The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Maratha period in India between the 17th-19th centuries. It provides details on:
1. The early Maratha period and the Islamic sultanates that ruled different regions of the Deccan plateau.
2. The rise of the Maratha empire under Shivaji Maharaj and the architecture of religious temples, military forts, and domestic structures like wadas that developed during this time.
3. Specific examples of architectural sites like the Kartik Swami temple, Raigad fort, and Shaniwar Wada palace that showcase the Maratha architectural styles of this era.
The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
The document provides an overview of Post-Mughal Maratha architecture from 1749-1818. It discusses the background of the Maratha empire during this period. The architectural characteristics included domestic buildings called wadas, forts, and temples that synthesized Dravidian, Nagara, and Islamic influences. Examples of structures from this period are described like the Kartik Swami temple in Pune with Islamic features like domes and arches, and various hill, sea and land forts built by the Marathas for defense. Assignments are provided to analyze and draw specific examples of Post-Mughal Maratha architecture in more detail.
The document discusses the courtyard layouts of wadas in Maharashtra. It describes how wadas were planned around individual and shared courtyards, which could be circular, square or rectangular in shape. Courtyards served important social functions like gatherings and celebrations. Wadas typically had three courtyards - the first was a public space for gatherings, the second was more private for festivals, and the third contained toilets. The document provides examples of different types of wadas like garhis, rajwadas and wadas, and describes their characteristic courtyard designs and uses.
1) Vedic cities were planned on a rectangular grid, divided into four quarters by two main thoroughfares intersecting at right angles, with each quarter leading to a city gate. One quarter housed the citadel and royal apartments.
2) Early Vedic settlements consisted of circular thatched huts arranged around a central courtyard. Over time, fortified towns arose with ramparts, palisades, and primarily wooden buildings.
3) Important Vedic cities included Varanasi, Saraswati, Champa, Rajagriha, Ayodhya, and Kaushambi
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
The document presents a site planning and landscape design assignment for the Mughal garden Shalimar Bagh located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Key details include that the 31 acre garden follows the Mughal garden style with three terraces and is connected to Dal Lake via a 1.6 km canal. The document describes the geology, hydrology, climate, topography, buildings, walkways, and varieties of trees planted in the garden, including almond, apple, apricot, and numerous odoriferous and fruit-giving plants.
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Maratha period in India between the 17th-19th centuries. It provides details on:
1. The early Maratha period and the Islamic sultanates that ruled different regions of the Deccan plateau.
2. The rise of the Maratha empire under Shivaji Maharaj and the architecture of religious temples, military forts, and domestic structures like wadas that developed during this time.
3. Specific examples of architectural sites like the Kartik Swami temple, Raigad fort, and Shaniwar Wada palace that showcase the Maratha architectural styles of this era.
The first phase of Pallavan architecture from 610-690 AD saw the development of rock-cut cave temples known as mandapas at Mahabalipuram. These included early experiments with pillared halls and structural prototypes like the Rathas that served as models for later temples. Key features included the beginnings of the Dravidian column with elements like the lion capital, and the use of reliefs to combine sculpture with architecture. This phase established foundations for the evolution of the temple architecture in the Dravidian style.
The document provides an overview of Post-Mughal Maratha architecture from 1749-1818. It discusses the background of the Maratha empire during this period. The architectural characteristics included domestic buildings called wadas, forts, and temples that synthesized Dravidian, Nagara, and Islamic influences. Examples of structures from this period are described like the Kartik Swami temple in Pune with Islamic features like domes and arches, and various hill, sea and land forts built by the Marathas for defense. Assignments are provided to analyze and draw specific examples of Post-Mughal Maratha architecture in more detail.
The document discusses the courtyard layouts of wadas in Maharashtra. It describes how wadas were planned around individual and shared courtyards, which could be circular, square or rectangular in shape. Courtyards served important social functions like gatherings and celebrations. Wadas typically had three courtyards - the first was a public space for gatherings, the second was more private for festivals, and the third contained toilets. The document provides examples of different types of wadas like garhis, rajwadas and wadas, and describes their characteristic courtyard designs and uses.
1) Vedic cities were planned on a rectangular grid, divided into four quarters by two main thoroughfares intersecting at right angles, with each quarter leading to a city gate. One quarter housed the citadel and royal apartments.
2) Early Vedic settlements consisted of circular thatched huts arranged around a central courtyard. Over time, fortified towns arose with ramparts, palisades, and primarily wooden buildings.
3) Important Vedic cities included Varanasi, Saraswati, Champa, Rajagriha, Ayodhya, and Kaushambi
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
The document presents a site planning and landscape design assignment for the Mughal garden Shalimar Bagh located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Key details include that the 31 acre garden follows the Mughal garden style with three terraces and is connected to Dal Lake via a 1.6 km canal. The document describes the geology, hydrology, climate, topography, buildings, walkways, and varieties of trees planted in the garden, including almond, apple, apricot, and numerous odoriferous and fruit-giving plants.
Madhya Pradesh is a state located in central India. Some key points:
- The state's capital is Bhopal, and it borders several other states. Several ancient tribal groups still reside in Madhya Pradesh.
- Important historical and religious sites include the Sanchi Stupa, which contains some of the oldest stone Buddhist structures in India, and forts like Gwalior Fort and Mandu Fort.
- The population is predominantly Hindu, and the state contains examples of vernacular architecture ranging from rural farmhouses to fort residences of former rulers.
The document summarizes key information about the Lingaraj Temple located in Bhubaneswar, India. It was built in the 11th century by King Jajati Keshari and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple follows Kalinga architecture and is constructed out of laterite stone. It has a complex layout with multiple halls, including an assembly hall, festival hall, and hall of offerings, as well as 150 smaller shrines. The tallest structure is the tower rising 55 meters high.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
This document summarizes the architectural history of colonial buildings in Kolkata, India from the 18th-21st centuries. It describes several iconic buildings like the Writer's Building, Raj Bhavan, Indian Museum, and Victoria Memorial that were constructed in the Neoclassical, Baroque, and Indo-Saracenic styles. It also mentions how the architectural styles evolved over time from English colonial architecture to incorporate more local Indian elements, and emerging Art Deco structures in the early 20th century.
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
The document discusses Vedic principles for planning temple cities in India. It outlines how ancient texts like the Vedas, Arthashastra, and Silpasastras provide guidance on selecting auspicious sites, laying out the sacred geometry of city plans, and allocating areas for temples, residences, and public spaces. Traditional cities were designed according to principles of sacred geometry, with the temple at the center and surrounding concentric zones serving different functions.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
Nishat Bagh is a large Mughal garden located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is the second largest Mughal garden in Kashmir, spanning 46 acres along the eastern side of Dal Lake. Founded in 1619 AD by Asif Khan, it has 12 terraces representing the 12 zodiac signs, with fountains, pools, and pathways between the terraces providing scenic views of the surrounding mountains. Nishat Bagh is renowned for its beautiful design elements and integration of water features and vegetation.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture styles across India. It discusses the principal features of North and South Indian temple designs including shikhara towers, vimanas, and gopurams. The three main styles described are Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. Specific temples highlighted include Lingaraja Temple with its tall shikhara, Konark's chariot-style design dedicated to Surya, and the large Brihadeeswara Temple complex near Thanjavur with its tall vimana.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. It was constructed according to classical Indian architectural principles with six sectors separated by broad streets. The palace quarter at the center includes Hawa Mahal and formal gardens. Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate with rainfall occurring between June-September. Notable architecture includes the pink-colored walled city with gridded streets and the ornate havelis built around inner courtyards for ventilation in the hot climate.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Conservation site management plan -vishrambaug vada, puneSoumitra Smart
This document provides information on the conservation and site management plan for Vishrambaug Wada in Pune, India. It includes general information about the site such as its location, climate details, and classification as an individual social property currently used as government offices and a museum. The document describes the site's construction in 1807 under Bajirao Peshwa II, and provides architectural details about its courtyard layout and traditional elements like thresholds, courtyards, verandahs, doors, and windows. The site is owned by Pune Municipal Corporation and designated as a Grade 1 protected site under applicable legislation.
This document summarizes architectural styles in medieval India. It discusses the Northern or Nagara style characterized by beehive domes. The Southern or Dravidian style used pyramid temples with intricate carvings. The hybrid Vesara style blended these. Mughal architecture produced grand buildings using domes, arches, and decorative elements. The merchants also built large havelis and dargah shrines during this period of great construction.
This document provides information on the layout and architecture of Malla period settlements in the Kathmandu Valley, including:
- The physical layout of towns was organized around a central Durbar Square with a hierarchy of streets and public squares radiating out.
- Houses were typically 3 stories made of brick with a central courtyard. Floors had specific functions like sleeping, working, and kitchen.
- Streets were designed for efficient movement but also to enhance security, with temples and landmarks used to shift axes and create mazes.
- Public spaces like Durbar Squares and markets were the social and cultural centers, though these functions have declined with modernization.
Madhya Pradesh is a state located in central India. Some key points:
- The state's capital is Bhopal, and it borders several other states. Several ancient tribal groups still reside in Madhya Pradesh.
- Important historical and religious sites include the Sanchi Stupa, which contains some of the oldest stone Buddhist structures in India, and forts like Gwalior Fort and Mandu Fort.
- The population is predominantly Hindu, and the state contains examples of vernacular architecture ranging from rural farmhouses to fort residences of former rulers.
The document summarizes key information about the Lingaraj Temple located in Bhubaneswar, India. It was built in the 11th century by King Jajati Keshari and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple follows Kalinga architecture and is constructed out of laterite stone. It has a complex layout with multiple halls, including an assembly hall, festival hall, and hall of offerings, as well as 150 smaller shrines. The tallest structure is the tower rising 55 meters high.
The Qutub complex was built in the late 12th century and includes several historic monuments from Delhi Sultanate dynasties. It contains the Qutub Minar, an over 70 meter tall tower built by Qutubuddin Aibak. The complex also includes the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque built using materials from demolished temples, the Alai Darwaza gate built by Alauddin Khalji, and tombs of Iltutmish and other sultans. The site demonstrates the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture over two centuries under the Slave, Khalji, and Tughlaq dynasties.
This document summarizes the architectural history of colonial buildings in Kolkata, India from the 18th-21st centuries. It describes several iconic buildings like the Writer's Building, Raj Bhavan, Indian Museum, and Victoria Memorial that were constructed in the Neoclassical, Baroque, and Indo-Saracenic styles. It also mentions how the architectural styles evolved over time from English colonial architecture to incorporate more local Indian elements, and emerging Art Deco structures in the early 20th century.
Madurai is an important city in Tamil Nadu known as the "Athens of the East" and "Temple City". It was originally the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom and has a long history dating back to the 3rd century BC. The city developed around the Meenakshi Temple complex located at its center, following the traditional Indian town planning system of concentric streets leading to the temple. Over time the city boundaries expanded through different periods of rule. The historic core still maintains the traditional street pattern and settlement hierarchy centered around the temple.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
The document discusses Vedic principles for planning temple cities in India. It outlines how ancient texts like the Vedas, Arthashastra, and Silpasastras provide guidance on selecting auspicious sites, laying out the sacred geometry of city plans, and allocating areas for temples, residences, and public spaces. Traditional cities were designed according to principles of sacred geometry, with the temple at the center and surrounding concentric zones serving different functions.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
Nishat Bagh is a large Mughal garden located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It is the second largest Mughal garden in Kashmir, spanning 46 acres along the eastern side of Dal Lake. Founded in 1619 AD by Asif Khan, it has 12 terraces representing the 12 zodiac signs, with fountains, pools, and pathways between the terraces providing scenic views of the surrounding mountains. Nishat Bagh is renowned for its beautiful design elements and integration of water features and vegetation.
The document provides information on Hindu temple architecture styles across India. It discusses the principal features of North and South Indian temple designs including shikhara towers, vimanas, and gopurams. The three main styles described are Nagara, Dravida, and Vesara. Specific temples highlighted include Lingaraja Temple with its tall shikhara, Konark's chariot-style design dedicated to Surya, and the large Brihadeeswara Temple complex near Thanjavur with its tall vimana.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan, was founded in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. It was constructed according to classical Indian architectural principles with six sectors separated by broad streets. The palace quarter at the center includes Hawa Mahal and formal gardens. Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate with rainfall occurring between June-September. Notable architecture includes the pink-colored walled city with gridded streets and the ornate havelis built around inner courtyards for ventilation in the hot climate.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Conservation site management plan -vishrambaug vada, puneSoumitra Smart
This document provides information on the conservation and site management plan for Vishrambaug Wada in Pune, India. It includes general information about the site such as its location, climate details, and classification as an individual social property currently used as government offices and a museum. The document describes the site's construction in 1807 under Bajirao Peshwa II, and provides architectural details about its courtyard layout and traditional elements like thresholds, courtyards, verandahs, doors, and windows. The site is owned by Pune Municipal Corporation and designated as a Grade 1 protected site under applicable legislation.
This document summarizes architectural styles in medieval India. It discusses the Northern or Nagara style characterized by beehive domes. The Southern or Dravidian style used pyramid temples with intricate carvings. The hybrid Vesara style blended these. Mughal architecture produced grand buildings using domes, arches, and decorative elements. The merchants also built large havelis and dargah shrines during this period of great construction.
This document provides information on the layout and architecture of Malla period settlements in the Kathmandu Valley, including:
- The physical layout of towns was organized around a central Durbar Square with a hierarchy of streets and public squares radiating out.
- Houses were typically 3 stories made of brick with a central courtyard. Floors had specific functions like sleeping, working, and kitchen.
- Streets were designed for efficient movement but also to enhance security, with temples and landmarks used to shift axes and create mazes.
- Public spaces like Durbar Squares and markets were the social and cultural centers, though these functions have declined with modernization.
Jaipur (Rajasthan), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state
of Rajasthan. It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh II.
• Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430m
above sea level. Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River
basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
• Jaipur is also known as Pink City and Paris of India
CLIMATE
Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate.
Rainfall :Most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September.
Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to
early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C.
The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures
ranging from 15-18 °C (59-64 °F) and with little or no humidity.
HISTORY OF JAIPUR
• In ancient time Jaipur region came under the Matsya
Kingdom.
• Modern Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja
Ram Seo Master II of Amber who ruled from 1699-
1744.
• Initially, his capital was Amber, which lies 11 km
from Jaipur. He felt the need of shifting his capital
city with the increase in population due to growing
scarcity of water.
• Jaipur came into existence on the classical principles
of Vastu Shastra and similar classical treatises .
JAIPUR'S ROAD NETWORK FOLLOWS A
DEFINITE HIERARCHY:
• The major East - West and North-South road,
form the sector boundaries and are called
Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates.
• These measure 33m. wide. Next there is a
network of 16.5m wide which runs NorthSouth in each sector linking the internal
areas of the sectors to the major activity
spine.
• An orthogonal grid of 8.25m x 4.00m roads
in the Prastara-chessboard pattern further
divide sectors into Mohallas
Jaipur is known as the Pink City, a rather idealized description of the
terra-cotta-colored lime plaster that coats the old part of the city’s
walls, buildings, and temples.
• The reasons for painting the town pink are unknown, but various
theories have been tossed about, from using pink to cut down glare, to
Jai Singh II’s apparent devotion to Lord Shiva (whose favorite color is
reputedly terra cotta).
• The most popular reason (spread no doubt by “Britishers” during the
Raj era) is that pink is the traditional color of hospitality, and the city
was freshly painted and paved with pink gravel to warmly welcome
Edward VII for his visit here in 1876.
WHY PINK?
TRADITIONAL STYLE
• Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Solaṅkī style" is a
distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighboring
Gujarat around the 11th century and has been revived and
taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and
Jains. This represents the main contribution of the region to
Hindu temple architecture.
MATERIALS USED
• The materials used by the
Rajasthani's in their designs are
the mud walls, often very thick
to reduce heat and keep
interiors cool.
• Also, sandstones and limestones
During the 14th and 15th centuries, Rajput rulers developed two distinct styles of architecture in India - the Indo-Aryan style in North India and the Dravidian style in South India. Temple architecture flourished, with significant examples found at Khajuraho, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh between 900-1200 AD. The North Indian style is characterized by elements like the vimana, garbha griha, and shikhara. Important examples include the Khandariya Mahadev Temple at Khajuraho and temples at Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Mt. Abu. Rajput forts such as Chittorgarh and pal
Grade 7. History -5. architecture as the powerNavya Rai
There were two kinds of structures made during the 8th and 18th centuries.
First were meant for kings and their officers themselves such as forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs.
The second were structures meant for public activity such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars.
Rich merchant also built temples, mosques and wells for public use and havelis for themselves.
Vijayanagar empire and its significant architectureKaushikaBJ
The Vijayanagar Empire lasted from 1336 to 1646 AD and was an important Hindu empire in South India. It saw significant growth and expansion under rulers like Krishnadeva Raya in the 15th-16th centuries. The empire developed impressive architecture including temples, palaces, and tanks that blended elements of local South Indian styles with some Islamic influences. Key architectural features included intricately carved pillars, large temple enclosures, and shrines dedicated to Tamil saints. The Vijayanagar style of architecture went on to influence temple building in South India even after the fall of the empire in the 16th century.
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief, as the new capital of the Marwar state after moving from Mandore. Jodha established the settlement atop a rocky hill and built the strong Mehrangarh fort there to provide safety. The city grew around the fort and over time expanded with new walls and gates built. Jodhpur became a prosperous trading center located along a key route between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, it came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire while still retaining some autonomy.
The document summarizes the regional architecture of Moyna Garh fort in West Bengal, India. It describes the fort as being encircled by two concentric moats stretching over 13 acres, with the moats originally serving as a natural security measure. It also discusses the architectural features of religious structures from the region, such as the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple, noting design elements like arched entrances, load-bearing brick walls, and spires. Additionally, it provides details about the historic site of Orchha in Madhya Pradesh, highlighting the blend of Mughal and local architectural styles used in its palaces and temples, including the Ram Raja Temple where Lord Ram is worshipped as a
The presentation mainly focuses on the architectural aspect of the Vijayanagar Empire with a brief description of the empire. The presentation is in bullet points which are easier to understand and study.
Monumental architecture was an important part of medieval kingdoms in India. Kings built grand monuments like temples, mosques, and palaces to demonstrate their power, wealth, and devotion to religion. As architectural styles evolved, new techniques were introduced, such as the use of arches and domes during the Sultanate period. The Mughals greatly influenced Indian architecture with styles blending Persian and Indian elements. Iconic buildings from this era included the Taj Mahal and Red Fort, commissioned by Shah Jahan and other Mughal emperors to showcase their artistic vision and legacy.
The Meenakshi Amman Temple is a historic Hindu temple located in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Parvati, known as Meenakshi, and her consort, Shiva, named Sundareswarar. The temple was originally constructed in the 6th century CE but was rebuilt in its current form in the 17th century. It is the focal point of Madurai and an important symbol for Tamil people. The temple complex covers an area of over 45 acres and features towering gopurams and shrines built in Dravidian architecture according to ancient texts.
The document discusses the Chola dynasty of South India between the 10th-12th centuries CE. It summarizes that the Cholas rose to power under kings Rajaraja I and Rajendra I, who expanded their control across South India and Sri Lanka. It highlights that the Cholas left behind many inscriptions and temples, most notably the Brihadeeswarar Temple built by Rajaraja I, which provide historical information about the Chola administration, taxation systems, and cultural achievements.
The document provides a timeline of ancient India and discusses various aspects of life during the Gupta period from 200-500 AD such as city planning, housing, markets, temples, brothels, royal palaces, and festivals. Some key aspects include the caste-based layout of cities, courtyard-style houses, the importance of courtesans and pleasure gardens, and the separation of male and female areas in royal palaces. It was a period of prosperity and intellectual growth when 64 arts were developed, including activities related to love, pleasure, and sensual living.
1) The document discusses secular heritages and monuments in Tiruchirappalli, India, including the Fort Gate Way (Main Guard Gate) and the regional museum.
2) The Fort Gate Way dates back to the 15th century and was strengthened during the Vijayanagar Empire and Madurai Nayak period. It has strategic and historical significance.
3) The regional museum in Tiruchirappalli was established in 1983 to preserve archaeological findings and help illustrate the city's history. It is housed in the former palace of Rani Mangammal, who ruled in the late 17th century.
Quize abut most historical places in india Teacher
This document contains facts about several important historical monuments and places in India such as Jama Masjid, Red Fort, Qutb Minar, Charminar, Ajanta Caves, India Gate, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Mysore Palace, Kolhapur Palace, Kumarakom, and Ambavilas Palace. Each section provides brief details such as the year of construction, original name, location, architect, and purpose of establishing the monument or place. The document uses these facts to answer multiple choice questions about each topic.
The document summarizes traditional South Indian architecture and culture. It describes the Mysore Palace, built in 1897, as the prime example. It combines elements of Hindu, Islamic, Rajput, and Gothic styles. The palace's three stories are made of stone and marble, surrounded by gardens. South Indian classical music, Carnatic music, and elaborate dance forms like Bharatanatyam are highlighted as integral parts of the region's culture. Sculptures at temples exemplify the expression and preservation of dance.
Mughal Architecture of INDIA.
The Mughal rulers built magnificent gates, forts, mausoleums, mosques, palaces, public buildings and tombs etc. The period of Shah Jahan (1627-1658) witnessed a glorious outburst of activity in the development of architecture. The Mughal architecture can be divided into two sections: Early and Later Mughal Architecture. The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are: bulbous domes, slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation. Buildings were constructed of red sandstone and white marble. One of the important distinguishing features is ornamentation.
Varanasi, also known as Benares, is an ancient city situated on the banks of the Ganges river in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with settlements dating back to the 2nd millennium BCE. Varanasi was a major religious and cultural center under successive Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms and later declined under Muslim rule before reviving under the Mughals. The British established control over Varanasi in the 18th century and administered it as the capital of a new state, developing infrastructure like schools and hospitals. Varanasi continues to be a major religious center for Hinduism, with rituals centered around the river Ganges and its many ghats
ART & ARCHITECTURE OF VIJAYANAGAR EMMPIRE (Chhavi Priya).pptxChhaviPriya
The Vijayanagar Empire is one of the greatest empires of southern India which was founded by Harihara and Bukka and the empire reached its zenith during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The document discusses various types of wood floor systems and concrete floor systems. It explains the advantages of precast concrete over site-cast concrete, such as better quality control and the ability to steam cure. It also defines one-way and two-way concrete floor systems and lists different types of each, including solid slab, joist, flat plate, and waffle slab systems.
Landscape and design elements in an institutional campus.Pranay Kumar Tode
This document presents information on landscape design elements in institutional campuses. It discusses the aim to study landscape elements and design in campuses. The objectives are to study movement patterns, application of landscape furniture, and designing of interactive and resting spaces. It covers landscape design principles like color, form, texture, and scale. Case studies of specific campuses like MANIT Bhopal are presented to understand existing landscape features like pathways, seating areas, planting, and their significance. The document provides information on landscape components for beautification and recreation in educational institutions.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective CV or resume for architecture students. It recommends including an introduction, education history with grades, relevant work experience with details and responsibilities, skills tailored for the architecture field, and optional interests. The document advises tailoring the CV to different job applications and making it easy to read with a clear font and layout. Important things to avoid are spelling mistakes, unprofessional email addresses, incomplete information, and inconsistent formatting.
This document provides an outline for writing an architectural thesis. It lists the typical chapters and sections that should be included, such as an abstract, introduction, literature review, research design, architectural research, conclusions and recommendations, design proposal, and research appraisal. The introduction chapter would include topics like the background, problem statement, objectives, and methodology. The literature review chapter summarizes previous authors' works. The research design chapter describes how data will be collected and analyzed. Architectural research presents case studies and data analysis. The design proposal chapter details the master planning and design development process.
This document provides three thumb rules for column placement in building design:
1. The minimum column size should be 9"x9" for a single-story structure and 12"x9" for a 1.5-story structure, using appropriate concrete grades. Larger column sizes are needed for greater distances between columns or additional floors.
2. The distance between column centers should not exceed 4m for 9"x9" columns, and larger column sizes are needed to allow for greater distances.
3. Columns should be arranged in a rectangular grid or circular pattern, not zigzag, to avoid structural issues in load transfer, wall construction, and beam placement. Following these thumb rules can help prevent mistakes in structural
The document discusses the Architects Act of 1972 and the Council of Architecture in India. It outlines that the Act regulates the education, registration, and practice of architects in India. It established the Council of Architecture to oversee these responsibilities. The Council maintains a register of architects, sets standards for architectural education, and handles disciplinary actions. It also describes the qualifications needed for registration as an architect and prohibitions around using the title without registration.
This presentation discusses jump formwork, a type of temporary structure used to support wet concrete for vertical elements of buildings under construction. Jump formwork, also called climbing formwork, allows construction to proceed more quickly by lifting pre-assembled formwork sections to subsequent floors as concrete cures. The presentation covers the design, classification, processes, safety and sustainability aspects of jump formwork systems. It emphasizes that careful planning and coordination is required to efficiently and safely erect self-climbing jump forms on high-rise structures.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
3. Spread of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Early maratha period- 13th century till beginning of
14th century :
• Yadavas of Devagiri are considered as first
Maratha empire.
• Ramadev yadava was defeated by Alla-ud-din
Khilji in 1294, kingdom was given back in lieu of
huge amount of ransom and annual tribute.
• The amount was not paid till 1307 AD, when
Malik Kafur was sent to retake the kingdom.
• Ruled by Alla-ud-din Khilji till 1317 AD, Devagiri
renamed as ‘DAULATABAD’.
• After that there was a period of anarchy till
Mohammed-bin Tughlaq shifted his capital to
Daulatabad in 1340 AD.
• Alla-ud-din baman shah a Persian official
established his kingdom in Gulbarga in Deccan.
4. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Spread of Maratha Empire
5 divisions of Islamic rule in Deccan:
1. Berar - Imad Shahi (1490-1574 AD)
2. Ahmednagar – Nizam shahi (1490 – 1636 AD)
3. Bijapur- Adil shahi (1490-1686 AD)
4. Bidar – Barid Shahi (1492-1619 AD)
5. Golkonda- Kutubshahi (1518-1687 AD)
6. Several Jagirdars and Sardars were also in rule in
smaller parts.
• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja gave a fight against the
Sultanates and later also against Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb till his death in 1680 AD.
• Later his sons Sambhaji (1657-1689AD) and Rajaram
(1670- 1700AD) also continued the fight.
• The actual Maratha rule spans from 1749 – 1818.
5. Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Spread of Maratha Empire
Maratha Period 1749-1818 AD:
• Rein of the Prime Ministers of Maratha Rulers.
• Pune was established as the capital and empire extended
upto Punjab, Kashmir, Bengal, Mysore, Tanjore and major
lands of west and central India.
• Greater Maratha Kingdoms of the Great importance were
established as Indore (The Holkars), Gwalior (The Scindias),
Baroda (Giakwads).
6. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
- Civil
Town-planning, Roads and Bridges, Wadas, Houses,
mansions and palaces, Gardens and fountains, water-
supply, Sanitary arrangements, Step-well.
- Military
Gadis, Civil Defence, Forts.
- Religious
Maratha Temples Type A (Neo-Yadav)
Maratha Temples Type B (Indo-Aryan)
Maratha Temples Type A (Maratha)
Ghats, Dharamshalas and Kunds Chhattris and Samadhis.
7. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Wadas - which were the traditional residential form of Maratha
architecture, evolved under the reign of Peshwas. A wada was typically a
large building of two or more storey with groups of rooms arranged
around open courtyards.
Types of wadas:
• Palace Wadas
• Nobleman Wadas
• Ordinary Wadas
• Its style was an amalgamation where features from Mughal, Rajasthan,
and Gujarat architecture were combined with local construction
techniques. Settlements developed around the Peshwa’s residence.
Land around the Peshwa residence was divided into wards called
peths. Similarly the wadas were built in rest of the Maharashtra.
• The streets and roads in the settlement were narrow. Roads were
never straight as the growth of the settlement was organic. The plots
for construction of wadas were rectangular and lay right next to the
streets. A wada never had a garden or vistas leading to it. The urban
form of the settlement appeared like a maze of two or three storied
structures having internal open spaces, placed along the road network
with very little open community space.
8. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• Shaniwarada is a historical fortification in the city of Pune in
Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwas of the
Maratha Empire until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the
British East India company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
Following the rise of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the
center of Indian politics in the 18th century.
• The Shaniwarwada was originally the seven-storey capital building of
the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made
entirely of stone but after the completion of the base floor or the first
storey, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to the
Shahu(King) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and
built only by the Shahu(King) himself and not the Peshwas. Following
this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the
remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone. Even today
if you visit and see the walls carefully, they are partly made of stone
and partly by bricks. The Wada was then completed and upon being
attacked by the British Artillery 90 years later, all the top six stories
collapsed leaving only the stone base, which was immune to the
British artillery. Hence only the stone base of the Shaniwar Wada
remains and can be seen even today in the older parts of Pune.
9. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• Distinct zoning can be seen.
• Separate entrances for guests, domestic help, people visiting the
durbar, separate entries for the people performing in the durbar
and a separate entry into the cattle shed.
• Privacy for the women given a priority. Three main courtyards or
chowks.
• The wada has it’s entrance in the southern side.
• The most significant features of the wada was the way it’s zoning
of public, private and semi-private spaces was done.
• This can be seen very distinctly in the plan.
• Three main courtyards.
• Architectural Details Courtyard of Wada Wooden window Details.
Brick of size 12 inches x 24 inches x 15 inches were used for
construction of walls which were plastered with lime plaster. Door
and window openings were done in teak woods
• Columns made of great dark processed saag (teak) columns and
cream walls. Intricately curved ornamental tear drop teak pillars.
The banana flower embellishment are characteristic to the
Peshwa era. Wooden makara Detail made up of teak wood.
Wooden Beam-Bracket Detail made up of teak wood.
10. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
• Nearly 350 forts of different types are found in Maharashtra many of them were built by chatrapati shivaji
• maharaja.
• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, founder of maratha empire in western india in 1664, was well known for his forts; he was
in possession of around 370 at the time of his death. Many, like Panhala Fort and Rajgad existed before him but
others, like Sindhudurg and Pratapgadh, were built by him from scratch.
• Most of these forts were built mainly along the highways to check on the enemies.
• Maratha kings mainly Shivaji maharaja built many forts Several defensive architectural features were evolved for the
guerilla warfare tactics,
Forts are mainly of three types:
1. Hill forts
2. Sea forts
3. Land forts
11. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
Notable features of Maharaja Shivaji's forts:
• Design changes with the topography and in harmony of the contour, no monotony of design.
• No ornate palaces or dance floors or gardens.
• No temple complexes.
• Not much difference in the area of higher or lower ranks.
• Marvelous acoustics in the capital.
• Sanskritization of fort names.
• Community participation in the defense of forts.
• Three tier administration of forts.
• System of inspection of forts by higher ups including the king.
• Distinct feature of forts like double line fortification of Pratapgad, citadel of Rajgad.
• Foresight in selection of sites.
12. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Military Structures
Raigad Fort (Mahad, Raigad District)
• Shivaji seized the fort in 1656, then known as the fort of Rairi
from Chandraraoji More, The King of Jawali.
• Shivaji renovated and expanded the fort of Rairi and renamed it
as Raigad (King's Fort). It became the capital of Maharaja
Shivaji's Maratha Empire.
13. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Religious Structures
Developed from Hemadpanti style as well as gradually got fused with Islamic features.
Both Dravidian & Nagara (specially Gujarat, Rajasthan) influences were synthesized.
The evolution of temples could be grouped in three categories :
1.Neo-Yadava
2.Nagara style
3.Maratha style
Neo-Yadava style
• Developed from the earlier Yadava style
• Introduced Islamic arcuated system of construction with dome in Garbhagriha.
• Vimana with dressed black trap (basalt) stone with mortar & shikhara has stucco with conical upward sweep lotus petal
base
• Horizontal bands with motifs
• Domical amalaka finial with kalash
• Monolithic pillars of square, octagonal, round profile, with motifs and capital.
Nagara style
• Followed Nagara style of Gujarat & Rajasthan
• More Islamic style adapted for construction & decoration like arches in porch, dressed stone with mortar
• Two types of Shikhara found- plain domes, conical Nagara style, decorated with motifs Devdeveshwar temple, Pune
14. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style
• Most popular since 1725 AD during Peshwa period
• Adapted Islamic methods of construction & features widely (domes, arches, minerate motifs)
• characterized by plain shrine & rich row of columns
• Main features are arches (cusped, pointed circular) cypruss column, wooden pillars.
• Example
1. Kartik Swami temple at Parvati, Pune
2. Tulsi bag temple, Pune
3.Omkareshwar temple, Pune
Omkareshwara Temple, Pune
• Omkareshwar temple is situated in Shaniwar Peth on the banks
of river Mutha. It is one of the biggest and oldest temples in the
city. The holy abode was built by Shivaram Bhat, spiritual guru of
Peshwas between 1740 to 1760 .Temple proclaims the splendor
of the fallen Peshwa Empire.
• Chimaji Appa, commander of Maratha Empire and brother of
Bajirao Peshwa provided donations to built the temple. The
samadhi of Chimaji Appa is in the temple where he regularly
visited and left for heavenly abode.
15. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune)
Omkareshwara boasts of splendid architecture, huge domes, and
intricate carvings that charm and amaze devotees with its beauty.
Spacious verrandah with artistic columns enhance the grandeur of the
shrine. The columns are in the shapes of circles, polygons and squares.
In addition to the Shiva temple, you have six other temples in the
premises. These include Lord Shani, Lord Hanuman, Lord Vishnu, Lord
Ganesh and Goddess Durga
The white dome of the temple is made of soft soap stone displaying
intricate carving on upper portion as well as on the stone roof of
temple.
Nandi Mandap: As you enter the shrine through a gateway, you can see
a beautiful mandap a home of Nandi Maharaj.
Shivling:In the Garbhagriha, devotees mind fills with spiritual emotions,
as they see pleasing Shivling decorated by the priests. Devotees offer
flowers, bael leaves, and milk for the blessings of the most divine hindu
god, Shiva
16. Architecture of Maratha Empire
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
Maratha style (Omkareshwar Temple, Pune)
• The temple is surrounded by verandaa each column
• These columns are carved in polygons, squares and circles,
• The temple provides nice showcase of the creativity and charm of
that period.
• The temple has become well known for its extravagant style of
construction.
• This temples at pune is built in Nagara style of architecture and
consist of five distinct layers which
• represents the different hindu Gods.
17. Conclusion
Ar. Pranay Kumar Tode
• The characteristic of the Maratha style from later buildings such as forts palaces and temples. Brick, wood, mortar
and stone were the materials use for construction. Besides other apartments, the palaces contained darbar halls
and ranga and chitra mandirs.
• The use of the arch was kept to the minimum and, where used, followed the Deccan style. Forts were naturally the
most common feature of the earlier period.
• The decorative features of the mansions were “pointed arches, heavy carved stone brackets, narrow balconies
projecting on rows of such brackets, domical shallow ceilings resting on a variety of squinches, the chief being the
interwoven type”.
• The temples constructed during the period, we may refer to the Vitthalwadi temple near Poona and the temple of
Shambhu Mahadvat Shinganapur. Both of them are said to have been constructed during the time of Shivaji. These
temples followed the earlier style of the Yadava temples.
• The Maratha temples generally provided with a huge lampstand (deepmala) represents a renaissance of the
medieval western Chalukyan or Shilhara sanctuary often combined with the Mughal arches and coupolas, its spire
is a curious transposition of the ancient shikara (tower) into Deccan-Mughal forms, a bulbous lotus dome (in place
of amalaka) rising on top of several storeys of domed chhattris (pavilion).
• The Maratha architecture lacked the beauty and grace of the buildings of the Mughals, and the Rajputs. But the
Marathas excelled in fort architecture. The wood work they used to decorate their palaces and other civil buildings
was intricate and minute. Maratha art could have developed and attained a distinctive character but it was not
possible because of the unstable times. https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/124/106/124106009/MP4/mod03lec14.mp4