El documento presenta un problema de riesgo moral entre un propietario y un diseñador. Se calcula el contrato óptimo bajo información simétrica y asimétrica variando parámetros como los beneficios, probabilidades de éxito y fracaso. Finalmente, se modifica el problema para considerar tres posibles resultados en lugar de dos.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
Ipsos, empresa de investigación de mercados y opinión pública, divulgó su informe N°29 “Claves Ipsos” correspondiente al mes de abril, que encuestó a 800 personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y comportamientos de las y los ciudadanos respecto de temas de interés para el país. En esta edición se abordó la a Carabineros de Chile, su evaluación, legitimidad en su actuar y el asesinato de tres funcionarios en Cañete. Además, se consultó sobre el Ejército y la opinión respecto de la marcha en Putre.
Reporte homicidio doloso descripción
Reporte que contiene información de las víctimas de homicidio doloso registradas en el municipio de Irapuato Guanajuato durante el periodo señalado, comprende información cualitativa y cuantitativa que hace referencia a las características principales de cada uno de los homicidios.
La información proviene tanto de medios de comunicación digitales e impresos como de los boletines que la propia Fiscalía del Estado de Guanajuato emite de manera diaria a los medios de comunicación quienes publican estas incidencias en sus distintos canales.
Podemos observar cantidad de personas fallecidas, lugar donde se registraron los eventos, colonia y calle así como un comparativo con el mismo periodo pero del año anterior.
Edades y género de las víctimas es parte de la información que incluye el reporte.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
Ipsos, empresa de investigación de mercados y opinión pública, divulgó su informe N°29 “Claves Ipsos” correspondiente al mes de abril, que encuestó a 800 personas con el fin de identificar las principales opiniones y comportamientos de las y los ciudadanos respecto de temas de interés para el país. En esta edición se abordó la a Carabineros de Chile, su evaluación, legitimidad en su actuar y el asesinato de tres funcionarios en Cañete. Además, se consultó sobre el Ejército y la opinión respecto de la marcha en Putre.
Reporte homicidio doloso descripción
Reporte que contiene información de las víctimas de homicidio doloso registradas en el municipio de Irapuato Guanajuato durante el periodo señalado, comprende información cualitativa y cuantitativa que hace referencia a las características principales de cada uno de los homicidios.
La información proviene tanto de medios de comunicación digitales e impresos como de los boletines que la propia Fiscalía del Estado de Guanajuato emite de manera diaria a los medios de comunicación quienes publican estas incidencias en sus distintos canales.
Podemos observar cantidad de personas fallecidas, lugar donde se registraron los eventos, colonia y calle así como un comparativo con el mismo periodo pero del año anterior.
Edades y género de las víctimas es parte de la información que incluye el reporte.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Mathematicas
1. Tarea 3. Riesgo Moral
Microeconomía
Asier, Iñigo, Joseba y Tamara
Tenemos un propietario (P) que es neutral al riesgo y un diseñador (D) cuya función de utilidad es
U w, v w
1
2 v (como U''
0 Averso al riesgo . Nos dan dos posibles esfuerzos para el trabajo
realizado por D, puede ser de alta calidad (v=2) ó rutinario (v=1). También nos dicen que la utlidad de
reserva es 5 (U=5). Nos dicen que la probabilidad de tener éxito cuando D ha hecho un trabajo de alta
calidad es 0,8 Pa 0.8 y la probabilidad de tener éxito cuando D ha hecho un trabajo rutinario es 0,6
Pr 0.6 . Hay dos posibles resultados, tener éxito y obtener un beneficio de 150.000.000 ó ser un fracaso y
obtener un beneficio de 0.
a) Tenemos que calcular el contrato óptimo bajo información simétrica. Como estamos en el caso de informa-
ción simétrica, P sabe el esfuerzo que va a hacer D, por lo tanto calculamos los distintos sueldos para cada
esfuerzo de D
U w, v w
1
2 v w U v 2
wa U va 2
. U 5, va 2
49
wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1
36
Como en el problema no nos dicen nada vamos a dar por hecho que el salario viene dado en millones. Por lo
tanto, cuando D haga un trabajo de alta calidad tu salario será de 49.000.000 y cuando D haga un trabajo
rutinario su salario será de 36.000.000. Ahora vamos a calcular el beneficio esperado de P para los dos
posibles esfuerzos por parte de D
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0
71.
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xex 150, Xnex 0
54.
Vemos que BE1>BE2, es decir, que el beneficio esperado realizando un trabajo de alta calidad es mayor que
el esperado realizando un trabajo rutinario, por lo tanto el contrato óptimo en información simétrica es
v 2, w 49 000 000]
Clear "Global` "
b) Calcular el contrato óptimo bajo información asimétrica. En este caso no conocemos el esfuerzo de D.
Como P quiere maximizar los beneficios entonces la función objetivo será
2. FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0
0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr
Queremos que la utilidad de D sea mayor que la utilidad de reserva, por lo tanto una de las restricciones
(Restricción de aceptación) será (va: esfuerzo para obtener un trabajo de alta calidad; Wa: salario por un
trabajo de alta calidad; Wr: salario por un trabajo rutinario)
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . Pa 0.8, va 2, U 5
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 5
Por último, queremos que la utilidad esperada realizando un esfuerzo para obtener un trabajo de alta calidad
sea mayor que la utilidad esperada realizando un esfuerzo para obtener un trabajo rutinario, por lo tanto nos
queda la siguiente restricción (Restricción de incentivos)
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr .
Pa 0.8, va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr
Resolvemos el problema
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr
67., Wa 64., Wr 9.
Por lo tanto nos queda que el sueldo de D cuando hay éxito es de 64.000.000 y cuando se produce un
fracaso el sueldo es de 9.000.000
Clear "Global` "
c) En este apartado nos piden cambiar el valor de v cuando el trabajo es de alta calidad, para ello vamos a
usar el comando Manipulate
2 Trabajo_Grupal.nb
3. Manipulate wa U va 2
. U 5 , wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . Pa 0.8, U 5 ,
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va
Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr . Pa 0.8, Pr 0.6, vr 1 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr , va, 1, 10, 1
va
36, 36, 84., 54., 0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 1 Wa 0.2 1 Wr 5,
0.8 1 Wa 0.2 1 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr ,
84., Wa 36.0053, Wr 35.979
Clear "Global` "
d) En este caso cambia el beneficio cuando hay éxito, pasa de 150.000.000 a 75.000.000
Manipulate wa U va 2
. U 5, va 2 , wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xnex 0 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xnex 0 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xnex 0 ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . Pa 0.8, va 2, U 5 ,
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va
Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr . Pa 0.8, va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr , Xex, 0, 150, 25
Xex
49, 36, 71., 54., 0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 5,
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr ,
67., Wa 64., Wr 9.
Clear "Global` "
e) En este caso cambia el beneficio en caso de fracaso
Trabajo_Grupal.nb 3
4. Manipulate wa U va 2
. U 5, va 2 , wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xex 150 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xex 150 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xex 150 ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . Pa 0.8, va 2, U 5 ,
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va
Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr . Pa 0.8, va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr , Xnex, 0, 100, 25
Xnex
49, 36, 71., 54., 0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 5,
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr ,
67., Wa 64., Wr 9.
Clear "Global` "
f) En este caso tenemos que cambiar la probabilidad de tener éxito realizando un trabajo de alta calidad y
rutinario
Manipulate wa U va 2
. U 5, va 2 , wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . va 2, U 5 ,
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va
Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr . va 2, vr 1 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr , Pa,
0.6, 0.9, 0.3 , Pr, 0.1, 0.4, 0.3
Pa
Pr
49, 36, 41., 21., 0.6 150 Wa 0.4 Wr, 0.6 2 Wa 0.4 2 Wr 5,
0.6 2 Wa 0.4 2 Wr 0.1 1 Wa 0.9 1 Wr ,
40.04, Wa 60.84, Wr 33.64
4 Trabajo_Grupal.nb
5. Clear "Global` "
g) Tenemos que variar la Utilidad Esperada
Manipulate wa U va 2
. va 2 , wr U vr 2
. vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U . Pa 0.8, va 2 ,
RI Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va
Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr . Pa 0.8, va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr , U, 5, 10, 1
U
49, 36, 71., 54., 0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 5,
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr ,
67., Wa 64., Wr 9.
Clear "Global` "
h) Hay que usar un MacroManipulate
Trabajo_Grupal.nb 5
6. Manipulate wa U va 2
, wr U vr 2
. vr 1 , BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr, FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr ,
RA Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va U, RI
Pa Wa
1
2 va 1 Pa Wr
1
2 va Pr Wa
1
2 vr 1 Pr Wr
1
2 vr .
vr 1 , Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr ,
va, 1, 10, 1 , Xex, 0, 150, 25 , Xnex, 0, 100, 25 , Pa, 0.8, 0.6, 0.9 ,
Pr, 0.2, 0.4, 0.1 , U, 5, 10, 1
va
Xex
Xnex
Pa 0.8 0.6 0.9
Pr 0.2 0.4 0.1
U
36, 36, 36., 36., 0.8 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 1 Wa 0.2 1 Wr 5,
0.8 1 Wa 0.2 1 Wr 0.2 1 Wa 0.8 1 Wr ,
36., Wa 36.0029, Wr 35.9885
Clear "Global` "
i) En este caso nos dicen que D es neutral, por lo que necesitamos una función de utilidad cuya segunda
derivada sea 0, como por ejemplo U(w,v)=a·w-b·v, con
6 Trabajo_Grupal.nb
7. Manipulate
wa U b va a . U 5, va 2 , wr U b vr a . U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1 Pa Xex 1 Pa Xnex wa . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
BE2 Pr Xex 1 Pr Xnex wr . Pr 0.6, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
FO Pa Xex Wa 1 Pa Xnex Wr . Pa 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0 ,
RA Pa a Wa b va 1 Pa a Wr b va U . Pa 0.8, U 5, va 2 ,
RI Pa a Wa b va 1 Pa a Wr b va Pr a Wa b vr
1 Pr a Wr b vr . Pa 0.8, Pr 0.6, vr 1, va 2 ,
Sol FindMaximum FO, RA && RI && Wa 0 && Wr 0 , Wa, Wr ,
a, 1, 10, 1 , b, 1, 10, 1
a
b
7, 6, 113., 84., 0.8 150 Wa 0.2 Wr, 0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 5,
0.8 2 Wa 0.2 2 Wr 0.6 1 Wa 0.4 1 Wr ,
113., Wa 8., Wr 3.
Clear "Global` "
j) En este caso nos dicen que hay tres resultados posibles en vez de dos.
-Éxito: 150 millones de beneficio
-Intermedio: 60 millones de beneficio
-Fracaso: 0 de beneficio
Tenemos que calcular el contrato óptimo bajo información simétrica. Como estamos en el caso de informa-
ción simétrica, P sabe el esfuerzo que va a hacer D, por lo tanto calculamos los distintos sueldos para cada
esfuerzo de D.
U w, v w
1
2 v w U v 2
waj U va 2
. U 5, va 2
49
wrj U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1
36
Ahora vamos a calcular el beneficio esperado de P para los dos posibles esfuerzos por parte de D. La
probabilidad de
BE1j PaEx Xex PaIn Xin PaFr Xfr waj .
PaEx 0.6, Xex 150, PaIn 0.2, Xin 60, PaFr 0.2, Xfr 0
53.
Trabajo_Grupal.nb 7
8. BE2j PrEx Xex PrIn Xin PrFr Xfr wrj .
PrEx 0.4, Xex 150, PrIn 0.2, Xin 60, PrFr 0.4, Xfr 0
36.
Vemos que BE1>BE2, es decir, que el beneficio esperado realizando un trabajo de alta calidad es mayor que
el esperado realizando un trabajo rutinario, por lo tanto el contrato óptimo en información simétrica es
v 2, w 49 000 000]
Calcular el contrato óptimo bajo información asimétrica. En este caso no conocemos el esfuerzo de D, y
además, en este caso tenemos tres sueldos distintos (Waj,Wij,Wrj). Como P quiere maximizar los beneficios
entonces la función objetivo será
FOj PaEx Xex Waj PaIn Xin Wij PaFr Xfr Wrj .
PaEx 0.6, Xex 150, PaIn 0.2, Xin 60, PaFr 0.2, Xfr 0
0.6 150 Waj 0.2 60 Wij 0.2 Wrj
Queremos que la utilidad de D sea mayor que la utilidad de reserva, por lo tanto una de las restricciones
(Restricción de aceptación) será
RAj PaEx Waj
1
2 va PaIn Wij
1
2 va PaFr Wrj
1
2 va U .
PaEx 0.6, PaIn 0.2, PaFr 0.2, va 2, U 5
0.6 2 Waj 0.2 2 Wij 0.2 2 Wrj 5
RIj PaEx Waj
1
2 va PaIn Wij
1
2 va PaFr Wrj
1
2 va
PrEx Waj
1
2 vr PrIn Wij
1
2 vr PrFr Wrj
1
2 vr .
PaEx 0.6, PaIn 0.2, PaFr 0.2, PrEx 0.4,
PrIn 0.2, PrFr 0.4, va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1
0.6 2 Waj 0.2 2 Wij 0.2 2 Wrj
0.4 1 Waj 0.2 1 Wij 0.4 1 Wrj
Solj FindMaximum FOj, RAj && RIj && Waj 0 && Wij 0 && Wrj 0 , Waj, Wij, Wrj
49.25, Waj 68.0625, Wij 49., Wrj 10.5625
Por lo tanto nos queda que el sueldo de D cuando hay éxito es de 68.062.500, cuando se produce un resul-
tado intermedio el sueldo es de 49.000.000 y cuando se produce un fracaso el suelo es de 10.562.500.
Clear "Global` "
k) En este apartado cambian la tabla del apartado anterior, vamos a usar un Manipulate
8 Trabajo_Grupal.nb
9. Manipulate wak U va 2
. U 5, va 2 , wrk U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1 ,
BE1k PaEx Xex PaIn Xin PaFr Xfr wak . Xex 150, Xin 60, Xfr 0 ,
BE2k PrEx Xex PrIn Xin PrFr Xfr wrk . Xex 150, Xin 60, Xfr 0 ,
FOk PaEx Xex Wak PaIn Xin Wik PaFr Xfr Wrk .
Xex 150, Xin 60, Xfr 0 ,
RAk PaEx Wak
1
2 va PaIn Wik
1
2 va PaFr Wrk
1
2 va U .
va 2, U 5 ,
RIk PaEx Wak
1
2 va PaIn Wik
1
2 va PaFr Wrk
1
2 va
PrEx Wak
1
2 vr PrIn Wik
1
2 vr PrFr Wrk
1
2 vr .
va 2, Pr 0.6, vr 1 , Solk FindMaximum
FOk, RAk && RIk && Wak 0 && Wik 0 && Wrk 0 , Wak, Wik, Wrk ,
PaEx, 0.6 , PaIn, 0.2, 0.4 , PaFr, 0.2, 0 ,
PrEx, 0.2, 0.4 ,
PrIn, 0.6, 0.2 , PrFr, 0.2, 0.4
PaEx 0.6
PaIn 0.2 0.4
PaFr 0.2 0
PrEx 0.2 0.4
PrIn 0.6 0.2
PrFr 0.2 0.4
49, 36, 65., 36., 0.6 150 Wak 0.4 60 Wik ,
0.6 2 Wak 0.4 2 Wik 5, 0.6 2 Wak 0.4 2 Wik
0.4 1 Wak 0.2 1 Wik 0.4 1 Wrk ,
65., Wak 49., Wik 49., Wrk 8.44801
Clear "Global` "
l) En este apartado nos dicen que hay tres esfuerzos posibles:
-Alta calidad: val=2
-Rutinario: vrl=1
-Baja calidad: vbl=0
Nos dan las siguientes probabilidades
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de alta calidad”)=Pal=0.8
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de rutinario”)=Prl=0.6
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de baja calidad”)=Pbl=0.2
Para el contrato de información simétrica hay repetir lo del apartado (a) pero en este caso en vez de dos
salarios hay que sacar 3 salarios
Trabajo_Grupal.nb 9
10. Nos dan las siguientes probabilidades
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de alta calidad”)=Pal=0.8
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de rutinario”)=Prl=0.6
-P(“Tener éxito habiendo realizado un trabajo de baja calidad”)=Pbl=0.2
Para el contrato de información simétrica hay repetir lo del apartado (a) pero en este caso en vez de dos
salarios hay que sacar 3 salarios
wal U va 2
. U 5, va 2
49
wrl U vr 2
. U 5, vr 1
36
wbl U vb 2
. U 5, vb 0
25
Ahora vamos a calcular el beneficio esperado de P para los tres posibles esfuerzos por parte de D
BE1 Pal Xex 1 Pal Xnex wal . Pal 0.8, Xex 150, Xnex 0
71.
BE2 Prl Xex 1 Prl Xnex wrl . Prl 0.6, Xex 150, Xnex 0
54.
BE3 Pbl Xex 1 Pbl Xnex wbl . Pbl 0.2, Xex 150, Xnex 0
5.
Vemos que BE1>BE2 y BE1>BE3, es decir, que el beneficio esperado realizando un trabajo de alta calidad
es mayor que el esperado realizando un trabajo rutinario, por lo tanto el contrato óptimo en información
simétrica es v 2, w 49 000 000]
Para el contrato en información asimétrica
FOl Pal Xex Wal Pbl Xnex Wbl . Pal 0.8, Pbl 0.2, Xex 150, Xnex 0
0.8 150 Wal 0.2 Wbl
RAl
Pal Wal
1
2 va Pbl Wbl
1
2 va U . Pal 0.8, Pbl 0.2, va 2, U 5
0.8 2 Wal 0.2 2 Wbl 5
RIl1 Pal Wal
1
2 va 1 Pal Wbl
1
2 va
Prl Wal
1
2 vr 1 Prl Wbl
1
2 vr .
Pal 0.8, va 2, vr 1, Prl 0.6, vr 1
0.8 2 Wal 0.2 2 Wbl 0.6 1 Wal 0.4 1 Wbl
10 Trabajo_Grupal.nb
11. RIl2 Pal Wal
1
2 va 1 Pal Wbl
1
2 va
Pbl Wal
1
2 vb 1 Pbl Wbl
1
2 vb .
Pal 0.8, va 2, vb 0, Pbl 0.2, vr 1
0.8 2 Wal 0.2 2 Wbl 0.2 Wal 0.8 Wbl
Soll FindMaximum FOl, RAl && RIl1 && RIl2 && Wal 0 && Wbl 0 , Wal, Wbl
67., Wal 64., Wbl 9.
Clear "Global` "
m) Apartado Comodín: Supongamos que en este caso exiten cuatro posibles esfuerzos () y cuatro posibles
resultados (). Resolver el proble en información simétrica e información asimétrica. Hallamos los salarios en
información simétrica. Como tenemos cuatro esfuerzos posibles, entonces tendremos cuatro salarios posibles
wa U va 2
. U 5, va 3
64
wr U vr 2
. U 5, vr 2
49
wb U vb 2
. U 5, vb 1
36
wn U vn 2
. U 5, vn 0
25
Ahora vamos a calcular el benecifio esperado del principal para cada uno de los esfuerzos
BEa PaEx Xex PaAc Xac PaDe Xde PaFr Xfr wa . PaEx 0.7,
PaAc 0.2, PaDe 0.1, PaFr 0, Xex 150, Xac 75, Xde 25, Xfr 0
58.5
BEr PrEx Xex PrAc Xac PrDe Xde PrFr Xfr wr . PrEx 0.4,
PrAc 0.3, PrDe 0.3, PrFr 0, Xex 150, Xac 75, Xde 25, Xfr 0
41.
BEb PbEx Xex PbAc Xac PbDe Xde PbFr Xfr wb . PbEx 0.2,
PbAc 0.2, PbDe 0.3, PbFr 0.3, Xex 150, Xac 75, Xde 25, Xfr 0
16.5
Trabajo_Grupal.nb 11