THESE ARE POEMS ABOUT EVOLUTION OF SYMBIOSIS ,MYCORRHIZA AND BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN PLANTS BY BACTERIA COVERING MANY INTERESTING ASPECTS OF MUTUALISTIC SYMBIOSIS .

1. Jeev jagat Chapter 4 poems
Evolution of Symbiosis
I Biological Nitrogen fixation and other forms
What a wonder what a surprise !
At a time
When there were no animalia no plantae
not even Protista in the ancient sea
not even great oxygen event had occurred
only Archaea ruled the world
and some ‘clever’ chaps decided to change the world
by overcoming the shortage of fixed nitrogen
and managed to discover
the technique of Nitrogen fixation
by using Nitrogenase
some time 2 billion years earlier than today
Oh! what a day !
Afterwards eubacteria also followed suit
subsequently when Protista evolved
and began to compete to fulfilltheir needs!

2. Jeev jagat
Games of friendship and animosity began!
In that hoary past 1 million years ago or so
Indeed.
Some ‘intelligent ’amongst them
preferred friendship to other modes
swallowed bacteria but did not digest them ,
instead preserved them within themselves
developing friendly understanding with them
for exchange of materials for mutual gain
living together as an integrated whole
in a mutualistic relationship lifelong
as if they were one single individual so born.
And thus started a series of events
which occurred and changed the world
by biological nitrogen fixation event
by mitochondria’s ancestors engulfment
by chloroplast’s ancestors endosymbiosis
one by one again and again and kept on

3. Jeev jagat
happening millennium after millennium
and centuary after centuary and is going on
till today.in various ways
virtually cutting across dominions
Mitochondria have since become an organelle
of all eukaryotes
Chloroplasts essential parts of all green plants
Nitrogen fixation is going on in vascular plants
with bacterial Symbiosomes virtually functioning
as organelles in legumes in due course.
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4. Jeev jagat poems
Mycorrhiza
An invisible friendship between fungi and plants !
Beech -Ectomycorrhiza – MaleneThyssen – Wc -cc
Fungi and friendship ! Oh really !
a contradiction in terms apparently !
but really the most ancient one
for 450 million years ago it began
when first vascular plants appeared on the scene
and is going on without break , growing since then .

5. Jeev jagat
An unusual and extraordinaryfriendship
between not merely two but more individuals
creating a network of friendly organisms
linked together like netizens and forming
a society in which all gain by exchanges
through and through the thin threads
of fungal mycelium and the hairs of the roots
of not only materials ,but through signals, all the news .
It really fills us with great surprise
to know how plants talk to each other and fungi
by sending signals which they recognize
exchanging not only needs but also warning at times
when a danger lurks ,and alert all on the line
showing friend in need is friend indeed ,all the time .
In Ecto mycorrhiza
fungus becomes intertwined with the roots
ensheathing them enters inside

6. jeev jagat
and reaching up to cortex occupies
intercellular spaces but remains outside the cells
exchanging water and minerals with carbohydrates
which plant provides ,without peeping inside the cells
as in many woody bushes, trees and other plants
including roses , eucalyptus and pines .
which form such ecto mycorrhizal associations
with Asco , Basidio and Zygomycota fungi .
In Endo mycorrhiza - the relations are deeper
for fungal hyphae penetrating epidermis go further
and reaching cortex enter its cells
forming vesicles or arbuscules
there, to facilitateexchange in a trice
as in many crop plants such as wheat and rice
which form arbuscular associations
with Glomeromycota fungi .
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7. Jeev jagat poems
Nitrogen fixation in legumes
Rhizobia nodules on Vigna roots Rhizobia on Soyabeen roots
Stdout – Wc – cc JoJan –USDA- Wc- Public domain
Structure of Nitrogen fixing nodules in S meliloti-M truncatula symbiosis
Nodules III N2 fixing zone Endo symbionts
Gergely maroti & Eva Kondorosi IBBRC Hungary
Monica medina – Pennsylvania University USA
Frontiersin.org – cc

8. Jeev jaga
It is also a story of friendly relations
between bacteria and legumes
in which they first recognize each other
and choose partner with great care and caution
by exchanging appropriate signals
be they rhizobia or cyanobacterial partner
once identity is established to mutual satisfaction
the bacterium sends a signal and plant responds
by starting the process of making nodular room for the guest
the bacterium starting an infection thread enters
the root hair and reaching cortex rests
merrily in its nodular guest house
the plant encloses it in a sheath and makes
it feel at home, protects,guides and provides it photosynthates
the bacterium(s) produces bacteroids, fixes N2 in exchange
and starts acting virtually like an organelle of the plant cell(s)
This interesting ‘live- in’ relationship suits them so well
It has been going on smoothly since last 60 million years or so.
emerging time to time in different species.

9. Jeev jagat Chapter 4 poems
Lichens
Study.com academy
The first great pioneers of the world
who dared to take first steps to conquer the land
500 million years earlier or more

10. and succeeded in starting its colonization beforehand
making way for others to follow in due course
these Brave bold daredevil organisms of course.
But how they are able to do so and so well !
only because they are wise enough to recognize
and realize value of friendship of course.
Jeev jagat
For when Algae and fungi join hands in friendship
there is none like them in the whole world perhaps
who can beat them in the ability to face hardships
and manage to survive in environment however hostile
proving the value of well matched mutualistic symbiosis
and get integrated to such an extant in their partnership
that they can function as a single composite organism
holding example of an excellent ‘Live in’ relationship.
Interestingly some cyanobacteria also enter merrily
into such friendly relationship with fungi commonly
indeed triple symbionts are also known with algae,

11. fungi and cyanobacteria living together happily .
Lichens are really wonderful extremophiles
with distinct morphology and physiology
than the constituents free living forms
providing food where there is none
adding colour in the barren terrain
where there is none.