of electricity.
● Covalent compounds are generally insoluble in water.
11. Allotrope
● Property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in
the same physical state, is called allotropy and each state is known as an
allotrope. Eg: Carbon - Graphite, Diamond, Buckminsterfullerene (C-60).
● They have different physical properties but have same chemical properties.
Graphite Diamond Buckminsterfullerene (C-60)
12. Versatile nature of Carbon
● More than 3 million compounds of carbon are
known to the chemist.
● Carbon form enormous number of compounds
due to
- Catenation
- Tetravalency
13. 1. Catenation
● Carbon has unique ability to form bonds with other atoms
of carbon.
● These compounds can be long chained, branched or
rings.
● Carbon atoms may be linked by single, double or triple
bonds.
● Carbon compounds with only single bonds between
carbon atoms are called saturated compounds.
● Carbon compounds with double or triple bond between
carbon atoms are called unsaturated compounds.
14. 2. Tetravalency
● Carbon has four valence with which it forms bond with
other atoms of carbon or atoms of some monovalent
element.
● Compounds of carbon are formed with Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Hydrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine and many other elements
giving rise to compounds with specific properties, which
depend on elements other than carbon present in the
molecule.
15. Other reasons
● Bonds formed between carbon and atoms of other
elements are exceptionally strong and stable.
● Strong bonds are formed due to the small size of the
carbon, which enables the nucleus to hold on to the
shared pair of electrons strongly.
16. Hydrocarbons
● Compounds of carbon having only carbon and hydrogen
are called hydrocarbons.
● Oil reserves in sedimentary rocks are the source of
hydrocarbons for the energy, transport and petrochemical
industries.
● Economically important hydrocarbons include fossil fuels
such as coal, petroleum and natural gas, and its
derivatives such as plastics, paraffin, waxes, solvents and
oils.
18. Saturated Hydrocarbons - Alkanes
● Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are
connected by only single bond is called a
saturated hydrocarbon or alkanes
● The names of all saturated hydrocarbons ends
with ‘ane’
● The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons
or alkanes is CnH2n+2 , where n represents the
number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
19. Names of the first ten members of the alkane family and their structures
20. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
● A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are
connected by a double or a triple bond is called an
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
● Unsaturated hydrocarbons are of two types
a. Alkenes
b. Alkynes
21. Alkenes
● The unsaturated hydrocarbons in which the two
carbon atoms are connected by a double bond is
called an alkene.
● The general formula alkenes are CnH2n , where n
represents the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule.
● There is no alkene with one carbon atom.
22.
23.
24. Isomerism
● The organic compounds having same molecular formula but different
structures are known as isomers. This phenomenon is known as isomerism.
● Isomers of butane
29. Characteristics of isomers
● Same molecular formula
● Different structural formula
● All the physical and chemical properties of isomers of a
compound differ from each other.
30. Alkynes
● An unsaturated hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms
are connected by a triple bond is called an alkyne.
● They are represented by the general formula CnH2n-2.
● Alkenes and alkynes are chemically more reactive than
alkanes.
● Arrangement in terms of decreasing order of stability,
Alkanes > Alkenes > Alkynes.
31.
32. Alkyl Group (CnH2n+1)
● The group formed by the removal of one hydrogen atom
from an alkane molecule is called an alkyl group.
● The free line indicates that one valency is free in the alkyl
group.
33. Cyclic Hydrocarbons
● The hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are
arranged in the form of a ring are called cyclic
hydrocarbons.
● It can be saturated or unsaturated.
● Saturated hydrocarbons are called cyclo alkanes
● Cyclo alkanes are represented by the general formula
CnH2n
● The first member starts with 3 carbon atoms.
35. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Arenes
Arenes are compounds contains one or more benzene ring as a part of their
structure. The double bonds are delocalized.
They are called aromatic because of their fragrant smell.
36. Simplest aromatic hydrocarbon - Benzene
● Benzene is an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
● It has 3 (C-C)
● 3 (C=C)
● 6 (C-H)
37.
38. Homologous Series
● A series of closely related members with same functional
group, having similar structure and chemical properties, in
which the successive members differ by a >CH2 group.
● The various organic compounds of the homologous series
are called homologue.
41. Functional Groups
● The hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon
can be replaced by a heteroatom.
● These heteroatoms and groups
containing these confer specific
properties to the compounds,
regardless of the length and nature of
the carbon chain and hence are
called functional groups.
● It is a group that determines the chemical nature of an
organic compound.
46. Chemical properties of carbon compounds
1. Combustion - Carbon burns in oxygen to give carbon
dioxide along with the release of heat and light.
47. Test for unsaturation - 1
● Saturated hydrocarbons will give a clean flame when
introduced into the flame.
● Unsaturated hydrocarbons will give a yellow flame with a
lots of black smoke, because the percentage of carbon is
comparatively higher than alkanes, which does not burn
completely in air.
● Limiting the supply of air results in incomplete combustion
of even unsaturated hydrocarbons giving a sooty flame.
● Flame is only produced when gaseous substance burns.
48. Important points to remember.
● If a mixture of acetylene (ethyne) and pure oxygen is
burned, acetylene burns completely producing a blue
flame. The oxygen acetylene flame (oxyacetylene flame)
is extremely hot and produces very high temperature
which is used for welding metals.
● LPG (ethane + Propane + Butane(main component)) is an
excellent fuel because the burns in air to produce a lot of
heat energy.
49. Oxidation reaction
Oxidation is the reaction in which carbon compounds take up
oxygen in presence of oxidising agents to give another
carbon compound.
Eg : Alcohols are oxidised to acids in the presence of alkaline
potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate
(Oxidising agents).
50. Addition reaction ( Catalytic hydrogenation)
● Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in presence of Ni,Pt or Pd catalyst
to produce saturated hydrocarbons.
● It is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils using Ni catalyst.
● Vegetable oils are generally long unsaturated carbon chains while animal fats
have saturated carbon chain.
51. Test for unsaturation - 2
Add few drops of bromine water to unsaturated compound. If
it gets decolourised it is an unsaturated compound.
52. Substitution reaction
● Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and inert in the presence of
most reagents.
● In a substitution reaction, an atom or a group of atoms present in a compound
is replaced by another atom or a group without the compound undergoing any
change in its structure. If substitution takes place by using halogens it is
called halogenation reaction.
● Eg: In presence of sunlight chlorine is added to hydrocarbons, H is
substituted by Cl and methyl chloride is formed. If the substitution takes place
by chlorine, it is also called chlorination.
54. Ethanol (C2H5OH) - Ethyl alcohol
● Colourless liquid with a pleasant smell and a burning taste
.It is an active ingredient in all alcoholic drinks.
● It is volatile and has low boiling point (78oC)
● Highly soluble in water.
● It is neutral and has no effect on any litmus solution.
● Ethanol containing 5% water is called rectified spirit
(Commercial alcohol)
● 100% pure ethanol is called absolute alcohol.
● It is a good solvent and hence used in many medicines
like tincture of iodine, cough syrups and many tonics.
55. Chemical properties of ethanol
● Reaction with sodium - Ethanol reacts with sodium to
produce sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
56.
57. Reaction to form unsaturated hydrocarbons
Heating ethanol at 443K with excess concentrated sulphuric
acid results in the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.
Conc. Sulphuric acid is used as a dehydrating agent which
removes water from ethanol.
59. Alcohol as fuel
● Sugarcane juice is used to prepare molasses which is
fermented to give alcohol (ethanol).
● Some countries now use alcohol as an additive in petrol
since it is a cleaner fuel which gives rise to only carbon
dioxide and water on burning in sufficient air (oxygen).
60. Denatured alcohol or methylated spirit
Denatured alcohol, also called methylated spirits or
denatured rectified spirit, is ethanol that has additives to
make it poisonous, bad tasting, foul smelling or nauseating,
to discourage recreational consumption. In some cases it is
also dyed.
61. Ethanoic acid - CH3-COOH (Acetic acid)
● Belongs to the family of carboxylic acid. It is a weak acid.
That is it do not completely ionise in solution.
● 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar
which is widely used as preservative in pickles.
● The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290K and often
freezes during winter in cold climates. Hence called
Glacial acetic acid.
62. Reactions of ethanoic acid
Esterification reaction - Ethanoic acid
reacts with ethanol in presence of acid
catalyst to form esters.
Ethyl ethanoate
63. ● Esters are sweet smelling substances.
● They are used in making perfumes and as flavouring
agents.
● On treating with NaOH, esters are converted back to
alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is
called Saponification reaction because it is used in the
preparation of soap.
64. 2. Reaction with a base.
● Ethanoic acid reacts with a base like NaOH to give a
salt(Sodium ethanoate or sodium acetate) and water.
65. 3. Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates
Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates to give rise to salt, water and carbon dioxide. The
salt produced is sodium acetate.
71. Detergents
● Hardness of water is due to the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides or
sulphates of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.
● Soap reacts with hard water and produces insoluble precipitates called Scum.
● Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain
carboxylic acids.
● The charged ends of these compounds do not form insoluble precipitates with
the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Thus, they remain effective in
hard water.
● Detergents are usually used to make shampoos and products for cleaning
clothes.